3.2. методика проведения контрольных мероприятий
Промежуточный контроль осуществляется посредством тестирования студентов по изученным темам согласно примерной тематике и структуре вопросов, которые представлены в разделе «Контрольные материалы по дисциплине «Стилистика».
Итоговый контроль проходит в 3 этапа:
устный этап в виде выступления на практическом занятии согласно плану семинара;
письменный контроль, направленный на отслеживание уровня знания студентов не только по темам, обсуждаемым в течение аудиторных занятий, но и разделов, выносимых на самостоятельное изучение. Результаты данного мероприятия покажут и преподавателю и студентам их уровень готовности к экзамену.
устный контроль в виде зачета по билетам, составленным с учетом тематики изученного материала в соответствии с теми дидактическими единицами, которыми по окончании курса должен овладеть студент, согласно государственному стандарту.
3.2.1. Развернутый план практического (семинарского) занятия по курсу «Стилистика» и учебные материалы для подготовки к нему.
Практическое занятие № 1. Раздел «Стилистическая лексикология и стилистическая семасиология».
Тема: Нейтральная, субнейтральная, супернейтральная лексика. Стилистические функции переноса и комбинации значений. Фигуры замещения. Фигуры количества. Фигуры качества. Фигуры совмещения.
Цель: познакомиться с различными слоями английской языковой сферы, выявить особенности функционирования нейтральной, субнейтральной и супернейтральной лексики в различных коммуникативных сферах, познакомиться с особенностями стилистической функции переноса и комбинации значений, рассмотреть различные стилистические приемы, основанные на переносе и комбинации значений (метафора, метонимия и т.д.).
План занятия:
Особенности функционирования нейтральной лексики.
Особенности функционирования субнейтральной лексики.
Особенности функционирования супернейтральной лексики.
Особенности стилистической функции переноса значений.
Особенности стилистической функции комбинации значений.
Особенности использования стилистической функции переноса и комбинации значений в различных стилистических приемах.
Упражнения для самостоятельной подготовки к семинару.
Упражнение 1. Найдите метафору и определите ее вид.
Money burns a hole in the pocket. (T.Cap.)
Swan had taught him much. The great kind Swede had taken him under his wing. (E.Fer.)
The car stopped. The motor died. The headlights died. Silence. (R.Chan.)
The slash of sun on the wall above him slowly knifes down, cuts across his chest, becomes a coin on the floor and vanishes. (J.Upd.)
All the time the big Pacific Ocean suffered a sharp pain down below, and tossed about to prove it. May it be from sympathy I was in the same fix. (E.D.Big.)
Montemar Vista was a few dozen houses of various sizes and shapes hanging by their teeth and eyebrows to a spur of a mountain. (R.Chan.)
Упражнение 2. Определите оригинальную и стертую метонимию.
“It`s a gathering”, said Bill, looking around. “One French detective by window, one English ditto by fireplace … The Stars and Stripes don`t seem to be represented?” (A.Chr.)
… it (the picture) was bought by a distinguished collector whose death brought at once more under the hammer. (S.M.)
Wherefore feed, and clothe, and save. From the cradle to the grave … (P.B.Sh.)
“Well, it`s nice to hear your voice again, old flesh and blood. How`s everything down Market Snodsbury stay?”(P.G.Wodeh.)
Упражнение 3. Определите основные черты характера персонажей по их «говорящим именам».
Joseph Surface, Mr. Snake, Mr. Backbite (R.Sher.), Sir Pitt Crawley (Thack.), Miss Reading (G.Byr.), Senator Noble (M.Tw.), Sir Graball (R.Tres.), Miss Holiday Golightly (T.Cap.), Mr. and Mrs. Young (O.H.).
Упражнение 4. Определите тип эпитета.
She was hopefully, sadly, vaguely, madly hoping for something better. (Th.Dr.)
She gave Mrs. Silsburn a you-know-how-men-are look. (J.Sal.)
Only once did mcMurdo see him, a shy, little, gray-headed rat of a man. (A.C.Doyle)
He drank his orange juice in long cold gulps (I.Sh.)
