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Part В
Siberia [sai'biəriə] significance [sig'nifikəns] gymnasium [ʤim'neizjəm] supervision [,sju:pə'viƺən] especially [is'peʃəli] Periodic Law [,piəri'ɔdik 'lɔ:] Pedagogical Institute contribution [,kɔntri'bju:ʃn] [,pedə'gɔʤikəl 'institju:t] numerous ['nju:mərəs] university [,ju:ni'və:siti] theories ['ɵiəriz] thesis ['ɵi:sis] patriot ['peitriət] alchohol ['ælkəhɔl] proud [praud] theoretical [ɵiə'retikəl]
especially liked [is'peʃəli 'laikt] present the work [pri'zent ðə 'wə:k] at the age of [ət ði 'eiʤdj 'ɔv] a new era [ə'nju: 'iərə] physico-mathematical department ['fizikou ,mæɵi'mætikəl di'pa:tmənt] thankful to ['ɵæŋkful tə] Doctor of Science degree ['dɔktər əv 'saiəns di'gri:] practical significance ['præktikəl sig'nifikəns]
Model: A. Will you use this solvent in your work? B. No, it has already been used. 1. Will he explain this new method to them? 2. Do you want to find out the melting point of this substance? 3. Will they evaporate this solution? 4. Is he going to translate this article this week? Study and remember the following chart:
1. They produced many new goods at our plant. 2. This new material was produced at our plant. 3. He carried out his first experiment at the age of 18. 4. Great research work is being carried out by our students. 5. D. I. Mendeleyev formulated the Periodic Law. 6. This law opened a new era in chemistry. 7. The articles were translated by our students. 8. He was appointed professor of the physico-chemical department. 9. All the samples will be carefully examined. 10. The work was presented in time.
Notes on the Text 1. at the age of — в возрасте 2. to grant a degree — присуждать ученую степень 3. to carry on (smth) — вести (что-л.), заниматься чем-нибудь carry out — выполнять TextThe great Russian chemist, was born in Siberia on February 8, 1834. When seven years old he went to gymnasium at Tobolsk. He studied, very hard, he especially liked mathematics, physics and history. At the age of 16 he entered the Pedagogical Institute in St. Petersburg, physico-mathematical department. He graduated from the Institute in 1855 and began to teach chemistry at the Technological Institute and then at the University. In 1865 he was granted the Doctor of Science degree for a thesis on the combination of alchohol with water. This work was both of great theoretical and practical significance. Soon after that the scientist was appointed Professor of General Chemistry of St. Petersburg University. Despite lectures and supervision of the laboratory, the Russian chemist carried on great research work. He stated that the properties of the elements were a periodic function of their atomic masses. He presented this work to the Russian Chemical Society and opened a new era in the history of chemistry. The scientist was interested in many branches of science, indeed there is hardly any field of science that was not enriched by his contribution. His numerous works dealt with many subjects: properties of liquids, theories of solutions, the development of the gas law, the use of oil and many others. He was a great patriot. He did everything for the development and progress of his country. He died in 1907. The world is thankful to this scientist for his great contribution to the world science. At present there is hardly anybody who doesn't know this Russian. We are proud of him who did so much for his country, for the development of the world science. Remember the following words and word combinations: great supervision hard to suggest especially to be interested in to enter the Institute to teach (taught, taught) hardly significance contribution to be appointed liquid despite to continue
especially представлять to graduate from именно этот hardly трудный the very несмотря на hard иметь дело, касаться despite особенно to deal with окончить to present присутствовать to be present едва
N.N. Zinin (1812-1880)
N.N. Semyonov (1826-1986)
Additional Texts Text I Experimental Chemistry (1748-1757) On assuming his -duties as professor of chemistry, Lomonosov began to plan the construction of the first scientific chemical laboratory in Russia, which was opened in October 1748. Its equipment included balances, so that quantitative methods could be introduced into chemistry and the general law of conservation proven experimentally. Although Lomonosov did not completely suspend work in theoretical physics, he began to turn his interest to the experimental chemistry that he was just learning to do. His first chemical work, on the origin1 and nature of saltpeter2 (1749), presents the results of laboratory experiments together with theoretical speculation on the nature of mixed bodies (chemical compounds) and of chemical affinity3. The latter were based on Lomonosov's kinetic interpretation of