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Московский государственный технический университет имени Н.Э. Баумана Стасенко И.В., Кальгин Ю.А ОБУЧЕНИЕ ЧТЕНИЮ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ НА АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ ПО СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТИ РЛ6 «Основы нанотехнологии» Учебно-методическое пособие для студентов старших курсов Издательство МГТУ им. Н.Э. Баумана 2009 Редактор кандидат филологических наук Труфанова Наталия Олеговна CONTENTS
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ Целью данного учебно-методического пособия является обучение студентов старших курсов факультета РЛ точно понимать и переводить оригинальные научные тексты по специальности РЛ6 (Основы нанотехнологии). Структура пособия обеспечивает эффективную работу студентов как самостоятельную, так и под руководством преподавателя в этом направлении. Перед проработкой каждого текста необходимо внимательно ознакомиться с вокабуляром, содержащим терминологическую лексику. Студенты должны выучить эти термины. Знание терминологического вокабуляра создает предпосылки для дальнейшего беспереводного понимания научной литературы в этой области. Послетекстовые упражнения подразделяются на следующие три типа:
Алфавитный терминологический словарь в конце пособия предназначен для самостоятельной работы студентов над дополнительными английскими текстами. Дополнительные тексты и словарь можно использовать для промежуточных тестов и рубежных заданий (контрольных работ). Тексты на русском языке нацелены на свободное их изложение на английском языке и перевод, что будет способствовать повторению и закреплению терминологической лексики, а также ознакомлению с разносторонними областями применения нанотехнологий. Авторы пособия выражают большую благодарность доцентам Е.А. Скороходову и К.В. Малышеву за консультации при подборе текстового материала. АННОТАЦИЯ Учебно-методическое пособие из трех уроков, предназначенное для обучения чтению и переводу студентов старших курсов факультета РЛ, содержит современные неадаптированные тексты, отражающие основные и базисные сведения о нанотехнологиях. Текстовый материал был рекомендован и согласован с руководством кафедры РЛ6 в соответствии с лекционным курсом по данной специальности, предусмотренным программой. Пособие содержит упражнения на контроль понимания текстов всех трех уроков, грамматические упражнения на наиболее трудную грамматику и упражнения, подготавливающие к аннотированию и реферированию научной литературы. Каждый текст предваряет терминологический словарь, снимающий лексические трудности. В конце пособия приводится обобщенный алфавитный словарь для удобства перевода дополнительных текстов также представленных в пособии. Read the text without a dictionary. Give the general idea of nanotechnology. What is Nanotechnology? Over the past few decades, the development of new and more advanced energy technologies with the capability of improving life all over the world have been sought in the fields of science and engineering. In order to make the next leap forward from the current generation of technology, scientists and engineers have been developing a new field of science called Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is defined as the science and technology of building electronic circuits and devices from single atoms and molecules, or the branch of engineering that, deals with things smaller than 100 nanometers. A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter, roughly the width of three or four atoms. For scale comparisons, the average human hair is about 80,000 nanometers wide, and a single virus particle is about 100 nanometers in width. The prefix nano-comes from the Greek word nenos, meaning "dwarf." Scientists originally used the prefix just to indicate "very small," as in "nanoplankton," but it now means one-billionth, just as milli- means one-thousandth, and micro- means one-millionth. The term Nanotechnology is also often used to describe the interdisciplinary fields of science devoted to the study and use of nanoscale phenomena. (1225) History The story of nanotechnology begins in the 1950s and 1960s, when most engineers were thinking big, not small. This was the era of big cars, big atomic bombs, big jets, and big plans for sending people into outer space. Huge skyscrapers, like the World Trade Center (completed in 1970) were built in major cities of the world. The world's largest oil tankers, cruise ships, bridges, interstate highways, and electric power plants are all products of this era. Other researchers, however, focused on making things s nail. The invention of the transistor in 1947 and the first integrated circuit (IС) in 1959 launched an era of electronics miniaturization. It was these small devices that made large devices, such as spaceships, possible. As electronics engineers focused on making things smaller, engineers and scientists from other fields also turned their focus to small things - atoms and molecules. After successfully splitting the atom in the years before World War 11, physicists struggled to understand more about the particles from which atoms are made, and the forces that bind them together. At the same time, chemists worked to combine atoms into new kinds of molecules, and had great success converting the complex molecules of petroleum into all sorts of useful plastics. Usually the credit for inspiring nano-technology goes to a lecture by Richard Phillips Feynman, a brilliant physicist who later won the Nobel Prize for "fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics". On December 29, 1959, Feynman delivered a lecture at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society; in that talk, called "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom", Feynman proposed work in a field "in which little has been done, but in which an enormous amount can be done in principle." In his lecture Feynman described how the entire Encyclopedia Britannica could be written on the head of a pin, and how all the world's books could fit into a pamphlet. Such remarkable reductions could be done as "a simple reproduction of the original pictures, engravings, and everything else on a small scale without loss of resolution." Yet it