Going out into the dark lawn, he smelled chrysanthemums or marigolds – some stubborn autumnal fragrance – on the night air, strong as gas. (J.Ch.)
Упражнение 5. Выявите структуру оксюморона в следующих предложениях.
He caught a ride home to the crowded loneliness of the barracks. (I.Shaw)
The little girl who had done this was eleven – beautifully ugly as little girls are apt to be who are destined after a few years to be inexpressibly lovely. (Sc.Fit.)
Well, I really must be going. It`s been awfully nice seeing you. (S.M.)
… A neon sign which reads “Welcome to Reno, the biggest little town in the world”. (A.Mil.)
She was a damned nice woman, too. (E.Hem.)
Упражнение 6. Найдите традиционные и оригинальные сравнения, прокомментируйте их структуру.
His mind went round and round like a squirrel in a cage, going over the past. (A.Chr.)
A half hour later Tom came out, slamming the door so that the heavy gold framed paintings … shivered like autumnal leaves in a blast. (R.P.War.)
The air was warm and felt like a kiss as we stepped off the plane. (D.W.)
She was obstinate as a mule, always had been from a child. (J.Gals.)
His voice stopped- exactly like when you hit a neighbour`s gramophone with a well-aimed brick, the same instant silence, and the rustle of the paper stopped, and everything was still. (G.Wells)
Life, at that moment, had seemed to stretch before her like a dusty, weary road without hope. (P.G.Wod.)
Well, there wasn`t anything in the motor which needed fixing. It was running like a clock. (E.S.Gard.)
Упражнение 7. Определите стилистический прием.
There were about twenty people at the party, most of whom I hadn`t met before. The girls were dressed to kill. (J.Br.)
He would make some money and then he would come back and marry his dream from Blackwood. (Th.Dr.)
At noon Mrs. Turpin would get out of bed and humour, put on kimono, airs, and the water to boil for coffee. (O.H.)
Try Kennedy`s “Corpse on the Mat” – that`s nice and light and cheerful, like its title. (D.Sayers)
“Bow to the Board”, said Bumble. Oliver brushed away two or three tears that were lingering in his eyes; and seeing no board but the table, fortunately bowed to that. (Ch.Dick.)
The face wasn`t a bad one; it had what they called charm. (Gals.)
Well, gentlemen, do you know what this devil of a girl did? (Reed)
Sometimes his ears moved when the stream awoke and whispered. (Lon.)
Springing towards the elevator he felt amazed at his own cowardly courage. (G.Mar.)
Литература:
1.Арнольд И.В. Стилистика современного английского языка. – М., Просвещение, 1990.
2. Разинкина Н.М. Функциональная стилистика (на материале английского и русского языков): учебное пособие. – Москва, Высшая школа, 2004.
3. Screbnev Y.M. Fundamentals of English Stylistics. – M., Высшая школа, 1994
4. Galperin I.R. Stylistics. – М., Высшая школа, 1977.
5. Kucharenko V.A. Seminars in Style. – M., Высшая школа, 1986.
3.2.2 Тестовый материал по курсу «Стилистика»
Дидактическая единица
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Тема
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Тест
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The Subject-Matter of Stylistics
Functional styles
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1. The science of Stylistics.
2. Stylistics as a branch of General Linguistics.
3. The reader`s stylistics and the writer`s stylistics.
4. The subject of Stylistics.
1. The notion of a functional style
2. Classification of functional styles.
3. Characteristic feature of functional styles
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The term “stylistics” is derived from the Latin word:
“style”;
“stilos”;
“stimulus”;
“italics”.
Stylistics studies:
phonetic expressive means;
lexical and grammatical means;
language as a system of signs;
all language means used in different spheres of communication.
The reader`s stylistics deals with:
the result of the creative work of the auther;
the reader` personality;
the reader`s biography;
the attitude of the reader towards the book.
The author`s work is evaluated by the norms of writer`s stylistics according to:
the influence this work has on the reader;
the existing literary tradition;
the contents;
the expressive means and functional styles.
