Московская академия предпринимательства при правительстве москвы
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| part-time students. There are also about 150 graduate students - aspirants and doctorants. They conduct independent research work and have pedagogical practice. The course of study at my University lasts five years. There are many faculties at my University. Here are some of them: the faculty of banking and finance, the faculty of management, the faculty of business law and the faculty of accounting. Our University is large and we have several buildings. One of the buildings is for lectures and seminars only. There are many large halls there so that students of 3 groups together can fit in there. And that is more than 100 people. The acoustics in such large halls is very good but sometimes it is very noisy when students chat during the lecture. We have two other buildings for library, computer centre, gym, and other facilities. Many students from my group want to do their own research work in the future and these faculties will certainly help them. There are several cafes at the University. My favorite one is situated in a separate one-storeyed building and people say that this is the oldest canteen or student's cafe. The food there is tasty and very affordable. There are also several dormitories or hostel buildings where students from other cities or countries live. Vocabulary: solid background – твёрдая база, основание currently – в настоящее время to be enrolled – числиться в списках студентов full-time students – студенты дневного отделения part-time students – студенты вечернего отделения to conduct - проводить course of study – курс обучения banking – банковское дело finance - финансы management – управление, менеджмент business law – коммерческое право, accounting – бухгалтерский учёт computer center – вычислительный центр gym – спортивный зал facilities – службы, помещения research work – исследовательская работа classroom – класс, аудитория Topical vocabulary: lecture hall – лекционный зал laboratory -лаборатория semester (term) - семестр school year – учебный год course of studies – курс обучения faculty, college, department - факультет faculties, chair of - кафедра head of the department, chief – зав. кафедрой teaching instructor (TI) -преподаватель professor - профессор dean - декан Rector -ректор teaching staff, faculty members – преподавательский состав student of distant education – студент заочного отделения student of preparatory courses – слушатель подкурсов undergraduate student – студент 1-4 (5) курсов graduate student – студент 5-6 курсов, магистрант master students – студенты, обучающиеся в магистратуре Ph. D. student – аспирант, докторант miss, skip classes – пропускать занятия pass exams - сдать экзамены get ready - подготовиться get tired – устать answer questions – отвечать на вопросы ask questions – задавать вопросы attend lessons - посещать уроки be good at some subject - легко усваивать предмет be ready (prepared) for the lessons – быть готовым к уроку develop a skill – развивать навык discuss smth. – обсуждать что-либо get good, bad marks – получать хорошие, плохие отметки learn by heart – учить наизусть like, dislike doing smth. - нравиться, не нравиться делать что-либо observe discipline – соблюдать дисциплину retell smth. – пересказывать что-либо solve puzzles, sums, problems – решать задачи study a subject – изучать предмет understand easily, with difficulty – понимать легко, с трудом write reports, tests – писать доклад, тест additional - дополнительный boring - скучный necessary - необходимый obligatory - обязательный optional - факультативный strict - строгий tolerant - терпеливый useful - полезный useless - бесполезный valuable – ценный Разделите текст на смысловые части и озаглавьте их. Составьте рассказ о своём ВУЗе и о своей учёбе. UNIT 3 «My future profession» Грамматика: времена группы Perfect, модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты 3.1. Употребите правильную форму глагола 1. Tom and Nick are old friends. They (to know) each other for a long time. 2. The manager (to come, not) yet. 3. Jackie never (to visit) Hong Kong. 4. They never (to meet) a famous person. 5. We (to meet, not) them four five years. 6. The builders (to finish) the work by the end of the day. 7. The rain (to stop) and the sun was shining. 8. The plain (to land, not) yet, but a lot of people were waiting in the terminal. 9. The farmers stopped working after the sun (to set). 10. The room looked beautiful, as she (to change) the curtains. 11. We (to leave) by 8 o'clock tomorrow. 12. I (write) the letter by the time you come back. 13. I (to stay) at this hotel for a week next Saturday. 