Theory of translation
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ZOYA PROSHINA THEORY OF TRANSLATION (ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN) 3d edition, revised Vladivostok Far Eastern University Press 2008 ББК 81.2-923 П 78 Рецензенты: В.П.Кочетков, канд. филол. наук, профессор; Элизабет Стэнсиу (языковой редактор), магистр гум. наук, волонтер Корпуса мира Прошина З.Г. П 78 ТЕОРИЯ ПЕРЕВОДА (с английского языка на русский и с русского языка на английский): Уч. на англ. яз. – Владивосток: Изд-во Дальневост. ун-та, 2008 (3-е изд., перераб.), 2002 (2-е изд., испр. и перераб.), 1999 (1-е изд.) ISBN 5-7444-0957-2 Учебник по теории перевода предназначен для студентов переводческих отделений. Созданный на основе типовой программы по переводу, он раскрывает такие разделы, как общая и частная теория перевода; последняя основывается на сопоставлении английского и русского языков. Может быть рекомендован студентам, преподавателям, переводчикам-практикам и всем тем, кто интересуется вопросами изучения иностранных языков и перевода. П 4602000000 ББК 81.2-923 180(03)-99 (С) Издательство Дальневосточного университета ISBN 5-7444-0957-2 2008 CONTENTS ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ 7 PART I. GENERAL ISSUES OF TRANSLATION 8 CHAPTER 1. What Is Translation? 8 § 1. TRANSLATION STUDIES 8 § 2. SEMIOTIC APPROACH 9 § 3. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH 10 § 4. DIALECTICS OF TRANSLATION 12 § 5. TRANSLATION INVARIANT 13 § 6. UNIT OF TRANSLATION 14 Chapter 2. TYPES OF TRANSLATION 15 § 1. CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA 15 § 2. MACHINE TRANSLATION 16 § 3. TRANSLATION AND INTERPRETING 18 § 4. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION 22 Chapter 3. EVALUATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSLATION 22 § 1. ADEQUATE AND EQUIVALENT TRANSLATION 22 § 2. LITERAL TRANSLATION 24 § 3. FREE TRANSLATION 26 § 4. THE CONCEPT OF ‘UNTRANSLATABILITY’ 27 CHAPTER 4. Translation Equivalence 29 § 1. TYPES OF EQUIVALENCE 29 § 2. PRAGMATIC LEVEL 30 § 3. SITUATIONAL LEVEL 31 § 4. SEMANTIC PARAPHRASE 31 § 5. TRANSFORMATIONAL EQUIVALENCE 32 § 6. LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL EQUIVALENCE 33 § 7. THE LEVELS OF EQUIVALENCE HIERARCHY 33 CHAPTER 5. Ways of Achieving Equivalence 34 § 1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES 34 § 2. TRANSLATION TRANSCRIPTION 35 § 3. TRANSLITERATION 37 § 4. CАLQUE TRANSLATION 40 § 5. GRAMMAR TRANSFORMATIONS 41 § 6. LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS 43 § 7. COMPLEX TRANSFORMATIONS 45 CHAPTER 6. Translation Models 47 § 1. TRANSLATION PROCESS 47 § 2. SITUATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION 48 § 3. TRANSFORMATIONAL MODEL OF TRANSLATION 50 § 4. SEMANTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION 51 § 5. PSYCHOLINGUISTIC MODEL OF TRANSLATION 52 PART II. HISTORY OF TRANSLATION 246 Chapter 1. WESTERN TRADITIONS OF TRANSLATION 247 § 1. TRANSLATION DURING ANTIQUITY 247 § 2. TRANSLATION IN THE MIDDLE AGES 248 § 3. RENAISSANCE TRANSLATION 249 § 4. ENLIGHTENMENT TRANSLATION (17-18th c.) 252 § 5. TRANSLATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY 254 § 6. TRANSLATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY 257 Chapter 2. HISTORY OF RUSSIAN TRANSLATION 258 § 1. OLD RUSSIAN CULTURE AND TRANSLATION 