was possible to get still smaller: if you converted all the world's books into an efficient computer code instead of just reduced pictures, you could store "all the information that man has carefully accumulated in all the books in the world ... in a cube of material one two-hundredth of an inch wide - which is the barest piece of dust that can be made out by the human eye." Feynman himself didn't use the word "nanotechnology" in his lecture; in fact, the word didn't exist until 15 years later, when Norio Taniguchi of the Tokyo University of Science suggested it to describe technology that strives for precision at the level of about one nanometer. Only in the 1980s did this new field of study get a name -Nanotechnology. This new name was popularized by physicist K. Eric Drexler. (2905) Nanomaterials Nanomaterials - materials having unique properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions - can be stronger or lighter, or conduct heat or electricity in a different way. They can even change colour; particles of gold can appear red, blue or gold, depending on their size. These special attributes are already being used in a number of ways, such as in the manufacture of computer chips, CDs and mobile phones. Researches are progressively finding out more about the nanoscale world and aim to use nanotechnologies to create new devices that are faster, lighter, stronger or more efficient. Nanotechnologies are widely seen as having huge potential in areas as diverse as healthcare, IT and energy storage. (707) (total – 4096) LESSON 1 Memorize the following basic vocabulary and terminology to text 1A
Read text 1A with its introduction and answer the questions. Text 1A Introduction. Nanotechnology and nanomaterials Nanoscience and nanotechnology pertain to the synthesis, characterization, exploration, exploitation, and utilization of nanostructured materials, which are characterized by at least one dimension in the nanometer (1 nm = 10–9 m) range. A focus of frontline interdisciplinary research today is the development of the conceptual framework and the experimental background of the science of nanostructured materials and the perspectives of its technological applications. The implications of quantum size and shape effects on the energetics, nuclear–electronic level structure, electric-optical response and dynamics, reveal new unique physical phenomena that qualitatively differ from those of the bulk matter and provide avenues for the control of the function of nanostructures. Current applications in the realm of nanoelectronics, nanooptoelectronics, and information nanoprocessing are addressed, and other directions highlighted. Nanostructures and their ensembles Nanostructured systems constitute a bridge between single molecules and infinite bulk systems. Individual nanostructures involve clusters, nanoparticles, nanocrystals, quantum dots, nanowires, and nanotubes, while collections of nanostructures involve arrays, assemblies, and superlattices of individual nanostructures. Table 1 lists some typical dimensions of nanomaterials. Table 1. Nanostructures and their assemblies
The conceptual framework and practice of nanoscience encompasses both nanostructures and their ensembles. In this broad context, the physical and chemical properties of nanostructures are distinct from both the single atom or the molecule and from the bulk matter of the same chemical composition. These fundamental differences between the nanoworld on the one hand, and the molecular and condensed phase worlds on the other hand, pertain to the spatial structures and shapes, phase changes, energetics, electronic–nuclear level structure, spectroscopy1, response, dynamics, chemical reactivity, and catalytic properties of large, finite systems and their assemblies. Central issues in this broad, interdisciplinary research area of nanoscience pertain to size effects, shape phenomena, confinement of elementary excitations, level structure of elementary excitations, and the response to external electric and optical excitations of individual finite systems and of coupled finite systems. The ubiquity of these phenomena reflects on quantum effects in finite nanostructures. (2795) Answer the following questions: 1) What does nanoscience and nanotechnology pertain to? 2) Does the physical phenomena in nanomaterials differ from the ones in the bulk matter? What way? 3) What can an individual nanostructure involve? 4) What does the fundamental difference between the nanoworld and the molecular and condensed phase worlds lie in? 5) What does the interdisciplinary research area of nanoscience pertain to? 6) How do you understand the terms spectroscopy and spectrometry? Suggest their fields of application. Task 1. Comment on table 1 with its nanostructures and their assemblies. Task 2. Discuss the issues of interdisciplinary research area of nanoscience, and nanostructured materials and the perspectives of their application Task 3. Make up the presentations on the issues mentioned in exercise 2 in Power Point Memorize the following basic vocabulary and terminology to text 1B
Read text 1B and answer the questions after the text Text 1B Nanoelectronics, nanooptoelectronics, and information nanoprocessing One of the most important and far-reaching potential applications of nanomaterials will be in the field of nanoelectronics. While the field of molecular electronics was fraught with some conceptual–practical difficulties in the context of connecting molecular devices to the “outside world”, these issues were solved by nanodevice fabrication, the design of surface-nanodevice chemical contacts, and chemical engineering of molecular-nanoparticles or biomolecular-nanoparticle hybridization. This multidisciplinary research–technology area of nanoelectronics has dual goals:
The distinction between classes (1) and (2) is always practical and sometimes also conceptual. While class (2) is aimed toward the miniaturization of electronic circuitry and of catalytic and biological templates, class (1) is aimed toward the realization of single-electron nanodevices. There are already significant advances in the utilization of single nanostructures for single-electron memory devices based on Coulomb blockade and on a single-electron transistor. Progress for the class (2) system involves scanning probe tips in arrays, LED and laser diodes of semiconductor nanostructures, arrays of semiconductor quantum dots, and nanowires. Nanocircuits making use of carbon nanotubes were described. Metallic and semiconducting properties of multiwalled nanotubes have been constructed by the stepwise burning of layers and by chirality control. These approaches allow for the use of nanotubes in nanocircuitry, with special potential advances in the use of Y junction nanotubes. Another significant area involves nanomaterials for optoelectronics, where functional devices, based on confinement, low potential for photonic switching and optical communication. The information paradigm in nanostructures may involve two alternative routes. First, the bottom-up approach, starting from a single nanostructure being based on nanofabrication, miniaturization, and assembly of nanostructures to produce a nanostructured computer. Resonant tunneling devices deserve special mention in this context, since they have already demonstrated success in multivalued logic and memory circuits. Second, the top-down approach will utilize and apply the conceptual framework of supramolecular chemistry and self-assembly of nanostructures to produce organized suprastructures for information processes. Spintropic memory based on magnetic, semiconducting nanoparticles, provides a promising direction. (2564) Answer the following questions: 1) Why is the field of electronics one of the most important and far-reaching potential applications? 2) What are the dual goals of multidisciplinary research-technology area of nanoelectronics? 3) How do you understand the term Coulomb blockage and how is it used in physics? 4) What are the advances in the utilization of single nanostructures? 5) What do the stepwise burning of layers and chirality control allow for? 6) Why do resonant tunneling devices deserve special mention in the context of nanostructured computers? Task 1. Put your own questions to the text. Discuss the questions with the group. Provide the group with some additional information on issues of the lesson. Task 2. Look through the text and find the sentences that refer to potential applications of nanomaterials and their advances. Task 3. Look through the text again and give the main idea of the distinction between goal classes (1) and (2). Task 4. Find the paragraph discussing the information paradigm in nanostructures. Explain what two alternative routs it may involve. Task 5. Use internet to find more material about nanoelectronics, nanooptoelectronics, and information nanoprocessing. Summarize the material and be ready to tell the group about it in brief or give a presentation in Power Point. Memorize the following basic vocabulary and terminology to text 1C
Read text 1C and answer the questions after the text. Text 1C Size effects A key concept for the quantification of the unique characteristics of individual nanostructures pertains to size effects. These involve the evolution of structural, thermodynamic, electronic, energetic, spectroscopic, electromagnetic, dynamic, and chemical features of finite systems with increasing size. This concept emerged from cluster chemical physics, but is applicable to other nanostructures (e.g., nanocrystals or nanowires). Size effects fall into two categories 1) Specific size effects. These involve self-selection and existence of “magic numbers” for small and moderately sized clusters and nanostructures. An irregular variation of the relevant property χ(n) (where n is the number of constitutents), with increasing the size of the nanostructure, is manifested. 2) Smooth size effects for “large” nanostructures. In this size domain, a quantitative description was advanced for the “transition” of the physical and chemical attributes of clusters to the infinite bulk system in terms of the size equation X(n) = X(∞) + Cn–a, where C is the constant and a (a≥ 0) is a positive exponent. Size equations constitute scaling laws for the nuclear-electronic level structure, energetics, and dynamics, providing the quantitative basis for the description of optical and electrical response of nanostructures. Nuclear adiabatic dynamics of clusters manifests new collective excitations, (e.g., compression modes), which do not have an analog in the bulk. Finite systems exhibit novel fragmentation patterns, such as cluster fission and Coulomb explosion, which are unique for finite systems and do not have an analog in the dynamics of the corresponding bulk matter. A striking example constitutes the dynamics of Coulomb explosion of multicharged single clusters, which may also prevail in nanostructures, whose energetics is characterized by a divergent scaling size equation. (1627) Answer the following questions: 1) What do the size effects involve? 2) What are the two categories the size effects fall into? 3) What was the quantitative description advanced for? 4) What do size equations constitute? 5) What do finite systems demonstrate? Task 1. Explain the concept “size effect” in your own words the way you understand it. Task 2. Look through the text again and explain concept “the quantification of the individual nanostructure characteristics”. Task 3. Remember Latin contractions such as e.g., i.e., et. al., viz., etc and many others. Learn how to read them in Latin and give their English equivalents. Use them in your own examples. Task 4. Write an abstract on the text. Please remember that an abstract is a secondary document telling a reader what the text is about and does not give any details. Compare and discuss you abstract with a partner. Grammar exercises for lesson 1 Exercise 1. Specify syntactic functions of Infinitives in the following sentences and translate them accordingly.
Exercise 2. Determine syntactic functions of Infinitives in the following sentences and translate them.
Exercise 3. Find Complex Object Infinitive in the following sentences and translate them.
Exercise 4. Point out Complex Object Infinitive constructions in the following sentences and translate them accordingly.
LESSON 2 Memorize the following basic vocabulary and terminology to text 2A
Read text 2A with its introduction and answer the questions. |
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