14. I still (to finish, not) reading the book by 6 o'clock 15. you (to repair) your car by Sunday? 3.2. Переведите на английский язык предложения 1. Вы забыли? Только что сказал Вам об этом. 2. С тех пор как я её знаю, она всегда была оптимистом. 3. Мы уже здесь с 10 утра. 4. Когда пришёл почтальон, Ольга ещё не закончила письмо. 5. Молодой человек поблагодарил врача за всё, что он для него сделал. 6. Он был счастлив, его мечта сбылась. 7. Его сын окончит школу к этому лету. 8. Она уже накроет стол до того, как ты придёшь. 9. Катя найдёт работу к концу года. 3.3. Поставьте глаголы, в зависимости от смысла, в Present Perfect или Past Indefinite. 1. You (to read) that book yet? – No, I only just (to begin) it. 2. Mr. D. (to leave) Moscow? – No, he is still in Moscow. 3. When the delegation (to arrive) in Surgut? – It (to arrive) yesterday. 4. I (not, to see) Mrs. at the lecture. 5. I (not, to see) this film yet, but I (to hear) a lot about it. 6. He isn't here, he just (to go) out. 7. I (to have) no news from him since he (to leave) home. 8. We (to discuss) the matter during supper. 9. I cannot give you a definite answer as I (not, to discuss) the matter with the manager. 3.4. Переведите предложения. Обратите внимание на употребление модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов. 1. Who is to do the test? 2. Nobody could translate this article. 3. He has to answer this question at once. 4. Must I attend this discussion? – No, you needn't. 5. You should have shown your notes to the teacher. 6. She asked him, but he wouldn't listen to her. 7. Last spring my parents would often go to the country. 8. He should have visited her, she was in the hospital. 9. May I leave for a while? – Yes, you may. 10. The pupil needn't come so early. 3.5. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную форму. 1. She can spell this word correctly. 2. You may take your pencil. 3. He can speak German. 4. You may open the window. 5. He must put this book into the desk. 6. We have to stay at home. 7. The students are to take their exams in winter. 3.5. Вставьте модальный глагол. 1. His son can read English but he … read German. 2. Who … recite this poem? 3. … I smoke here? 4. … I pay for these pictures at once? – No, you needn't. You … pay for them in a day or two. 5. The lecture is over. We … go home now. 6. … I take your pen? 7. …we translate this text in class? – No, you …, you'll do it at home. 8. You …go out today. It's too cold. 9. Tom … return this interesting book to the library. All the students want to read it. 10. He … be at the Institute at 9. 11. It is dark. You …draw the curtains. 12. Shall I write a letter to her? – No, you …, it is not necessary. 13. What … you do when you have flu? 3.6. Переведите на английский язык. 1. Она никогда не может прийти вовремя. 2. Они были счастливы, что сумели помочь друзьям. 3. Решение может быть очень простым, можешь мне поверить. 4. Можно мне прочить это письмо? 5. Возможно, он получит хорошую оценку. 6. Вам нужно уходить. Вы, должно быть, устали. 7. Ребёнок не должен приходить домой поздно. 8. Сегодня мне не нужно делать домашнее задание, я сделала его вчера. 9. Тебе необходимо поехать в центр города. 10. Вам следовало давно бросить курить. 11. Ему не следует есть так много конфет. 12. Тебе следует спать, а не смотреть телевизор. 13. Питеру в самом деле нужен этот словарь? 14. Не нужно было мыть окна, они чистые. Text 1 My plans for future Hi, there! Here is Vera again. As I have already told you, my father works at the bank. He makes good money, but I never wanted to have a job like his. I think it is so boring and unhealthy to sit all day at the desk. It takes so much of nerves, because it is a great responsibility to work with large amounts of money. Especially when this money is not yours and belongs to thousands of other people. Sometimes my father spends a whole night at work, preparing his reports. But anyway, I want to talk you about my plans for future and not about my father. I would really want to work with people rather than with figures and numbers. I want to travel much and see other places and meet different people. One of the opportunities for this is to work for a foreign enterprise in Russia or to work abroad for a big company. You also travel much if you work for the travel agency. And, as far as I know, this kind of job is well paid. Of course, it is quite difficult to qualify for such a job. You need to have a very good educational level and a good command of spoken and written foreign language, computer skills, and, finally some experience. As I said before, my school gives a very good background knowledge of subject. But this knowledge is too general. Most graduates are prepared for walk only theoretically. We didn't have much practice. The