258 §2. TRANSLATION IN THE 18TH CENTURY 260 § 3. RUSSIAN TRANSLATION IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY 264 §4. TRANSLATION IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY 268 §5. TRANSLATION AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY 270 §6. TRANSLATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY 271 PART III. GRAMMAR PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 54 Chapter 1. FORMAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN SOURCE TEXT AND TARGET TEXT 54 Source language and target language texts differ formally due to a number of reasons of both objective and subjective character. Objective reasons are caused by the divergence in the language systems and speech models. Subjective reasons can be attributed to the speaker’s choice of a language form. 54 Chapter 2. TRANSLATING FINITE VERB FORMS 56 §1. TRANSLATING TENSE AND ASPECT FORMS 56 §2. TRANSLATING PASSIVE VOICE FORMS 59 §3. TRANSLATING THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD FORMS 61 Chapter 3. TRANSLATING NON-FINITE VERB FORMS 63 §1. TRANSLATING THE INFINITIVE 63 §2. TRANSLATING THE GERUND 66 §3. TRANSLATING THE PARTICIPLE 68 §4. TRANSLATING ABSOLUTE CONSTRUCTIONS 70 Chapter 4. TRANSLATING CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 74 §1. TYPES OF CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS 74 §2. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH CAUSAL VERBS 75 §3. CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE VERBS TO HAVE, TO GET 76 §4. CAUSATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS WITH NON-CAUSAL VERBS 78 Chapter 5. TRANSLATING PRONOUNS 78 §1. TRANSLATING PERSONAL PRONOUNS 78 §2. TRANSLATING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS 81 §3. TRANSLATING RELATIVE PRONOUNS 83 §4. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUN ONE 83 §5. TRANSLATING THE PRONOUNS КАЖДЫЙ / ВСЕ 85 §6. TRANSLATING PARTITIVE PRONOUNS SOME / ANY 85 §7. TRANSLATING DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS 86 Chapter 6. TRANSLATING THE ARTICLE 88 §1. TRANSLATING THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE 88 §2. TRANSLATING THE DEFINITE ARTICLE 91 §3. TRANSLATING THE ZERO ARTICLE 92 Chapter 7. TRANSLATING ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTERS 94 §1. FEATURES OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE PHRASE 94 §2. TRANSLATING THE ATTRIBUTIVE CLUSTER. 95 Chapter 8. SYNTACTIC CHANGES IN TRANSLATION 98 §1. COMMUNICATIVE STRUCTURE OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN SENTENCE 98 §2. WORD ORDER CHANGE DUE TO THE FUNCTIONAL SENTENCE PERSPECTIVE 99 §3. SENTENCE PARTITIONING AND INTEGRATION 101 Chapter 9. DIFFERENCE IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN PUNCTUATION 103 §1. PRINCIPLES OF PUNCTUATION IN ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN 103 §2. DIFFERENCES IN COMMA USAGE 104 §3. USING THE DASH 106 §4. USING QUOTATION MARKS 107 §5. USING THE COLON AND SEMICOLON 108 §6. USING THE ELLIPSES 108 PART IV. SEMANTIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 110 Chapter 1. WORD CHOICE IN TRANSLATION 110 §1. TYPES OF TRANSLATION EQUIVALENTS 110 §2. INTERACTION OF WORD SEMANTIC STRUCTURES 111 §3. WORD CONNOTATION IN TRANSLATION 112 §4. INTRALINGUISTIC MEANING 114 §5. CONTEXUALLY-BOUND WORDS 115 Chapter 2. TRANSLATING REALIA 117 §1. CULTURE-BOUND AND EQUIVALENT-LACKING WORDS 117 §2. TYPES OF CULTURE-BOUND WORDS 118 §3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING CULTURE-BOUND WORDS 120 §4. TRANSLATING PEOPLE’S NAMES 121 §5. TRANSLATING GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS 124 §6. TRANSLATING PUBLISHED EDITIONS 126 §7. TRANSLATING ERGONYMS 127 Chapter 3. TRANSLATING TERMS 127 §1. TRANSLATION FACTORS 127 §2. