Учебное пособие по английскому языку для студентов специальности хтнв очной и очно-заочной формы обучения I часть березники 2003





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Part В





  1. Pronounce the following words:

Siberia [sai'biəriə] significance [sig'nifikəns]

gymnasium [ʤim'neizjəm] supervision [,sju:pə'viƺən]

especially [is'peʃəli] Periodic Law [,piəri'ɔdik 'lɔ:]

Pedagogical Institute contribution [,kɔntri'bju:ʃn]

[,pedə'gɔʤikəl 'institju:t] numerous ['nju:mərəs]

university [,ju:ni'və:siti] theories ['ɵiəriz]

thesis ['ɵi:sis] patriot ['peitriət]

alchohol ['ælkəhɔl] proud [praud]

theoretical [ɵiə'retikəl]


  1. Read the following word combinations:

especially liked [is'peʃəli 'laikt]

present the work [pri'zent ðə 'wə:k]

at the age of [ət ði 'eiʤdj 'ɔv]

a new era [ə'nju: 'iərə]

physico-mathematical department ['fizikou ,mæɵi'mætikəl di'pa:tmənt]

thankful to ['ɵæŋkful tə]

Doctor of Science degree ['dɔktər əv 'saiəns di'gri:]

practical significance ['præktikəl sig'nifikəns]


  1. Use the Passive Voice according to the model:

Model: A. Will you use this solvent in your work? B. No, it has already been used.

1. Will he explain this new method to them? 2. Do you want to find out the melting point of this substance? 3. Will they evaporate this solu­tion? 4. Is he going to translate this article this week?
Study and remember the following chart:

  1. This book is translated into many languages.

  2. This analysis was examined by our students.

  3. The new laboratory will be built next year.

  4. Many new houses are being built in our town.

  5. When I came to this town our Institute was being built.




  1. Find the sentences in which the form with the suffix "-ed" is a part of the passive construction:

1. They produced many new goods at our plant. 2. This new mate­rial was produced at our plant. 3. He carried out his first experiment at the age of 18. 4. Great research work is being carried out by our stu­dents. 5. D. I. Mendeleyev formulated the Periodic Law. 6. This law opened a new era in chemistry. 7. The articles were translated by our stu­dents. 8. He was appointed professor of the physico-chemical depart­ment. 9. All the samples will be carefully examined. 10. The work was presented in time.


  1. Read the text and guess what scientist this text is about?

Notes on the Text

1. at the age of — в возрасте

2. to grant a degree — присуждать ученую степень

3. to carry on (smth) — вести (что-л.), заниматься чем-нибудь

carry out — выполнять

Text


The great Russian chemist, was born in Siberia on February 8, 1834. When seven years old he went to gymnasium at Tobolsk. He studied, very hard, he especially liked mathematics, physics and history. At the age of 16 he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg, physico-mathematical department. He graduated from the Institute in 1855 and began to teach chemistry at the Technological In­stitute and then at the University. In 1865 he was granted the Doctor of Science degree for a thesis on the combination of alchohol with water. This work was both of great theoretical and practical significance. Soon after that the scientist was appointed Professor of General Chemistry of St. Petersburg University. Despite lectures and supervision of the laboratory, the Russian chemist carried on great research work.

He stated that the properties of the elements were a periodic function of their atomic masses. He presented this work to the Russian Chemical Society and opened a new era in the history of chemistry.

The scientist was interested in many branches of science, indeed there is hardly any field of science that was not enriched by his contribution. His numerous works dealt with many subjects: properties of liquids, theories of solutions, the development of the gas law, the use of oil and many others.

He was a great patriot. He did everything for the de­velopment and progress of his country. He died in 1907.

The world is thankful to this scientist for his great contribution to the world science. At present there is hardly anybody who doesn't know this Russian. We are proud of him who did so much for his country, for the development of the world sci­ence.
Remember the following words and word combinations:

great supervision

hard to suggest

especially to be interested in

to enter the Institute to teach (taught, taught) hardly

significance contribution

to be appointed liquid

despite to continue


  1. Choose Russian equivalents from the right column:

especially представлять

to graduate from именно этот

hardly трудный

the very несмотря на

hard иметь дело, касаться

despite особенно

to deal with окончить

to present присутствовать

to be present едва


  1. Retell the text according to the following plan:

  1. The childhood.

  2. The gymnasium and the Pedagogical Institute.

  3. The work at the Technological Institute and a University.

  4. His research work.

  5. The greatest discovery.

  6. The greatest contribution to science.

  7. A great chemist and patriot.




  1. Make up 15 questions to the text.




  1. Open the brackets choosing a suitable word. Translate the sentences into Russian:

  1. Many scientist tried to classify elements (despite, according to) their atomic weighs.

  2. He worked (hardly, hard) at the new problem.

  3. It was (very, the very) important to solve this problem in time.

  4. They could (hard, hardly) finish their work without his supervision.

  5. Elements with (very, the same) properties are at definite intervals in the Periodic Table.

  6. This scientist was interested (both, both … and) in mathematics, physics.

  7. He was very (interesting, interested) in chemistry from his childhood.




  1. Using the data, make up a story about a great Russian chemist.


N.N. Zinin (1812-1880)

  1. N.N. Zinin was born in Azerbaijan, 1812.

  2. The Saratov gymnasium, 1820 and the Kazan University, 1830.

  3. The golden medal, the Doctor of Science, 1833. (The degree, to be awarded for research in science).

  4. A teacher of chemistry (the Kazan University), 1835.

  5. His researches and scientific works. (“The phenomena of chemical affinity’, 1836; “The combinations of benzol”, 1841; “The discovery of anilin”, 1842; “Nitroglycerine and its properties”, 1869).