only opportunity to work somewhere is that during the summer vacation. But of course one wants to rest a little after a whole year of studies and a hard exam session. But in my opinion, practice is the only opportunity to gain practical knowledge of subject. I think that it is quite impossible to have a good command of English after finishing secondary school. Two or four hours of English a week is not enough. It is necessary to have classes outside the University. One more factor which really helps to have a good command of English is the communication with native speakers, and of course reading much in English. It is especially useful to read books on economics, business, marketing and management in the original. When one knows the special vocabulary or terminology it will be much easier to communicate with your colleagues from other countries. As, you know, English is world recognized as a international business language. But, of course, English only is not enough. There are still countries and people who prefer to use their native language. And how many business in your city, for instance, have English-speaking staff? This situation is the same in many European countries. I don't think I'll be unemployed. Firms need specialists in finance, management and marketing. Employers need young and energetic employees who have computer skills. By for now! Vocabulary: successfully - успешно unhealthy – нездорово, вредно для здоровья large amounts of money – большие суммы денег to belong - принадлежать rather than - нежели figure – цифра, сумма enterprise - предприятие to qualify for – годиться для чего-либо, иметь достаточные основания educational level (level of education) – уровень образования a command of – уровень владения чем-либо general - общий to gain - приобретать sufficient - достаточный native speakers – носители языка staff - персонал unemployed - безработный Text 2 I want to be a Businessman My father is working for an international company as a managing director. I have been several times at his office. I like it very much to be there. My father is very busy. He often comes late from work. But I can see that he likes his job. And he always finds the time to spend with me and mam. Sometimes he tells us about the difficult situations, which his company faces. It is so interesting to listen to him. It seems to me that you need to have a very creative mind to be a businessman. My father is a friendly person and he is easy to talk to. I respect my father and I want to become a businessman too. I think our country needs good businesspeople to strengthen its economy. After I finish school I'm going to enter the university and study marketing or management. I haven't decided yet exactly what will I study. Manager deals mainly with people. It studies what is necessary to do that people worked better and were not offended. Marketing deals with market research and commercial activity in general. I still have time to think and choose. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: 1. In your opinion, how much time should a businessman work and how much time should he spend with his family? 2. Is a creative mind necessary for a businessperson? 3. Is there a need for businesspeople in our country? 4. What does marketing deals with? 6. Are there any other reasons for you to become a businessman? 5. What does manager deals with? Расскажите о своей будущей профессии. Topical vocabulary: аccountant - бухгалтер manager – управляющий, заведующий, глава, директор, руководитель marketer – специалист по маркетингу P.R. specialist (Public Relations) – специалист по связям с общественностью sales manager – менеджер по продажам supply manager – менеджер по снабжению prestigious job, work – престижная работа well-paid job – высокооплачиваемая работа employee – наёмный рабочий, служащий employer - наймодатель entrepreneur, businessman – предприниматель, бизнесмен, делец state-employed – государственный служащий white-collar worker – «белый воротничок», работник умственного труда blue-collar worker – «синий воротничок», работник физического труда skilled worker – квалифицированный рабочий unskilled worker – неквалифицированный рабочий experienced worker – опытный работник to be hired for a job – быть нанятым на работу to look for a new job, work, position – искать новую работу to apply for a new job – претендовать на какую-либо должность resume – резюме application for a position – заявление о приёме на какую-либо должность C.V. (curriculum vitae) – автобиография to be fired – быть уволенным to be retire – уходить на пенсию to be unemployed – быть безработным UNIT 4 «My native town» Грамматика: времена группы Perfect Continuous. 4.1. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на перевод глаголов. 