Пояснительная записка учебно-методический комплекс «Английский язык»
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Образцы текстов для ознакомительного чтения и беседы с экзаменаторомTEXT 1. BRAIN The human brain is the most complex phenomena in the known universe. When you were in your mother’s womb, each of your 100 000 000 000 brain cells knew how to wire up and what to become. This astonishing process continues into your late teens, sculpting the person you are. However, the truly fundamental factor is not only how this astounding process happens, but why it happens. Why did the human brain become so complex? Why did we learn to speak? Why do we have certain behaviors? Why did we become so intelligent? And how do our brains differ from a monkey’s or a dolphin’s? All these questions can be answered by the fundamental theory of evolution. What is evolution? Darwin’s theory of evolution proposes that animals well suited to their environment survive – and pass on their genes. Animals that are not well suited perish before they have offspring. Their mixture of genes die with them. Over the course of millions of years, this has led to an astounding array of different creatures and organisms on our planet. Each perfectly suited (i.e. adapted) to it’s own environment: ant-eaters with long noses to probe ant-hills, sharks stream-lined to speed through water and bees that work together in a hive. So how did brains evolve? If you didn’t know about the theory of evolution, how would you explain where brains came from? One option would be they all appeared on the planet one day (the creationist argument). However, armed with an understanding of evolution, you can look at the world in a new way – and work out how animal bodies and behaviors have given them a survival edge over their competitors. Our brain cells, brain molecules, neurotransmitters and synapses are almost identical in all animals – so the brains of insects, fish, reptiles, birds and mammals are all made from the same building blocks. Again evolution can explain the amount of brain devoted to a particular task. Crocodiles have huge olfactory bulbs, the area of the brain that deals with smell. In contract, humans have vast areas of the brain devoted to vision. Evolution can even explain how the vast array of animal behaviors came into being. Early brains. Early brains on our planet were very simple – and are found now in animals lower down the evolutionary ‘tree’ for example in insects, worms and snails. These early brains are more collections of ganglia – where hundreds of nerve cell bodies congregate. Fish and amphibians have well defined brains – albeit small ones in relation to their body size. Reptiles and bird brains become ever more complex with areas devoted to specific senses, for example vision and smell. Mammals have a vast variety of brain shapes and sizes. The biggest brain on our planet belongs to the blue whale – weighing in at 6kg, compared to the 1.4 kg brain of a human. TEXT 2. BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM The brain does not only control what you think and feel, how you learn and remember, and how you move and talk, but also many things you’re less aware of – such as the beating of your heart, the digestion of your food, and even the amount of stress you feel. Anatomy of the nervous system. If you think of the brain as a central computer that controls all the functions of your body, then the nervous system is like a network that relays messages back and forth from it to different parts of the body. It does this via the spinal cord, which runs from the brain down through the back and contains threadlike nerves that branch out to every organ and body part. When a message comes into the brain from anywhere in the body, the brain tells the body how to react. For example, if you accidentally touch a hot stove, the nerves in your skin shoot a message of pain to your brain. The brain then sends a message back telling the muscles in your hand to pull away. Luckily, this neurological relay race takes a lot less time than it just took to read about it! Considering everything it does, the human brain is incredibly compact, weighing just 3 pounds. Its many folds and grooves, though, provide it with the additional surface area necessary for storing all of the body’s important information. The spinal cord, on the other hand, is a long bundle of nerve tissue about 18 inches long and 3/4 inch thick. It extends from the lower part of the brain down through spine. Along the way, various nerves branch out to the entire body. These are called the peripheral nervous system. Both the brain and the spinal cord are protected by bone: the brain by the bones of the skull, and the spinal cord by a set of ring-shaped bones called vertebrae. They’re both cushioned by layers of membranes called meninges as well as a special fluid called cerebrospinal fluid. This fluid helps protect the nerve tissue, keep it healthy, and remove waste products. The brain is made up of three main sections: the forebrain, the midbrain, and the hindbrain. The forebrain. The forebrain is the largest and most complex part of the brain. It consists of the cerebrum – the area with all the folds and grooves typically seen in pictures of the brain – as well as some other structures beneath it. The cerebrum contains the information that essentially makes us who we are: our intelligence, memory, personality, emotion, speech, and ability to feel and move. Specific areas of the cerebrum are in charge of processing these different types of information. These are called lobes, and there are four of them: the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. TEXT 3. HUMAN MEMORY Human Memory. There are generally three types of memory: sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory. The sensory memories act as buffers for stimuli received through the senses. A sensory memory exists for each sensory channel: iconic memory for visual stimuli, echoic memory for aural stimuli and haptic memory for touch. Information is passed from sensory memory into short-term memory by attention, thereby filtering the stimuli to only those which are of interest at a given time. Short-term memory. Short-term memory acts as a scratch-pad for temporary recall of the information under process. For instance, in order to understand this sentence you need to hold in your mind the beginning of the sentence you read the rest. Short term memory decays rapidly (200 ms.) and also has a limited capacity. Chunking of information can lead to an increase in the short term memory capacity. Thst is the reason why a hyphenated phone number is easier to rememeber than a single long number. The successful formation of a chunk is known as closure. Interference often causes disturbance in short-term memory retention. This accounts for the desire to complete the tasks held in short term memory as soon as possible. Long-term memory. Long-term memory is intended for storage of information over a long time. Information from the working memory is transferred to it after a few seconds. Unlike in working memory, there is little decay. There are two types of long-term memory: episodic memory and semantic memory. Episodic memory represents our memory of events and experiences in a serial form. It is from this memory that we can reconstruct the actual events that took place at a given point in our lives. Semantic memory, on the other end, is a structured record of facts, concepts and skills that we have acquired. The information in semantic memory is derived from that in our own episodic memory, such that we can learn new facts or concepts from our experiences. Long-term memory processes. There are three main activities related to long term memory: storage, deletion and retrieval. TEXT 4. SMOKING Who smokes? The World Health Organization (WHO) has counted that there are more than 1.1 billion smokers in the world, of which about 47 percent are men and 12 percent are women. About 6000 billion cigarettes are smoked every year in the world. According to scientists, one third of adults smoke tobacco. For example, in the USA, about 46.4 million people smoke, and the population in 2000 was 281.4 million. In Russia, the numbers are still greater –70 million smokers. It is one of the highest levels in the world. In our country 70.5 percent of men, 30-47 percent of boys and 25-32 percent of girls are addicted to this “weed”. Twenty five billion cigarettes are smoked in our country every year! And – unlike the United States and Europe – in Russia, the rates are not descending, but rising. People in urban areas are smoking more than those from the country, and the main population of smokers live in big cities (more than 100 thousand citizens are smoking). Separated men and women are more addicted to tobacco than ones who are still together. Among married people, smokers are often from troubled families. It is also worth mentioning that in half of cases, wives are indifferent to whether their husband smokes or not, and only one third said that they are against smoking. According to the WHO, in Asia, smoking is widespread among people with low socio-economic status. Why do they smoke? There are several theories that try to explain the motive for smoking tobacco. As it`s said in the Royal London Medical College`s report: “Smoking tobacco is a form of becoming addicted to the substance not very different from other drugs”. Systematic smoking can be regarded as a result of a first “experiment” with a cigarette and falling into a habit of it after several more times. Of course, smokers understand that systematic smoking can lead to various diseases, but do not feel that it can happen soon. Another thing is that they consider smoking to be calming, anti-stressful, relaxing, and easing; they use it to go to “another world” and avoid problems of the real life. Illusion 3 – smoking as a factor of independence and prestige. Often childhood also has its effect when most people get into this habit. The school environment also plays a great role: teachers, sport trainers, – all of them smoke. Mass media, especially TV, cinema and enormous amounts of commercials and advertisements, badly affects kids, as well. However, smoking can be viewed not as a habit but as an illness. When an empty packet of cigarettes or even an irritating phone call is enough to encourage a cigarette this is evidence of what is called “Syndrome of chronic smoking”. What is bad about it? Tobacco contains more than 4,000 chemical components, at least 40 of which may cause cancer. It also contains several hundred poisons, including nicotine, cyanide, arsenic, formaldehyde, carbonic acid, carbon oxide, prussic acid, etc. There are even radioactive substances such as polonium, lead, and bismuth. A packet of cigarettes a day equals about 500 X-ray exposure a year! The temperature of a cigarette can be around 700-900C. Nicotine is one of the strongest poisons known. After the tobacco smoke gets to the lungs, it takes only 7 seconds for nicotine to reach the brain. It makes many illnesses more severe. For example, atherosclerosis, hypertension, gastritis, etc. A fatal dose of nicotine for an adult is a packet smoked at once. For a teenager, only half a packet! It is said not without reason: “A drop of nicotine kills a horse”. TEXT 5. OBESITY The most important part of being a normal weight is feeling good and staying healthy. Having too much body fat can be harmful to the body. What is obesity? Being obese and being overweight are not exactly the same thing. An