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Part A
to carry out – производить, выполнять to carry out an experiment to affect – воздействовать, влиять to clamp – закреплять (зд. Зажим to fit - устанавливать to furnish – снабжать, обставлять (мебелью) to keep – держать, хранить to pour – лить, наливать to purify – очищать to store – хранить to suspend – вешать, подвешивать to swing - качаться to weigh – взвешивать to yield – давть, производить balance – весы beam – коромысло (весов) bowl – чаша burner – горелка case - ящик crucible – тигель disturbance – неблагоприятное воздействие edge – край flask – фляжка, колба, бутыль gauze – металлическая сетка odour – запах pan – чашка rack – полка, стеллаж ring-stand – штатив rod – палочка shelf – полка (shelves – стеллаж) stem – стержень tap – кран tube - трубка test-tube – пробирка vapour – пар, пары, испарения ventilating hood – вентиляция firm – твердый, устойчивый, прочный external – внешний so as – так, таким образом
nucleus – nucleibasis – bases datum – data phenomenon – phenomena radius – radiuses apparatus – apparatus / apparatuses analysis - analyses series – series
to demand, generally, to furnish, to require, by means of, usually, to be concerned with, to provide, to deal with, to store, form, to perform, shape, to carry out, to equip, with the help of
external, similar, usually, internal, agreeable, seldom, different, disagreeable
a weighing room, a reagent room, a dark room, chemicals, reagent, reagent bottle, apparatus, substance, liquid, solid, glass tube, test-tube, condenser, dessicator, steam-bath, water-bath, air-bath, porcelain, quartz, running water, firm stone shelf, to deal with, to consist of, disagreeable odour, harmful vapour
THE GENERAL APPARATUS OF INORGANIC LABORATORY The laboratory is the place where experiments as well as scientific research may be carried out. It usually consists of one large room with a weighing room, a reagent room and sometimes a dark room. The reagent room is used for storing chemicals and apparatus, and contains shelves of reagent bottles. The weighing room is specially constructed so as not to be affected by external disturbances and the balances generally stand on firm stone shelves. The analytical balance, which is kept in a glass case, consists of a beam, which swings on a knife edge, and has two pans suspended, one from each end. The material which is to be weighed is transported to and from the balance room in a dessicator. Chemical laboratory operations deal with gases, liquids and solids, and require a variety of specialized apparatus for their manipulation. The laboratory is furnished with many long tables or benches, as they are usually called. On each of these benches there are shelves and racks for keeping apparatus, materials, etc. On the shelves there are many bottles with different chemical substances. Some bottles contain solids, others – liquids. In the racks we can see different glass tubes, test-tubes, condensers, flasks of different shapes and sizes, bowls, glass rods, crucibles, etc. Some crucibles are made of porcelain, others of quartz or platinum. The apparatus used for carrying out experiments are clamped to ring-stands. The ring-stand consists of a stem having a ring with a copper gauze. Every working place is fitted with a Bunsen burner. The flame of the burner can be regulated by means of a tap. All the burners are connected with the main gas line by a rubber tube. Sometimes steam-baths, water-baths and air-baths are used for heating. The laboratory is also provided with gas and running water. There is a ventilating hood for the escape of disagreeable odours and harmful vapours. ------------ 1. Where is scientific research carried out? 2. How many rooms does a laboratory usually consist of? 3. What is the reagent room used for? Where do balances usually stand? 4. What does the analytical balance consist of? 5. In what way is the material which is to be weighed transported? 6. What substances do chemical laboratory operations deal with? 7. What is the laboratory furnished with? 8. What is every working place fitted with? 9. What can the flame of the burners be regulated with? 10. Are all liquids colourless and odourless? 11. Where are liquids kept? 12. What is a crucible made of? 13. What are the apparatus used for carrying out experiments clamped to? 14. What is the laboratory provided with?