1. I've been living next door to Olga for 3 month but I've never seen her. 2. The children have been waiting for this holiday for so long! 3. How long have you been peeling all those potatoes? 4. The secretary closed the file which she had just been looking through. 5. Molly had been writing this letter since she got home. 6. Mrs. Smith had been teaching for twenty years. 7. I'll have already been working for 5 hours. 8. By this time tomorrow, he'll have been traveling for 10 hours. 4.2. Поставьте глаголы в Past Indefinite, Past Continuous, Past Perfect или Past Perfect Continuous: 1. He (not to see) me as he (to read) when I (to come) into the room. 2. When he was in Moscow he (to visit) the places where he (to play) as a boy. 3. The letter (to arrive) ten minutes after you (to leave) the house. 4. It (to rain) hard last night when I (to leave) the office. 5. The train could not stop because it (to travel) too fast at the time. 6. When I (to call) for my friend, his sister (to tell) me that he (to leave) half an hour before. 7. He (to thank) me for what I (to do) for him. 8. When he (to hear) the news, he (to hurry) to see me. 4.3. Поставьте глагола в Present Indefinite, Present Continuous, Present Perfect или Present Perfect Continuous. 1. Mary (to learn) English at the Institute. She (to learn) English since last autumn. 2. They are busy now. They (to discuss) an important article. They (to discuss) it since five o'clock. 3. Where is Mr. Smith? He (to work) in the library. He (to work) long? He (to work) since morning. 4. My daughter (to be) in hospital. She (to be) there for 6 days. 5. Mrs. Thompson (to teach) French. She (to teach) French for 20 years. 6. I (to know) Molly well. Since when you (to know) him? I (to know) him since 1940. 4.4. Поставьте глаголы в Future Indefinite, Future Continuous, Future Perfect: 1. I (to wait) for him at 6 o'clock tomorrow. 2. I think they (to complete) their work by January. 3. At this time tomorrow I (to sail) down the river. 4. He (to return) from the library at 8 o'clock. 5. The student (not to work) at 10 o'clock. He (to finish) his home work by that time. 6. She hopes the next mail (to bring) news from home. 7. I hope it (to stop) raining by 6 o'clock. Text 1 St. Petersburg St. Petersburg, one of the most beautiful cities of Europe, was founded by Peter 1 the Great in 1703 to become the capital of the Russian Empire for two centuries. St. Petersburg was the scene of two revolutions. During World War 2 the city was besieged and fiercely defended. St. Petersburg is situated on the Neva River. The modern city is important as a cultural and industrial center and as the nation's largest seaport. Central St. Petersburg is divided by the Neva River into four parts: the Admiralty Side, Vasilyevsky Island, the Petrograd Side, and the Vyborg Side. The Admiralty Side is rich in museums, monuments, historical buildings and squares. The heart of St. Petersburg is Nevsky Prospect. There are a lot of places, churches, stores, cafes and theatres there. St. Petersburg is proud of its rich architecture that includes the cathedral of the Peter-Paul Fortress, the Summer Palace, the Winter Palace, the Smolny Convent, the Kazan and St. Isaak's cathedrals, the Smolny Institute, the new Admiralty, and the Senate. There are many important educational centers in St. Petersburg. St. Petersburg is a city of culture. There are a lot of theatres and concert halls there. They are the Mariinsky Theatre, the Mali, Gorky, Pushkin, and Musical Comedy theatres. Famous museums include the State Russian Museum and the Hermitage. In 1764 the Hermitage was founded by Catherine 2 the Great as a court museum. The Hermitage has rich collections of western European painting, Russian and Oriental art. In St. Petersburg there are many stadiums and other outdoor recreation facilities. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What role has St. Petersburg played in the history of Russia? 2. Where is St. Petersburg situated? 3. What are the parts of central St. Petersburg? 4. Can you prove that St. Petersburg is the city of rich cultural traditions? 5. What are St. Petersburg's famous museum? 