The subject-matter of Stylistics is:
the sentence;
the morpheme;
the phoneme;
the text.
A functional style is a system of coordinated, interrelated and interconditioned language means intended:
to shape the distinctive features of each style;
to fulfill a specific function of communication;
to recognize leading features of the language;
to actualize means of associations.
In the English literary standard there may be distinguished … major functional styles.
6;
4;
9;
5.
The most distinctive feature of the belles-lettres style is:
logical argumentation and emotional appeal:
individuality in selecting language means:
the direct address to the audience:
official and formal approach.
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Stylistic Lexicology.
Stylistically coloured words.
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1. Super-neutral words
2. Sub-neutral words
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Archaisms may be used in a literary text
to show that the speaker is attached to the use of unusual words;
to create the historic atmosphere;
to produce humorous effect;
to confuse the reader.
If bookish words are used in the colloquial context
they elevate the speech;
they produce humorous effect;
they characterize the speaker as a well-educated person;
they express emotions.
Poetic words are used in poetic diction
due to the poetic tradition only;
to create the romantic atmosphere;
to produce the effect of elevation;
to comply with the poetic tradition and to create romantic atmosphere.
Foreign words in English are for the most part are late borrowings from
Latin;
Greek:
French;
Russian.
There is a word referring to the class of colloquialisms in this list
friend;
chap;
man;
sir.
Slang is used
to show that the speaker shares the same ideas as are possessed by his communicants;
to make speech more expressive;
to produce humorous effect;
to satisfy the speaker`s striving for novelty in expression.
Vulgar words are subdivided into
lexical vulgarisms and semantic vulgarisms;
lexical vulgarisms and stylistic vulgarisms:
semantic vulgarisms and stylistic vulgarisms;
semantic vulgarisms and syntactic vulgarisms.
Jargon words are used within a certain professional group:
to facilitate the communication;
to show that the speaker also refers to this group;
to stress the informal character of communication;
to characterize the degree of degradation.
The sentence “There was a balconyful of gentlemen …” contains
slang;
a jargon word;
a vulgar word:
a nonce-word.
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Stylistic Semasiology
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1. The object of studying of Stylistic Semasiology.
2. Figures of replacement.
Figures of Quantity.
Figures of Quality.
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Stylistic semasiology deals with
shifts of meanings and their stylistic functions;
stylistic functions of shifts of meanings and combinations of meanings;
shifts of meanings and combinations of meanings;
words and sentences.
Hyperbole … the real degree of a quantity of the thing spoken about.
diminishes;
makes conspicuous;
exaggerates;
enlightens.
Understatement consists in … the real quantity of the object of speech.
reducing;
hardening;
concealing;
enlarging.
The sentence “It is not impossible” contains
hyperbole;
understatement;
negation;
litotes.
The of metonymy lies in
renaming objects by their contiguity;
transferring by similarity of objects;
transferring by contrast of objects;
individual treating of objects.
The following forms may be referred to metonymy
antonomasia and periphrasis;
metaphor and simile;
synechdoche and periphrasis;
personification and irony.
The general stylistic function of a “living” metaphor is
a mere nomination of the object in question;
expressive characterization of the object in question;
to gain wide currency;
to create an image.
Attributing human properties to lifeless objects is called
metaphor;
synechdoche;
personification;
metonymy.
In the sentence “You need three doctors: Dr. Rest, Dr. Diet and Dr. Fresh Air.” antonomasia is found in the words:
Dr. Rest;
Dr. Diet;
Dr. Fresh Air;
In all three words.
Irony is a transfer based upon the direct contrast of two notions
the notion supposed and the notion suggested;
the notion obvious and the notion concealed;
the direct notion and the opposite notion;
the notion named and the notion meant.
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Stylistic Syntax
Stylistic phonetics
Graphical stylistic devices
Stylistic morphology
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Figures of Identity
Figures of Inequality
Figures of Contrast
Absence of syntactical elements.
