Text “Automation”
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Text “Automation”Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products. The term automation is also used to describe nonmanufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people. Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation. The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the flyball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device. Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare, and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations. Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device. After the drawing has been completed the computer automatically gives the instructions that direct a machining centre to machine the part. Another development using automation are the flexible manufacturing systems (FMS). A computer in FMS can be used to monitor and control the operation of the whole factory. Automation has also had an influence on the areas of the economy other than manufacturing. Small computers are used in systems called mod processors, which are rapidly becoming a standard part of the modern office. They are used to edit texts, to type letters and so on. Many industries are highly automated or use automation technology in some part of their operation. In communications and especially in the telephone industry dialing and transmission are all done automatically. Railways are also controlled by automatic signaling devices, which have sensors that detect carriages passing a particular point. Not all industries require the same degree of automation. Sales, agriculture, and some service industries are difficult to automate, though agriculture industry may become more mechanized, especially in the processing and packaging of foods. The automation technology in manufacturing and assembly is widely used in car and other consumer product industries. Nevertheless, each industry has its own concept of automation that answers its particular production needs. Vocabulary: Automation –автоматизация Previously-ранее Sequence- последовательность Assembly plant- сборочный завод Nonmanufacturing-непроизводственный Device-устройство, прибор Resemble-походить Efficiency-эффективность Flyball governor-центробежный регулятор Steam engine- паровоз Household thermostat-бытовой термостат Facilitate- способствовать Aid- помощь Dimension- измерение, размеры Exercise #1Find the following words and word combinations in the text (Найдите английские эквиваленты)
Exercise #2Define the part of speech of the words and translate them.(Сравните способы образования указанных слов, назовите части речи, к которым они относятся, переведите их) Automation, automatically, familiar, previously, highly, independently, faster, better, efficiency, originally, dangerous, widely, heavy, manufacturer, feedback, governor, variety, numerically, recently, introduction, dimension, instruction, development, flexible, require, particular. Exercise #3Choose the sentences with the Present Perfect Tense. Translate them. Выбрать из приведенных предложений те, которые содержат глагол в настоящем совершенном времени. Переведите их. Remember that Present Perfect is formed with the help of the verb have/has + V3
Exercise #4Find the sentences with the Passive Voice in the 5th paragraph. Translate them. Найдите в пятом абзаце предложения с глаголом в пассивном залоге. Объясните, по каким признакам вы установили грамматическую форму. Exercise #5Find the key sentence in each paragraph. В каждом абзаце найдите ключевое предложение. Подчеркните их. Exercise #6Read the text , divide it into logical parts and give the headlines to each part in the form of questions. Прочтите текст, разделите его на смысловые части, к каждой части придумайте название в форме вопроса. Примерный ответ:
Exercise #7Answer the questions. Ответить на вопросы.
Exercise #8Finish the sentences. Закончите предложения.
Exercise #9Read the text and say what new things have you known . Прочтите текст и скажите, что нового вы узнали из него. Exercise #10Can you use this information in your future profession. Скажите, каким образом вы можете использовать информацию, содержащуюся в тексте при работе по специальности. Exercise #11Make the synopsis of the text, paying attention to the informative style of the text. Подготовьте реферат текста, подчеркивая его информативную ценность. The plan of the synopsis
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