6. What do you know about the Heremitage? Text 2 My native town My native town is Voronezh. I am proud to be its citizen. The history of Voronezh is bound up with the history of Russia. The first mention of Voronezh can be found in the Russian chronicles dated back to the 12th century. At that time a multi-towered fortress was erected on the right bank of the Voronezh River to shield off the Russian land from the nomadic tribes. By the middle of the 16th century Voronezh developed into a bustling, densely populated city. At the turn of the 17th century Peter the Great built his first flotilla here. In 1812 in the battle of Borodino the Voronezh popular levy stood the ground. The citizens of Voronezh participated in the revolts against the serfdom; they took part in Narodnic organisationa, in three revolutions and in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. Today Voronezh is one the largest industrial cities of Russia. The trade mark of Voronezh can be see on farm machinery, TV-sets, radio receivers, tyres and aluminium constructions part. The Il-86 and Il-96 aircraft came off the line here. Voronezh is a city of science. It has dozens of research centeres, a university, nine colleges. The city has rich cultural traditions. Its first drama theatre lifted its curtain in 1802. Voronezh land is proud of Koltsov's verses, Nikitin's poetry, Kramskoy's paintings, fairy tales collected by A. Afanasyev, folk songs gathered by M. Pyatnitsky. In Voronezh one can visit the Opera and the Ballet Theatre, the Puppet Theatre, the Philarmonic Society, the Russian Folk Choir, the Kramskoy's Fine Arts Museum, the Nikitin's Literary Museum and the Museum of Local Lore. The city Voronezh honours its past and is full of creative effort and vitality. Vocabulary: nomadic tribes – кочевые племена to shield off - заслонить bustling – шумный densely populated – густонаселённый serfdom – крепостное право aircraft – самолёт folk songs – народные песни Ответьте на вопросы: 1. Where do you come from? 2. When was your native town founded? 3. What are the historical landmarks of your native town? 4. What does your native town honour? 5. What is your native town famous for? Опираясь на вопросы, составьте рассказ о своём родном городе. Topical vocabulary: be situated - быть расположенным be surrounded – быть окружённым in the centre в центре in the north,west etc. of the country – на севере, западе и т.д. страны in the outskirts – на окраине to be cut off smth. - быть отрезанным от come from – быть родом из crowded - переполненный polluted - загрязнённый remote - отдалённый urban - городской arts school – художественная школа chances for employment возможности для устройства на работу obelisk- обелиск palace of culture – дворец культуры be occupied – быть занятым, заселённым center of the region – районный центр historical center – исторический центр cultural center – культурный центр trade center -торговый центр transport center – транспортный центр industrial center – промышленный центр stepps - степи taiga - тайга highlands – горные возвышенности UNIT 5 Грамматика: существительное (категория рода и падежа), предлоги, степени сравнения прилагательных, пассивный залог глагола. 5.1. Дайте множественное число следующих существительных. a toy, a hero, a coat, a fox, a car, a century, a book, a room, a hat, a horse a sky, a shelf, a sheep, a man, a wife, a flag, a box, a fitness, a roof, a tooth, a story, an ox, a child, a deer , a star, a tree, a tomato, a mouse. 5.2. Напишите существительные во множественном числе: 1. Put the box on the shelf. 2. I have hurt on my foot. 3. This is an English dictionary. 4. Where is the knife? 5. This factory has a good laboratory. 6. The last leaf fell from the table. 7. This story is very long. 8. The speech was very interesting. 9. He left the key on the table. 10. Where is the brush? 11. I like his new play. 12.The wife of the sailor stood on the shore. 13. A copy of the contact was sent to Moscow. 14. The roof of the house was covered with snow. 15. This strawberry is green. 16. In the farm-yard we could see an ox, a sheep, a cow and a goose. 5.3. Напишите существительные в единственном числе Women and children sat on the shore. The keys to the boxes were lost. The wolves have been shot. The mice were caught. Copies of this letters will be sent to Moscow. These factories produce furniture. 5.4. Замените фразы с предлогом of на существительные в притяжательном падеже: The name of my friend, the question of my mother, the speech of the leader, the book of Max, the rights of people, the toys of my baby, a poem by Lermontov, the history of Russia, the news of today, a novel by Sheldon, the opinion of the lawyer, the house of my father-in-law. 5.5. Образуйте от прилагательных сравнительную и превосходную степень: Big, heavy, tall, short, dirty, easy, well, nice, cold, happy, near, bad, famous wide, good, expensive, full, far, many, bright, dry, large, busy, beautiful, comfortable, active, interesting. 5.6. Употребите прилагательное в скобках в нужной степени в зависимости от смысла. 1. The weather is today (bad) than yesterday. 2. Winter is (cold) season of the year. 3. London is (big) than Paris. 4. The sun is (bright) than the moon. 5. Which is (long) day of the year? 6. This dress is elegant the old one. 7. Health is (good) than wealth. 