obese person has a large amount of extra body fat, not just a few extra pounds. People who are obese are very overweight and at risk for serious health problems. To determine if someone is obese, doctors and other health care professionals often use a measurement called body mass index (BMI). First, a doctor measures a person’s height and weight. Then the doctor uses these numbers to calculate another number, the BMI. Once the doctor has calculated a child’s or teen’s BMI, he or she will plot this number on a specific chart to see how it compares to other people of the same age and gender. A person with a BMI above the 95th percentile (meaning the BMI is greater than that of 95% of people of the same age and gender) is generally considered overweight. A person with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentiles typically is considered at risk for overweight. Obesity is the term used for extreme overweight. There are some exceptions to this formula, though. For instance, someone who is very muscular (like a bodybuilder) may have a high BMI without being obese because the excess weight is from extra muscle, not fat. What causes obesity? People gain weight when the body takes in more calories than it burns off. Those extra calories are stored as fat. The amount of weight gain that leads to obesity doesn’t happen in a few weeks or months. Because being obese is more than just being a few pounds overweight, people who are obese have usually been getting more calories than they need for years. Genes – small parts of the DNA that people inherit from their parents and that determine traits like hair or eye color – can play an important role in this weight gain. Some of your genes tell your body how to metabolize food and how to use extra calories or stored fat. Some people burn calories faster or slower than others do because of their genes. Obesity can run in families, but just how much is due to genes is hard to determine. Many families eat the same foods, have the same habits (like snacking in front of the TV), and tend to think alike when it comes to weight issues (like urging children to eat a lot at dinner so they can grow "big and strong"). All of these situations can contribute to weight gain, so it can be difficult to figure out if a person is born with a tendency to be obese or overweight or learns eating and exercise habits that lead to weight gain. In most cases, weight problems arise from a combination of habits and genetic factors. Certain illnesses, like thyroid gland problems or unusual genetic disorders, are uncommon causes for people gaining weight. Sometimes emotions can fuel obesity as well. People tend to eat more when they are upset, anxious, sad, stressed out, or even bored. Then after they eat too much, they may feel bad about it and eat more to deal with those bad feelings, creating a tough cycle to break. TEXT 1. GENES Have people ever said to you, "It’s in your genes?" They were probably talking about a physical characteristic, personality trait, or talent that you share with other members of your family. We know that genes play an important role in shaping how we look and act and even whether we get sick. Now scientists are trying to use that knowledge in exciting new ways, such as preventing and treating health problems. What is a gene? To understand how genes work, let’s review some biology basics. Most living organisms are made up of cells that contain a substance called deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). DNA is wrapped together to form structures called chromosomes. Most cells in the human body have 23 pairs of chromosomes, making a total of 46. Individual sperm and egg cells, however, have just 23 unpaired chromosomes. You received half of your chromosomes from your mother’s egg and the other half from your father’s sperm cell. A male child receives an X chromosome from his mother and a Y chromosome from his father; females get an X chromosome from each parent. So where do genes come in? Genes are sections or segments of DNA that are carried on the chromosomes and determine specific human characteristics, such as height or hair color. Because each parent gives you one chromosome in each pair, you have two of every gene (except for some of the genes on the X and Y chromosomes in boys because boys have only one of each). Some characteristics come from a single gene, whereas others come from gene combinations. Because every person has from 25,000 to 35,000 different genes, there is an almost endless number of possible combinations! Genes and heredity. Heredity is the passing of genes from one generation to the next. You inherit your parents’ genes. Heredity helps to make you the person you are today: short or tall, with black hair or blond, with green eyes or blue. Can your genes determine whether you’ll be a straight-A student or a great athlete? Heredity plays an important role, but your environment (including things like the foods you eat and the people you interact with) also influences your abilities and interests. How do genes work? DNA contains four chemicals (adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine – called A, T, C, and G for short) that are strung in patterns on extremely thin, coiled strands in the cell. How thin? Cells are tiny – invisible to the naked eye – and each cell in your body contains about 6 feet of DNA thread, for a total of about 3 billion miles (if all your DNA threads were stretched out straight) of DNA inside you! The DNA patterns are the codes for manufacturing proteins, chemicals that enable the body to work and grow. What are genetic disorders? Cells can sometimes contain changes or variants in the information in their genes. This is called gene mutation, and it often occurs when cells are aging or