Excess of syntactical elements
Order of speech elements
Interaction of syntactical structures
The connection between parts of the sentence
Evaluation of sound units
Graphons
Variability of morphemes
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The sentence “She is as talkative as a parrot” is an example of
logical comparison;
antonomasia;
personification;
simile.
Climax is a special arrangement of ideas in which the first element is …, the subsequent elements … in strength.
the strongest, fall;
the brightest, remain equal;
the weakest, rise;
the most conspicuous, rise.
Usually anti-climax is employed for
humouristic purposes;
creating romantic atmosphere;
tragic effect;
concealing the idea.
In the sentence “His fees were high, his lessons were light” antithesis is expressed by the opposition
fees and lessons;
high and light;
fees and high;
lessons and light.
The most typical oxymoron is … or … word combination.
an attributive, an adverbial;
a verbal, an attributive;
a nominative, an adverbial;
a verbal, an adverbial.
Sometimes ellipsis performs the function of
imparting sharpness to the sentence;
missing elements;
the acceleration of the tempo of the speech;
omitting the idea.
Asyndeton is used
to accelerate the tempo of the speech;
to characterize the emotional state of the speaker;
to impart the expressiveness to the speech;
to avoid misunderstanding.
Aposiopesis is
a case when the speaker does not bring the utterance up to the end being overwhelmed by emotions;
a deliberate abstention from bringing the utterance up to the end;
a case when the speaker does not want to finish the sentence or cannot finish the sentence being overwhelmed by emotions;
depicting of the emotional state of the speaker.
The humorous effect of the sentence “At noon Mrs. Turpin would get up out of bed and humour, put on kimono, airs and the water to boil for coffee” is achieved by zeugma
get out of bed and humour;
put on kimono, airs;
put on kimono, airs and the water;
get out of bed and humour, put on kimono, airs and the water.
Anadiplosis is based
upon the absence of indispensable elements in the sentence;
upon the interaction of syntactical structures;
upon the excessive use of syntactical elements;
upon the repetition of a word at the end of two sentences.
Prolepsis is used by characters of literary works
to make speech more expressive;
to emphasize the subject of speech;
to make the speech sound less formal;
to make the speech sound more formal.
In case of inversion the emphasized element occupies
the initial position;
the final position instead of the initial position;
either initial position or final position instead of the initial position;
the unusual position.
Parallelism is used
to make the recurring parts more conspicuous than their surroundings;
to make the speech expressive;
to produce logical effect;
to produce poetic effect.
Anaphora is used
to express the speaker`s attitude toward the object of speech;
to imprint the elements repeated in the reader`s mind;
to create poetic atmosphere;
to make speech more expressive.
The structural patter of chiasmus is
ab,ba;
ba, ba;
ab, cd;
ac, bc.
The syntactical device used to reproduce two parallel lines of thought is termed
detachment;
parenthesis;
repetition;
parallelism.
The sentence “You don`t know what a nice – a beautiful, nice – gift I`ve got to you” contains
repetition;
detachment;
repetition in the form of detachment;
anadiplosis.
Phonemes possess … meaning.
sense differentiating;
extralingual;
a kind of expressive;
stylistic.
One of the following names of birds is onomatopoeic
sparrow;
chicken;
cuckoo;
swallow.
Graphon is
a violation of the spelling of a word;
intentional violation of the spelling of a word used to reflect its authentic pronunciation;
peculiar prosodic features of speech;
the misspelling of a word.
The words giveth, taketh, thee make modern speech
clumsy;
solemn;
funny;
non-expressive.
Stylistically coloured morphemes supra-, omni-, hyper- create
slang;
bookish connotations;
scientific terminology;
colloquialisms.