8. The Neva is (wide) and (deep) than Moskva River. 9. His plan is (practical) of all. 10. Elbrus is the (high) peak in the Caucasian mountains. 5.7. Вставьте необходимый предлог: 1. The magazine was illustrated … very good pictures. 2. I don't like to wash my face …soap. 3. My sister lives …the fourth floor …big house …the centre …the town. 4. I have received a letter …my friend. He writes that he will soon return …the south. 5. She paid five dollars …this book. 6. His watch is made …gold. 7. I'll be back …a few minutes. 8. The child was washed …his mother …soap and warm water. 9. Do you go …the Institute …Thursdays? 10. I hope he will come back … London …six days. 5.8. Поставьте предложения в отрицательную и вопросительную формы 1. This town was built a century ago. 2. We were invited to a party. 3. The fax has just been sent. 4. «Mona Liza» was painted by Leonardo da Vinci. 5. My sweater is made in England. 5.9. Переведите на русский язык: 1. He was shown the way to the station. 2. Children are taught foreign languages at school. 3. He was offered some interesting work. 4. She was told the news when she returned home. 5. My watch made of steel. 6. The roof of my house is painted blue. 7. The bread was cut with a sharp knife. 5.10. Замените действительные обороты страдательными: 1. They told me an interesting story yesterday. 2. They pay him regularly. 3. We sent for Mr. Smith the telegram. 3. I think that we can rely on this information. 4. They teach the children German. 5. Glinka composed the opera «Ivan Susanin». 6. A famous architect designed this theatre. 7. The student read this article aloud. ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ Microeconomics and macroeconomics (Part 1) Economics as a science consists of two disciplines that is of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies individual producers, consumers, or markets. Microeconomics also studies how government activities such as regulations and taxes affect individual markets. Besides microeconomics tries to understand what factors affect the prices, wages and earnings. Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the economy as a whole. It tries to understand the picture as a whole rather than small parts of it. In particular, it studies the overall values of output, of unemployment and of inflation. Найдите в тексте определения микро- и макроэкономики. Economics (Part 2) Economics is a social science studying economy. Like the natural sciences and other social sciences, economics attempts to find laws or principles. Economics tries to find taws or principles by building models. The predictions of the models form the basis of economic theories. Then the predictions of the models are compared with the facts of the real world. 1. Переведите текст на русский язык. 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: What is the role of predictions in theories? How are theories and models interrelated? Gold Metals have long been internationally acceptable as a form of currency, partly because of their durability and partly because they are not easy to counterfeit. Of the many metals available, gold and silver, which are both particularly attractive, have proved to be the most popular; they are also very malleable, do not corrode and are fairly scarce, all of which accounts for their frequent use in the making of ornaments and jewellery. The predominance of gold over silver could be attributed to its colour and the consequent link with the many ancient cults of sun worship. Gold has been used as an almost universally accepted currency since the beginning of recorded history and has outlived silver, which, though equally iridescent, is no longer a major factor in international exchange. An example of the unique standing of gold can be found in the timehonoured custom of mariners wearing gold earrings so that, whatever befell them, they would always possess on their person the price of a Christian burial. Gold is found in many parts of the world but the major sources lie in South Africa. There are gold mines in the northern part of the USA, in the Russian Federation and even in the UK, where there is a tradition that the wedding ring of the reigning monarch is made from gold from the small mine in the Principality of Wales. 1. Ответьте на следующие вопросы: Why have metals been long acceptable as a form of currency? What metals are the most popular and why? What can the predominance of gold over silver be attributed to? Why is silver no longer used in international exchange? What was the time-honoured custom of mariners? 