have been exposed to certain chemicals or radiation. Fortunately, cells usually recognize these mutations and repair them by themselves. Other times, however, they can cause illnesses, such as some types of cancer. And if the gene mutation exists in egg or sperm cells, children can inherit the mutated gene from their parents. Researchers have identified more than 4,000 diseases that are caused by genetic variants. But having a genetic mutation that may cause disease doesn’t always mean that a person will actually get that disease. Because you inherit a gene from each parent, having one disease gene usually does not cause any problems because the normal gene can allow your body to make the normal protein it needs. On average, people probably carry from 5 to 10 variant or disease genes in their cells. Problems arise when the disease gene is dominant or when the same recessive disease gene is present on both chromosomes in a pair. Problems can also occur when several variant genes interact with each other – or with the environment – to increase susceptibility to diseases. TEXT 2. HEALTH These days most doctors and scientists agree that our physical health is closely related to our psychological well-being. But what makes us feel good? Regular exercise is very important to our physical state and it can also improve our psychological state by releasing endorphins or “happy chemicals” into the brain. Some researchers consider it can be as valuable as psychotherapy in helping depression. Even a ten-minute walk every day can help. A lively social life. According to experts, companionship and social support are vital to both our psychological and physical well-being – one reason, perhaps, why married people live longer than unmarried ones. Modern researchers emphasize the value of group social activities in this respect. These positive relationships improve our self-esteem, which is vital to our physical and mental health. Recent research shows that people who spend more time with others actually get fewer colds and viruses than those who stay at home. In fact, social support is so important to our mental and physical well-being that it may even increase our life expectancy. Watching soap operas on TV. One rather surprising research found that on average, people who regularly watch soaps on television are significantly happier than those who don`t. Psychologists believe that such programs provide viewers with imaginary friends, and a sense of belonging to a community, in the same way that a club might. Self-indulgence. Many scientists these days believe that indulging in life`s little pleasures – a bar of chocolate, a glass of wine, a shopping trip – can actually improve your health, because of the psychological lift it gives you. Indulging – in moderation – in the small pleasures of life can make people calmer, alleviate stress and provide positive health benefits. There is a lot of truth in the old saying that “a little of what you fancy does you good.” Low self-esteem. Feeling like an underdog, it seems, can damage your health. Research by the National Rheumatism and Arthritis Council showed that workers who feel undervalued or out of control at work, are significantly more likely to suffer from back problems. Depression is actually far more likely to cause backache than heavy lifting. Professor Warburton of Reading University believes that one of the greatest health threats comes from negative feelings such as depression or guilt, which create stress hormones, producing cholesterol. “It`s quite likely that by worrying about whether or not you should be eating a chocolate bar you are doing yourself more harm than eating it,” says the professor. Lack of bright light. Scientists have known for some time about Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): a form of depression caused by lack of light in winter, and thought to explain the relatively high suicide rates in counties such as Sweden, where for parts of the year days are very short. However, recent research has shown that those working night shifts in factories can suffer from the same problem, leading to stress and depression. The problem can be overcome by illuminating work-places with lights three times brighter than usual, making workers feel happier and more alert. A low-fat diet. A low-fat diet may be good for your waistline, but the latest research suggests that it is less beneficial psychologically. A team of volunteers at Sheffield University were asked to follow a diet consisting of just twenty-five per cent fat (the level recommended by the World Health Organization) and reported a marked increase in feelings of hostility and depression. And an earlier piece of research revealed that people on low-fat diets are more likely to meet a violent death. Drinking coffee. Many of us are already aware that drinking coffee raises your blood pressure and can cause anxiety, but according to the latest research it can also make you bad-tempered. Mice who were given regular doses of caffeine by researchers, were found to be unusually aggressive. TEXT 3. HEALTH AND FOOD Scientists say their studies show that some foods may help prevent, possibly even treat, some diseases such as cancer and disorders of the heart and blood system. The proof is not always clear. But researchers believe they have enough information to provide general advice about eating that may help people reduce the danger of suffering heart disease or cancer. Health experts in many countries still are testing their ideas about the link between our food and our health. Thousands of persons are involved in the experiments. Doctors hope the tests will help prove which foods may help cause a disease and which may help prevent it. But such studies take many years. Still, health experts