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Word formation
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Affixation
Word-composition
Shortening
Blending
Acronymy
Back formation
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The suffix – ity found in the words (cr) cruelity, oddity, purity, stupidity is a …
1) Denominal suffix
2) deverbal suffix
3) noun-forming suffix
4) addictive form suffix
The prefix for – in the word fore knowledge means …
before
placed at the
‘inside’
Within
The structural pattern of the word ‘heavy - hearted’ is …
a + (n + -ed)
(a + n) + ed
pf + (a + n +ed)
(a + n) + sf
The word ‘globosity’ is a (an)
shortening
blend
acronym
back formation
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The main variants of The English language
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Of the English in the U.К
Social language variation
Occupational varities
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The Scottish English noun ‘leid’ sed in the sentence Linguistics is the study of leid and how people use’ it means…
speech
language
syntax
semantics
The Irish English Verb’ to cog used in the sentence’ I wouldn’t let just anybody cog my exercise’ denotes… .
to do
to translate
to cheat, especially copying
to explain
The word’ smoko’ meaning a work break is used in …
Australian English
Canadian English
Indian English
South African English
The American English word (a Woman’s) ‘purce’ corresponds in British English to the word
suitcase
solder
hand-bag
pocket
The Lancashire dialectical word ‘judy’ used in the sentence “There are 12 boys and 15 judies in my son’s” class’ means
woman
girl
pupil
school girl
The analyses of lexical meanings of the gender opposed terms ’governor’ a man with territorial and administrative power – ‘governess’ a woman employee with limited authority over children’s points to the existence of the … in the Language
masculine implications
inadequate naming techniques
gender symantic asymmetry
long – established tradition.
The lexical and grammatico - syntactical peculiarities of the text’ the waiting is over? Your time has come. NIB. Nurses In Blue, are typical of
advertising English
New Media English
Legal English
Religious English
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Stylistically – marked words
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Neologisms
Archaisms
Obsolete words
Historisms
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The principal character of the neologisms is …
formal
neutral
informal
learned
These words stand close to the ‘learned’ words particularly to the modes of poetic diction. This definition is about
obsolete words
historisms
archaisms
neologisms
The word ‘aught’ is …
neologism
obsolete
archaism
international word.
There is a further term for words which are no longer in use …
international words
etymological doublets
professional terminology
historisms
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Classification and types of dictionaries
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Classification of dictionaries
Types of dictionaries
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The Oxford Companion to Twentieth Century Poetry is a (an) …
linguistic dictionary
encyclopedic dictionary
restricted dictionary
explanatory dictionary
The English-Russian Dictionary of Synonyms is …
general, specialized, bilingual, diachronic
restricted, explanatory, monolingual, synchronic
restricted, explanatory, bilingual, synchronic
general, diachronic, explanatory, monolingual
If a learner’s dictionary includes only key words of English, presents the semantic structure of words in simplified form (i.e. only the most frequently used meanings are presented) and gives simply and clear definitions such a dictionary is most likely to refer to …
advanced learner’s dictionary
pre-intermediate learner’s dictionary
upper- intermediate learner’s dictionary
elementary basic learner’s dictionary
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3.2.3. Примерные вопросы к зачету по курсу «Стилистика».
Stylistics and Other Linguistic Disciplines.
Types of Speech and Their Sublanguages.
Publicistic style.
The Belles-Lettres Style.
Newspaper Style.
Scientific Prose Style.
The Style of Official Documents.
Compositional Patterns of Syntactical Arrangement (inversion, detachment, parallel construction, chiasmus, repetition, enumeration, climax, antithesis).
Interaction of Primary and Derivative Logical Meanings (zeugma, pun).
Phonetic Expressive Means.
Interaction of Logical and Emotive Meanings (epithet, oxymoron, exclamatory words).
Interaction of Logical and Nominal Meanings (antonomasia).
Intensification of a Certain Feature of a Thing or Phenomenon (simile, periphrasis, hyperbole).
Particular Ways of Combining Parts of the Utterance (asyndeton, polysyndeton, the gap-sentence link).
Stylistic Use of Structural Meanings (rhetorical questions, litotes).
Particular Use of Colloquial Constructions (ellipsis, aposiopesis, represented speech).
Interaction of Primary Dictionary and Contextually Imposed Meanings (metaphor, metonymy, irony).
Complex Stylistic Analysis.
учебные материалы для выполнения СРС - учебно-методическое пособие «Стилистика», разработанное спефиально для студентов ОЗО старшим преподавателем Давыдовой И.В.
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