1. The reagent room is used for … (storing / weighing) chemicals. 2. The weighing room is … (specially / generally) constructed … (so as / because) to be free from external disturbances. 3. Chemical laboratory operations … (deal with / require) liquids, solids and gases. 4. The apparatus used for … (transporting / carrying out) experiments are clamped to ring-stands. 5. The laboratory … (is operated / is provided) with gas and running water.
1. The laboratory of general chemistry has many benches with a number of drawers. 2. A first-year student has to carry out a number of experiments in the laboratory of general chemistry. 3. This term the students have carried out a number of experiments. 4. These substances have very low solubility. 5. They have to find out the solubility of this substance. 6. They have found the solubility of this substance and now can investigate its properties better. 7. This metal has found wide application both in industry and in agriculture. 8. They have to rise the temperature greatly as the mixture doesn’t boil. 9. Hydrogen peroxide has been heated. 10. Hydrogen peroxide has a lower vapour pressure than water. 11. The evaporation has to be carried out in the water-bath. 12. This crucible has been used for heating some solutions. 13. This solution has an unpleasant odour, he has to open the window. 14. A rombic sulphur has to be kept at a temperature of 96ºC. 15. It is necessary to purify water, you will have to pass it through porous paper. 16. It has to be noted that chlorine dioxide reacts with water and yields a mixture of chlorous and chloric acid. 17. It has been already noted that hydrogen is found in the free state only in minute quantities.
1. This substance is colourless and odourless. 2. This substance is to be heated to a high temperature. 3. In this experiment we were to find out the properties of this substance. 4. Many new research institutes are being built in our country. 5. This example was referred to by our teacher. 6. Hot water is to be poured in a flask. 7. If the boiling point of the solution is to be established, you should carry out this experiment. 8. Many ores which are to be refined contain considerable quantities of impurities. 9. He is working at a very important experiment, it is to help our researches to finish their work. 10. The vapour pressure of this unstable phase is greater than that of the stable phase at the same temperature. Part B. 1. Listen to a short talk on safety in the laboratory. Make notes. Ask each other questions to clarify the points you don't understand. The following notes and words will help you to understand the talk better: NOTES1. are designed — предназначены 2. become familiar — познакомиться 3. setting up the experiments — организовать эксперименты 4. common sense — здравый смысл 5. might catch fire — могли бы загореться 6. suffered through periods — периодически страдал 7. mental instability — психическая неустойчивость 8. preserved specimens — сохраненные образцы WORDSabnormally — ненормально to complement — дополнить consequence — следствие consequently — следовательно fume — пар, испарение goggles – защитные очки to grade — оценивать insomnia — бессонница to insist — настаивать lead — свинец protective — защитный purposely — намеренно to reinforce — подкрепить responsibility —ответственность routinely — обычно safety — безопасность to sniff — нюхать to taste — пробовать на вкус Good afternoon. My name's Mary Raffety. For the next eleven weeks, I'll be your lab instructor. The lab experiences you’ll be having are designed to complement your work in Dr. Kaplan's inorganic chemistry course. Today's experiment is purposely a short one; it'll help you become familiar with the lab setup and equipment. As your lab instructor, it's my duty to assist you in setting up your experiments and understanding the results. I'll also grade your lab notebooks. But I have an even more basic responsibility: your physical safety. I’ll insist on proper precautions, such as wearing protective goggles at all times. I also expect you to use common sense: don’t wear long scarfs that might catch fire; don't smoke; don't taste unknown substances. Let me reinforce this point with a story. Isaac Newton, perhaps the greatest scientist of all ages, lived in a period when the toxic effects of chemicals were less understood than today. He routinely sniffed fumes, tasted chemicals, and used open containers for heating substances. In the early 1690's, he suffered through a period of insomnia, depression, and mental instability. Though his biographers linked this situation to problems in his personal life, researchers now think that it was a consequence of his lab procedures: they found abnormally high concentration of lead, mercury, and other heavy metals in preserved specimens of his hair. Consequently, we must learn from the past and put safety first.