2. Составьте вопросы к последнему параграфу текста. Gold and Foreign Exchange Reserves (Part 1) G All nations have what might be called last-ditch reserves with which to pay their international debts. They tend to be accumulated in the natural course of foreign trade. However, when it comes to settling a particular debt it is obviously necessary to have the appropriate currency. A vast quantity of Laree is not always acceptable to a creditor in Brazil or Russia. For this reason national reserves need to be held in a currency that is internationally recognized and the only commonly accepted currency is, traditionally, gold: thus, gold-producing countries have a valuable natural source of international exchange, though they have to take care not to devalue that asset by overproduction. After 1945 and until relatively recently the American dollar was virtually on a par with gold in the international exchange market, as it was a currency that was always acceptable, particularly as its value in exchange was more likely to increase than to fall. In recent years the dollar has lost a great deal of its attraction due to lack of confidence in stability of the American economy. And the emergence of other currencies backed by the economic strength of their countries of origin, e.g. Germany and Japan. (To be continued). Ответьте на вопросы: How are the last ditch reserves accumulated? What are they used for? What are international debts paid with? What currency is commonly accepted? What problems do gold-producing countries face? Why was dollar on a par with gold in the international exchange market until recently? Gold and Foreign Exchange Reserves (Part 2) At one time the UK reserves were referred to as the gold and dollar reserves. The changing tides of fortune have led to this title being discarded in favour of gold and foreign exchange reserves. Considerable attention is paid to the level of these reserves and any tendency for them to fall calls for government action. The action taken must be such as to build up gold and currency reserves by attracting money from other countries. This can be done either by attempting to reverse an imbalance of payments by seeking means to bolster exports and discourage imports or by attracting deposits on capital account by offering high interest rates to foreign investors. The first method is necessarily long-term only, baring abrupt devaluation of the pound when exchange rates are fixed, and the second has the disadvantage of involving the obligation to pay out higher sums by way of interest, thus making it even more difficult to balance payments in future years. This second method, then, is acceptable only as a stop-gap whilst the first is given time to take effect. The international position has, in recent times, been much changed by the setting up of various supranational institutions which can offer help to particular nations over varying periods, and at a price. The primary source of aid is the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which can 9 both sell or lend currency to a debtor country, within limits, and, more important, provide credit facilities over a stated period. This latter ability makes the IMF akin to an international bank, with power to grant overdrafts or make loans as the situation requires. The UK has on more than one occasion received loans and credit facilities from the IMF. These have not always been used up but can provide considerable assistance in both propping up and rebuilding a falling economy. Such facilities are not included in the stated figure of reserves. 1. Составьте вопросы к тексту. 2. Составьте план текста. Credit One of the most popular phrases when we shop is "Charge it". But what does this mean when we use our charge or credit cards? What is credit? Credit or credit cards allows the user to obtain goods, services or money in return for future payments. This is not a free service. When you use your credit card, you are also charged interest. Basically interest is payment to the credit card company for lending you the money to pay for whatever you have charged to your credit card. How does this work? Let's say that you make purchases at an entertainment store for $100, You put these items on your credit card. Several weeks later you will receive in the mail a statement from the credit card company stating that you charged $100 worth of merchandise at the entertainment store. It will tell you the least amount you must pay. This may be about $10 on this amount you have charged. If you pay the whole amount right away, you will not be charged interest. However, there will be an interest fee charged on whatever you don't pay right away. If you only paid $10 on the $100 you owed, you would be charged interest on the remaining $90. Can anyone get credit cards? How much can one charge on a credit card? Credit