believe they already can offer some advice, especially about heart disease and cancer. And their advice is similar for both. We would be much healthier if we sharply cut the amount of fatty, salty and sweet foods that we eat. We also should limit the amount of alcohol we drink. And we should eat more fresh fruit and vegetables, and foods that are high in fiber and in vitamins A and C. The experts say they cannot yet prove this advice will prevent cancer. And even if the advice cannot halt cancer, it will cut the danger of developing heart disease. Cancer and heart experts all agree. Eat less fat. This includes fatty red meats and poultry, eggs, milk and other dairy products, and cooking oils. Studies seem to show that people who eat large amounts of fat face an increased danger of suffering breast or colon cancers. Breast cancer is rare in Japan, where little fat is eaten. But in the United States, where much fat is eaten, breast cancer is a major killer. One study in England and Wales found a reduced rate of breast and colon cancer during World War Two when people did not eat foods rich in sugar, meat and fat. But the cancer rate rose after the war when such foods were available again. Doctors also say eating less fat will reduce the amount of dangerous cholesterol in the blood. This cholesterol can stick to the wall of blood passages, blocking the flow of blood. In the arteries that carry blood to the heart muscle, such blockages cause a heart attack. Instead, eat more foods low in fat. This includes low-fat milk and dairy products, lean meats, poultry without the skin, and fish and shellfish. Experts also say cooking foods in olive oil and fish oil will help lower cholesterol. And they say it is best to steam, bake, roast or broil foods, not to fry. They also say eating dried peas and beans helps lower the amount of fat in the blood. Health experts also say we should eat more fruit and vegetables, and foods high in fibers such as whole grain breads and cereals and brown rice. Some fibers help lower levels of dangerous cholesterol. This would help reduce the danger of heart disease. Most experts agree that fiber also can protect against cancer. They are not sure how fiber does this. Some believe it helps the body to quickly remove fat that may cause cancer to develop. Medical experts also say some vegetables seem to contain agents that block cancer. These include asparagus, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower. Other studies show that persons who eat large mounts of foods that contain the substance beta-carotene are less likely than others to develop cancers in the skin, lung, bladder, breast and colon. Vegetables with beta-carotene include beet greens, bell peppers, broccoli, carrots, lettuce, spinach, sweet potatoes and tomatoes. Fruits that contain the substance include apricots, cantaloupes, cherries, papaya and watermelon. The body changes beta-carotene to vitamin A. Some health experts say eating more foods with vitamin A may also help protect against cancer. These include liver, eggs and dairy products. Scientists are not sure how vitamin A and bet-carotene prevent cancer. But some research shows the substance interferes with the proteins that cancer cells need to reproduce and grow. Health experts say we should drink only moderate amounts of alcohol. Usually, moderate means fewer than two alcoholic drinks each day. Researchers say large amounts of alcohol seem to increase the danger of cancers of the mouth, larynx, esophagus and lungs, and possibly the colon and rectum. This seems especially true if the person smokes cigarettes. TEXT 4. REGENERTION OF NERVES Most of our cells are continually being replaced. Old cells die and new ones are formed. This is especially important when we are injured. We would quickly die if our bodies had no ability to repair the damage. Most of our nerve cells, however, do not repair or replace themselves so successfully. And the cells in our central nervous system – those in our brain and spinal cord – repair themselves very poorly. This is why so many people are unable to move again after an injury to the spinal cord. It also is why brain damage is often permanent. For many years, scientists believed that central nerve cells could not grow again after being cut or crushed. Or if the nerves grew, they could not connect with other nerves to restore the use of that part of the body. In recent years, much new evidence has caused scientists to change their opinions. They are learning not only how some nerve cells regrow, but also what guides them in the right direction. More than 60 years ago, a Spanish scientist R. Cajal observed that spinal cord nerve cells, in fact, try to regenerate. Cajal studied the axon, the long fiber that carries messages between nerve cells. He noted that when the axon was cut or crushed, it would shrink away from the wound on both sides. The ends would die. Soon after, the axon would begin growing. But the new growth stopped at the injury, and the axon died again. Cajal`s experiments showed that cells in the central nervous system could not regenerate. In the late 1970s, however, American scientists were able to show that a sea creature called lamprey could regenerate cut spinal cord. Unlike Cajal, the later scientists had a tool which proved that nerve cells grew across the cut, connected with other nerves and reestablished body movement. The tool was a special enzyme found in the horseradish plant. The scientists put the enzyme into the lamprey`s brain above the spinal cord. So the nerves grew back, the enzyme flowed down with them. Scientists were excited at this proof that some simple animals could regenerate central nerve cells. But they wondered. Did more developed animals, including humans, have that ability? Albert