1. Who is the speaker? a) Dr. Kaplan b) a university technician c) a lab instructor d) a specialist in chemistry history 2. At what point of the semester does the talk take place? a) at the beginning b) in the middle c) near the end d) during the final exam 3. Why is the speaker addressing the students?
4. Which of the following are the students told not to wear? a) protective goggles b) eyeglasses c) running shoes d) long scarfs 5. Why does the speaker tell the story about Newton? a) to illustrate what a great scientist he was b) to explain why lab equipment must be cleaned carefully c) to emphasize the need for proper precautions d) to demonstrate how theoretical chemistry has advanced since Newton's days 6. How did researchers discover that Newton might have suffered from metal poisoning? a) by testing samples of his hair b) by reading his biographies c) by examining the scientific practices of his time d) by performing the experiments listed in his notebook 7. According to the talk, what important lesson can be learned from Newton's life?a) an innovative scientist cannot take normal precautions while performing experiment b) an inventor must be willing to make some painful sacrifices to achieve his or her goals c) precautionary measures must be followed in the laboratory work to ensure one's safety and health d) chemists with personal problems should never use toxic substances 8. What will the students probably do after the talk? a) leave the room b) hand in their notebooks c) go to Dr. Kaplan's office d) work on an experiment
I think I believe I suppose I guess I feel I have a feeling to my mind in my opinion in my view according to my point of view, etc. You may use the given example: Example: I think that the talk takes place at the beginning of the semester because...
Laboratory RulesEverybody working in the laboratory has to observe the following rules:1
Notes on the Text 1. to observe the following rules—соблюдать следующие правила 2. vessel ['vesl]—сосуд 3. handle ['hændl]—обращаться 4. pay ... attention to—обращать ... внимание на 5. precaution has to be taken — следует заботиться 6 . yield [ji:ld]—выход вещества 7. proper order—надлежащий порядок
1. Chemicals … be used carefully in the laboratory. 2. You … stay out of the laboratory if your teacher is not there. 3. You … obey the laboratory rules when working there. 4. If you … to smell any chemical, fill your lungs with air first, then sniff carefully. 5. As you … see, many of the chemicals … be dangerous. 6. All chemicals … to be treated with care. 7. Ethanol and water … look alike. 8. What we … to remember is that a substance … be recognized by its properties.
DistillationDistillation may be carried out simply in a retort or in a distilling flask connected through a condenser to a receiver, often cooled by means of a freezing mixture in an ice bowl. In the Liebig condenser the vapour condenses in a long tube which is surrounded by a water jacket in which the cold water circulates. The stream of cold water flows in at the bottom or cool end of the condenser and out at the top or hot end, so that the coolest part of the tube meets the coldest water, and as the water reaches the hottest part of the condenser it is less cool. By this application of the counter-current principle a uniform temperature-drop along the condenser is ensured, and hence as efficient cooling as possible is provided. Fig.1 Distillation /—thermometer; 2—condenser; 3—receiver; 4—distillate, 5—to drain (сток); 6—from faucet (водопроводный кран); 7—wire screen; 8—glass or porcelain boiling chips; 9—residue
Kipp's Apparatus Used for Obtaining HydrogenIn order to obtain hydrogen Kipp gas generator (Kipp's apparatus) may be used. The upper spherical funnel contains the solution of hydrochloric acid. Iron or zinc is placed in the middle bulb of the generator. When the tap is turned on the acid flows down from the funnel and interacts with the metal. When the tap is turned off the hydrogen formed displaces the acid into the lower part of the gas generator from which the acid passes up the inner tube into the spherical funnel. Hydrogen comes out through the outlet. F ig. 2. Kipp Gas Generator / — hydrochloric acid; 2 — upper spherical funnel; 3—tap; 4—gas outlet (выход газа); 5 — hydrogen; 6 — zink or iron; 7 — lower part; 8 — inner tube; 9 — middle bulb;