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUE 130 §3. TERMS IN FICTION AND MAGAZINES 132 Chapter 4. TRANSLATOR’S FALSE FRIENDS 133 Chapter 5. PHRASEOLOGICAL AND METAPHORICAL TRANSLATION 137 §1. METAPHOR AND THE PHRASEOLOGICAL UNIT 137 §2. INTERLINGUAL METAPHORIC TRANSFORMATIONS 138 §3. WAYS OF TRANSLATING IDIOMS 139 §4. CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATING IDIOMS 142 Chapter 6. METONYMICAL TRANSLATION 143 §1. DEFINITIONS 143 §2. LEXICAL METONYMIC TRANSFORMATION 145 §3. PREDICATE TRANSLATION 145 §4. SYNTACTIC METONYMIC TRANSFORMATIONS 147 Chapter 7. ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION 149 §1. DEFINITION 149 §2. CONVERSIVE TRANSFORMATION 149 §3. SHIFTING NEGATIVE MODALITY 150 §4. REASONS FOR ANTONYMIC TRANSLATION 151 Chapter 8. DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD COMBINABILITY 152 §1. REASONS FOR DIFFERENCES IN WORD COMBINABILITY 152 §2. TRANSLATION OF ADVERBIAL VERBS 154 §3. TRANSLATING CONDENSED SYNONYMS 156 Chapter 9. TRANSLATING NEW COINAGES: DIFFERENCES IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH WORD BUILDING 157 §1. COMPOUNDS 157 §2. CONVERSION 159 §3. AFFIXATION 162 §4. ABBREVIATION 164 PART V. PRAGMATIC PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION 168 Chapter 1. TRANSLATION PRAGMATICS 168 §1. CONCEPT OF PRAGMATICS 168 §2. TEXT PRAGMATICS 169 §3. AUTHOR’S COMMUNICATIVE INTENTION 171 §4. COMMUNICATIVE EFFECT UPON THE RECEPTOR 175 §5. TRANSLATOR’S IMPACT 178 Chapter 2. SPEECH FUNCTIONS AND TRANSLATION 179 §1. LANGUAGE AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS 179 §2. INTERPERSONAL FUNCTION AND MODALITY IN TRANSLATION. 180 §3. EXPRESSIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 186 §4. PHATIC FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 190 §5. CONATIVE FUNCTION IN TRANSLATION 194 Chapter 3. FUNCTIONAL STYLES AND TRANSLATION 197 §1. FUNCTIONAL STYLE, REGISTER: DEFINITION 197 §2. TRANSLATING SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STYLE 198 §3. TRANSLATING BUREAUCRATIC STYLE 202 §4. TRANSLATING JOURNALISTIC (PUBLICISTIC) STYLE 206 Chapter 4. RENDERING STYLISTIC DEVICES IN TRANSLATION 211 §1. TRANSLATION OF METAPHORS AND SIMILES 211 §2. TRANSLATION OF EPITHETS 214 §3. TRANSLATION OF PERIPHRASE 215 §4. TRANSLATION OF PUNS 217 §5. TRANSLATION OF ALLUSIONS AND QUOTATIONS 220 Chapter 5. TRANSLATION NORMS AND QUALITY CONTROL OF A TRANSLATION 220 §1. NORMS OF TRANSLATION 221 §2. QUALITY CONTROL OF THE TRANSLATION. 225 Chapter 6. TRANSLATION ETIQUETTE 228 §1. PROFESSIONAL ETHICS, ETIQUETTE, AND PROTOCOL 229 §2. CODE OF PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT 229 §3. PROTOCOL CEREMONIES 232 APPENDIX 1. 235 Russian-English Transliteration Chart 235 APPENDIX 2. 236 Russian-English-Chinese Transliteration Chart 236 Учебное издание 244 Зоя Григорьевна Прошина 244 |
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