  6. His work abroad. (In Paris and London, 1838-1841).

  7. The president of Russian Chemical Society, 1868.



N.N. Semyonov (1826-1986)

  1. The greatest chemist in the world, a well-known physicist and academician.

  2. His childhood in Saratov, his study in the Petersburg University.

  3. His work in Petersburg, the professor of the Petersburg polytechnical institute, the director of the institute of chemical physics, 1931.

  4. The editor of the magazine “Chemical physics”, the member of many academies of science and scientific societies, several premiums.

  5. His great contribution to science, his scientific works “The theory oh the chain reactions” (“The theory of the thermal explosion”).




  1. Accordiny to these plans prepare the reports about such Russian chemists as A.M. Butlerov, N.N. Beketov, N.D. Zelinsky, S.V. Lebedev, A.E. Favorsky.


Additional Texts

Text I

Experimental Chemistry (1748-1757)

On assuming his -duties as professor of chemistry, Lomonosov began to plan the construction of the first scientific chemical laboratory in Russia, which was opened in October 1748. Its equipment included balances, so that quantitative methods could be introduced into chemistry and the general law of conservati­on proven experimentally. Although Lomonosov did not completely suspend work in theoretical physics, he began to turn his inte­rest to the experimental chemistry that he was just learning to do. His first chemical work, on the origin1 and nature of salt­peter2 (1749), presents the results of laboratory experiments to­gether with theoretical speculation on the nature of mixed bo­dies (chemical compounds) and of chemical affinity3. The latter were based on Lomonosov's kinetic interpretation of heat. In a paper on the usefulness of chemistry read to the Academy in 1751, he spoke of the problems of chemistry and of training chemists, noting that the discipline "requires a highly skilled practical worker and a profound mathematician in the same person". Thus, Lomonosov worked toward elevating chemistry to the level of a genuine theoretical, rather than a purely empirical, science. Pointing to the practical importance of chemistry, he challen­ged the dogma that useful minerals - especially precious metals in rocks - do not'exist in northern countries.

In 1752 Lomonosov implemented4 his ideas on the training of chemists by drawing up a program of instruction in physics de­signed for young students. In an introductory note he wrote, "The study of chemistry has a dual5 purpose6 advancing7 the natural sciences and improving8 the general welfare9. He la­ter set forth in detail the theoretical and empirical aspects of this science, considering that physical chemistry explains "on the basis of the ideas and experiments of physics what ta­kes place in mixed bodies under chemical operations".

Lomonosov’s surviving laboratory notes and journals testify to the number and variety of experiments that he himself performed10. In his journal for 1751, for example, he reported on the results of seventy-four reagents and on their mutual interactions 11 with various solvents12, on his experiments on the pro­duction of glass, on his work with various powders13, and on his investigations of a large number of chemical reactions. From 1752 to 1756 he took notes on physical-chemical experi­ments with salts and liquids and on the freezing (crystalliza­tion) of liquids. In 1756, following up Boyle's experiments on the heating of metals in closed containers, he found that when air is not admitted14 into the vessel15, the total weight16 of the vessel and its contents remains constant - another con­firmation17 of the general law of conservation as it applies to the total weight of chemically reacting substances. "My che­mistry", he wrote in the same year, "is physical".

Lomonosov returned to the study of electrical phenomena in 1753, when he resumed experiments on atmospheric electricity. With G.V. Richmann he attempted to discover methods of con­ducting lightning and wrote "A Word on Atmospheric Phenomena Proceeding Prom Electrical Force". Richmann was killed while conducting experiments during a thunderstorm, but Lomonosov continued his researches and drew up a syllabus for further study. In 1756 he compiled 127 notes on the theory of light and electricity, presented a mathematical theory of electricity, and read a paper on the origin of light and on a new theory of colors that constitute it to a public meeting of the Academy. His reflections on the relation between mass and weight (1757) led him to the idea that another concept of measurement, per­haps that of weight, should be introduced as an expression of mass.

Lomonosov was also busy with practical projects. Having un­dertaken research on the production of glass, he turned to the revival of mosaic as an art form. In 1752 he presented a work .on this subject to Czarina Elizabeth and introduced into the Duma a proposal18 to establish mosaic factories in Russia. In the same year he wrote a poem on the usefulness of glass, in which he contrasted glass and objects made of it with Man's lust for gold. In 1753 Lomonosov received permission to build factories "for making varicolored glass and beads" and was gi­ven an estate near Moscow for this purpose. He built a mosaic workshop19, with an attached chemical and optical laboratory, in St.Petersburg in 1756 and between 1761 and 1764 designed a large mosaic mural20, the Battle of Poltava. Executed after his death, it is now in the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. In 1754 he demonstrated at the St.Petersburg Academy a model of an"aerodrome machine" that he had invented and sent to I.I.Shuvalov his project for creating a university in Moscow, which was opened at the beginning of 1755.

During this period Lomonosov was especially active in his­tory, philosophy, and literature. In 1751 an edition of his collected poems and prose works was published by the Academy of Sciences. His Russian grammar (1755-1757) was an important reform of the Russian language.
1 origin – происхождение

2 saltpeter -селитра

3 affinity - свойство

4 implement - осуществлять

5 dual - двойной

6 purpose –цель

7 advancing –развитие

8 improving –улучшение

9 welfare –благосостояние

10 perform – проводить

11 interactions - взаимодействия

12 solvents – растворители

13 powders -.порошки

14 admit –впускать

15 vessel –сосуд

16 weight –вес

17 confirmation- подтверждение

18 proposal - предложение

19 workshop - мастерская

20 mural - фреска
Text II

1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8   9

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