Aguayo, working at McGill University in Canada, was interested in the difference between central nerve cells and peripheral nerves. The peripheral nerves carry the messages of movement and feeling from our spine to the rest of our body. Unlike central nerves, they grow well after an injury. Doctor Aguayo thought peripheral nerves might contain something that might help central nerves to regenerate. He experimented with mice. First, he cut the animals` spinal cords. Then he placed the injured central nerve cells inside a group of peripheral nerve cells which had been transplanted in the mice. The transplant served as a bridge over the injury. The central nerve axons grew very well along this bridge. And they continued to grow down the spine as far as four centimeters. But when Doctor Aguayo tried to reconnect the axons to undamaged spinal nerves below the break, the axons stopped growing. And the ends died. Doctor Aguayo`s experiment provided important evidence that the ability to grow is not lost even in damaged central nerve cells. Instead, something in the central nerve cell`s environment blocks its growth. Scientists say a number of things could be stopping central nerve cell growth. They are sure that an important part of the answer is the chemistry of the central nervous system. There may be natural chemicals present that stop regrowth. Or the central nervous system lacks the chemical that causes growth in the peripheral nervous system. In the past 20 years, researchers have discovered hundreds of nerve growth chemicals. They say there could be thousands, each used by a different kind of nerve cell. Researchers now know very little about these nerve growth chemicals. But they believe that the key to nerve regeneration may be to place such chemicals at the nerve where it is injured. TEXT 5. BIPOLAR DISORDERS Bipolar disorders are one of several medical conditions called depressive disorders. Depressive disorders affect the way a person’s brain functions. Depressive disorders are widespread. In the United States alone, it’s estimated that more than 17.4 million adults have a depressive disorder each year. That works out to about one out of every seven people, so there’s a good chance that you or someone you know is dealing with a depressive disorder. Out of the total number of people with depressive disorders, it’s thought that about 1 to 2 percent have bipolar disorder – a relatively small group. What is it? Bipolar disorder goes by many names: manic depression, manic-depressive disorder, manic-depressive illness, bipolar mood disorder, and bipolar affective disorder are other medical terms for the same condition. Bipolar disorder is classified into four different types. These are Bipolar I, Bipolar II, Cyclothymic Disorder, or Bipolar Disorder Not Otherwise Specified. Mental health experts separate the condition into these four types because the symptoms of bipolar disorder show up differently in different people. When doctors know what type a person has, they can tailor treatment to that person’s specific needs. Bipolar disorder affects both men and women. For many people, the first symptoms show up in their early twenties. However, research has shown that the first episode of bipolar disorder is occurring earlier: The condition often shows up in adolescence, and even children can have the disorder. Recent research suggests that kids and teens with bipolar disorder don’t always have the same behavioral patterns that adults with bipolar disorder do. For example, kids who have bipolar disorder may experience particularly rapid mood changes and may have some of the other mood-related symptoms listed below, such as irritability and high levels of anxiety. But they may not show other symptoms that are more commonly seen in adults. Because brain function is involved, the ways people with bipolar disorder think, act, and feel are all affected. This can make it especially difficult for other people to understand their condition. It can be incredibly frustrating if other people act as though someone with bipolar disorder should just "snap out of it," as if a person who is sick can become well simply by wanting to. Bipolar disorder isn’t a sign of weakness or a character flaw; it’s a serious medical condition that requires treatment, just like any other condition. What are the signs and symptoms? A person with bipolar disorder will go through episodes of mania (highs) and at other times experience episodes of depression (lows). These aren’t the normal periods of happiness and sadness that everyone experiences from time to time. Instead, the episodes are intense or severe mood swings, like a pendulum that keeps arcing higher and higher. 6. МАТЕРИАЛЬНО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЕ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ Технические средства обучения значительно облегчают усвоение иностранного языка посредством прослушивания звукозаписей, просмотра кино и видеофильмов, использования персональных компьютеров со специальными программами в процессе овладения изучаемым языком и т.д. ТСО помогают прочно закрепить пройденный материал, связать его с определенными жизненными ситуациями. На занятиях по дисциплине «Английский язык» для прослушивания звукозаписей, просмотра кино и видеофильмов, выполнения специальных обучающих компьютерных программ (“Business Target”) используются следующие технические средства: 1. DVD-проигрыватель; 2. магнитола; 3. компьютер в комплекте; 4. компьютерный класс; 5. телевизор. На практических занятиях по данной дисциплине, помимо технических средств обучения, используются грамматические таблицы с изложением основного грамматического материала; карты Великобритании, США, Лондона, политическая карта мира.
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