Laboratory Method of Obtaining OxygenA test-tube containing some mercuric oxide is clamped to a ring-stand and heated by a burner. One end of a bent glass tube is connected to the test-tube while the other reaches a cylinder turned upside-down into a bowl full of water. Soon bubbles of gas will appear. The gas is oxygen. F ig. 3. Laboratory Method of Obtaining Oxygen I—a burner; 2 — mercuric oxide; 3 — a test tube; 4 — a funnel; 5—a bent glass tube; 6—a cylinder (turned upside-down); 7— water; 8—a vessel Unit VI Russian Scientists Part A
Siberia [sai'biəriə] significance [sig'nifikəns] gymnasium [ʤim'neizjəm] supervision [,sju:pə'viƺən] especially [is'peʃəli] Periodic Law [,piəri'ɔdik 'lɔ:] Pedagogical Institute contribution [,kɔntri'bju:ʃn] [,pedə'gɔʤikəl 'institju:t] numerous ['nju:mərəs] university [,ju:ni'və:siti] theories ['ɵiəriz] thesis ['ɵi:sis] patriot ['peitriət] alchohol ['ælkəhɔl] proud [praud] theoretical [ɵiə'retikəl]
especially liked [is'peʃəli 'laikt] present the work [pri'zent ðə 'wə:k] at the age of [ət ði 'eiʤdj 'ɔv] a new era [ə'nju: 'iərə] physico-mathematical department ['fizikou ,mæɵi'mætikəl di'pa:tmənt] thankful to ['ɵæŋkful tə] Doctor of Science degree ['dɔktər əv 'saiəns di'gri:] practical significance ['præktikəl sig'nifikəns]
Notes on the Text 1. at the age of — в возрасте 2. to grant a degree — присуждать ученую степень 3. to carry on (smth) — вести (что-л.), заниматься чем-нибудь carry out — выполнять TextThe great Russian chemist, was born in Siberia on February 8, 1834. When seven years old he went to gymnasium at Tobolsk. He studied, very hard, he especially liked mathematics, physics and history. At the age of 16 he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg, physico-mathematical department. He graduated from the Institute in 1855 and began to teach chemistry at the Technological Institute and then at the University. In 1865 he was granted the Doctor of Science degree for a thesis on the combination of alchohol with water. This work was both of great theoretical and practical significance. Soon after that the scientist was appointed Professor of General Chemistry of St. Petersburg University. Despite lectures and supervision of the laboratory the Russian chemist carried on great research work. He stated that the properties of the elements were a periodic function of their atomic masses. He presented this work to the Russian Chemical Society and opened a new era in the history of chemistry. The scientist was interested in many branches of science, indeed there is hardly any field of science that was not enriched by his contribution. His numerous works dealt with many subjects: properties of liquids, theories of solutions, the development of the gas law, the use of oil and many others. He was a great patriot. He did everything for the development and progress of his country. He died in 1907. The world is thankful to this scientist for his great contribution to the world science. At present there is hardly anybody who doesn't know this Russian. We are proud of him who did so much for his country, for the development of the world science. Remember the following words and word combinations: great hard especially to enter the Institute to teach (taught, taught) significance to be appointed despite supervision to suggest to be interested in hardly contribution liquid to continue
especially to graduate from hardly the very hard despite to deal with to present to be present представлять именно этот трудный несмотря на иметь дело, касаться особенно окончить присутствовать едва
Model: A. Will you use this solvent in your work? B. No, it has already been used. 1. Will he explain this new method to them? 2. Do you want to find out the melting point of this substance? 3. Will they evaporate this solution? 4. Is he going to translate this article this week? Study and remember the following chart:
1. They produced many new goods at our plant. 2. This new material was produced at our plant. 3. He carried out his first experiment at the age of 18. 4. Great research work is being carried out by our students. 5. D. I. Mendeleyev formulated the Periodic Law. 6. This law opened a new era in chemistry. 7. The articles were translated by our students. 8. He was appointed professor of the physico-chemical department. 9. All the samples will be carefully examined. 10. The work was presented in time. |
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