cards are usually issued to people who have proven they can pay - in other words, they have jobs or other assets that can be used towards paying off their credit card debts. When you get a credit card, you are given a line of credit. This line of credit is how much you can owe the credit card company at any given time. For example, if you had a $1000 line of credit and had charged $100 worth of goods, you would have $900 left that you could charge on your credit card. There are two kinds of credit. Business credit is the kind of money lent to businesses to build stores, factories, purchase equipment, goods, etc.. The money that businesses are lent is generally referred to as capital. Let's say you wanted to start a computer store. You would go to a bank, tell them of your plans and if they felt you had a good business plan that would succeed they might lend you the money. You would pay back the money they lend you over a certain amount of time, paying interest on the money you borrowed. If for any reason you didn't pay back the money, the bank would take over business you have started and you might be forced to file for bankruptcy, meaning that you are not able to pay back your debts. Consumer credit is money that is lent to individuals so they can purchase goods or services. This is typically done with credit cards through a lending company. Several of these companies are MasterCard or Visa. Again, if you do not pay your credit card debts, you are not allowed to use your credit cards and you may be forced to declare bankruptcy if you own too much that you cannot repay. Test 1. This allows the user to obtain goods, services or money in return for future payments. a) interest, b) credit, c) deposit 2. This is how much you owe a credit card company at any given time – how much you can charge it. a) interest, b) line of credit, c) deposit 3. The money that businesses are lent is called a) interest, b) deposit, c) capital 4. Money that is lent to individuals so they can purchase goods or services is a) consumer credit, b) deposit c) interest 5. What does a bank or lending institution require in order for you to have a credit card a) ability to pay off the credit card debt, b) a high school diploma c) a business Banking Banking is a business that deals with money and credit. Almost all of us have had our own personal piggy banks or one sort or another and may have lent or borrowed money from others. Banking institutions basically do the same thing on a much, much larger scale within certain rules. Today there are many other types of institutions that perform one or many of the jobs a bank traditionally did and banks are also engaged in new activities in new ways. There have been traditionally several types of banks. One type is the commercial bank of which there are a wide variety. Their job is to accept deposits of people's money for safekeeping. The bank in turn takes this money and invests it. The depositer then earns a certain amount of money called interest for depositing his money in a bank and letting the bank use the money for investments. On the other hand, banks also make loans to people, depending on their ability to repay the loans. The borrower is charged interest, an amount of money the bank charges for the privilege of lending money to the borrower. Mutual savings banks ability to make loans is more dependent on the amount of money they get from consumer deposits versus commercial banks whose ability to make loans is more dependent on reserves. Banks that are part of the Federal Reserve system of banks must be insured to cover losses. Other institutions that perform banking services include savings and loan associations, credit unions, mortgage companies, insurance companies etc. Credit unions are groups of people, typically workers at a particular business, that pool their money together for savings and loan activity. Credit unions typically offer lower loan interest rates to members. Savings and loan associations traditionally accepted deposits from private investors and then lent money to individuals for mortgages. A mortgage is a loan or money borrowed to pay for a home, business or other types of real estate. The home or business is the security for the loan to buy the home or business. If the borrower fails to repay the loan, the bank or savings and loan assumes ownership of the home or business. Bankruptcy or going bankrupt means that a person is so in debt that they cannot repay their loans. When they declare bankruptcy, they publicly declare that they cannot repay their debts. A plan is worked out so that the person who owes money works out a plan to repay at least some of the debts owed. |
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