heat. In a paper on the usefulness of chemistry read to the Academy in 1751, he spoke of the problems of chemistry and of training chemists, noting that the discipline "requires a highly skilled practical worker and a profound mathematician in the same person". Thus, Lomonosov worked toward elevating chemistry to the level of a genuine theoretical, rather than a purely empirical, science. Pointing to the practical importance of chemistry, he challenged the dogma that useful minerals - especially precious metals in rocks - do not'exist in northern countries. In 1752 Lomonosov implemented4 his ideas on the training of chemists by drawing up a program of instruction in physics designed for young students. In an introductory note he wrote, "The study of chemistry has a dual5 purpose6 advancing7 the natural sciences and improving8 the general welfare9. He later set forth in detail the theoretical and empirical aspects of this science, considering that physical chemistry explains "on the basis of the ideas and experiments of physics what takes place in mixed bodies under chemical operations". Lomonosov’s surviving laboratory notes and journals testify to the number and variety of experiments that he himself performed10. In his journal for 1751, for example, he reported on the results of seventy-four reagents and on their mutual interactions 11 with various solvents12, on his experiments on the production of glass, on his work with various powders13, and on his investigations of a large number of chemical reactions. From 1752 to 1756 he took notes on physical-chemical experiments with salts and liquids and on the freezing (crystallization) of liquids. In 1756, following up Boyle's experiments on the heating of metals in closed containers, he found that when air is not admitted14 into the vessel15, the total weight16 of the vessel and its contents remains constant - another confirmation17 of the general law of conservation as it applies to the total weight of chemically reacting substances. "My chemistry", he wrote in the same year, "is physical". Lomonosov returned to the study of electrical phenomena in 1753, when he resumed experiments on atmospheric electricity. With G.V. Richmann he attempted to discover methods of conducting lightning and wrote "A Word on Atmospheric Phenomena Proceeding Prom Electrical Force". Richmann was killed while conducting experiments during a thunderstorm, but Lomonosov continued his researches and drew up a syllabus for further study. In 1756 he compiled 127 notes on the theory of light and electricity, presented a mathematical theory of electricity, and read a paper on the origin of light and on a new theory of colors that constitute it to a public meeting of the Academy. His reflections on the relation between mass and weight (1757) led him to the idea that another concept of measurement, perhaps that of weight, should be introduced as an expression of mass. Lomonosov was also busy with practical projects. Having undertaken research on the production of glass, he turned to the revival of mosaic as an art form. In 1752 he presented a work .on this subject to Czarina Elizabeth and introduced into the Duma a proposal18 to establish mosaic factories in Russia. In the same year he wrote a poem on the usefulness of glass, in which he contrasted glass and objects made of it with Man's lust for gold. In 1753 Lomonosov received permission to build factories "for making varicolored glass and beads" and was given an estate near Moscow for this purpose. He built a mosaic workshop19, with an attached chemical and optical laboratory, in St.Petersburg in 1756 and between 1761 and 1764 designed a large mosaic mural20, the Battle of Poltava. Executed after his death, it is now in the Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. In 1754 he demonstrated at the St.Petersburg Academy a model of an"aerodrome machine" that he had invented and sent to I.I.Shuvalov his project for creating a university in Moscow, which was opened at the beginning of 1755. During this period Lomonosov was especially active in history, philosophy, and literature. In 1751 an edition of his collected poems and prose works was published by the Academy of Sciences. His Russian grammar (1755-1757) was an important reform of the Russian language. 1 origin – происхождение 2 saltpeter -селитра 3 affinity - свойство 4 implement - осуществлять 5 dual - двойной 6 purpose –цель 7 advancing –развитие 8 improving –улучшение 9 welfare –благосостояние 10 perform – проводить 11 interactions - взаимодействия 12 solvents – растворители 13 powders -.порошки 14 admit –впускать 15 vessel –сосуд 16 weight –вес 17 confirmation- подтверждение 18 proposal - предложение 19 workshop - мастерская 20 mural - фреска Text II |
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