РОД (GENDER)
В современном английском языке нет грамматической категории рода имен существительных. Имена существительные относятся к тому или другому роду по чисто смысловому признаку: к мужскому роду относятся имена существительные, обозначающие лиц мужского пола (a father - отец, a brother - брат, a son - сын), к женскому роду относятся имена существительные, обозначающие лиц женского пола (a mother - мать, a sister - сестра, a daughter - дочь), к среднему роду, как правило, относятся имена существительные, обозначающие неодушевленные предметы (a room - комната, a table - стол, a pen - ручка). Имена существительные, обозначающие животных, обычно относятся к среднему роду.
Внешним показателем рода имени существительного в английском языке является употребление личных (или притяжательных) местоимений при замене существительного: he - он (his) - для мужского рода; she - она (her) - для женского рода; it - он, она, оно (its) - для среднего рода.
В английском языке прилагательное, местоимение и артикль не меняют своей формы при употреблении с существительными, обозначающими лиц разного пола или неодушевленные предметы:
mу little brother - мой маленький брат
mу little sister - моя маленькая сестра
mу little window - мое маленькое окно
Некоторые имена существительные могут обозначать лиц как мужского, так и женского пола, например:
teacher - учитель, учительница; writer - писатель, писательница; friend - друг, подруга; servant - слуга, служанка.
Различие лиц мужского и женского пола, обозначенных такими существительными, может выявляться путем прибавления особых слов к имени существительному. Такими словами для существительных, обозначающих лиц мужского пола, являются boy, male, man, местоимение he и некоторые другие; для существительных, обозначающих лиц женского пола - girl, female, woman, местоимение she и некоторые другие:
man-servant - maid-servant
maid-servant - girl-friend
male-reader - female-reader
Примечание. Как правило, имена существительные, обозначающие животных, заменяются местоимением it, которое также употребляется вместо имен существительных, обозначающих неодушевленные предметы. Однако в целях эмоциональной окраски часто употребляются местоимения he или she по отношению к существительным, обозначающим домашних животных.
Man как первый элемент сложного имени существительного всегда обозначает лицо мужского пола, как последний элемент сложного имени существительного man может обозначать лицо как мужского, так и женского пола:
She was chairman of the club. - Она была председателем клуба.
Некоторые имена существительные, обозначающие существа женского пола, образуются прибавлением суффикса -ess к форме существительного в единственном числе или к основе слова, обозначающего существо мужского пола:
Host – hostess
Author – authoress
Actor – actress
Lion - lioness
ФУНКЦИИ СУЩЕСТВИТЕЛЬНЫХ В ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИИ
Имя существительное может выполнять в предложении функции:
1) Подлежащего:
The night was very dark. - Ночь была очень темная.
Heat is the energy of the movement of molecules. - Тепло - это энергия двнжения молекул.
2) Именной части сказуемого:
His father was a miner. - Его отец был шахтером.
Heat is a form of energy. - Тепло - форма энергии.
3) Дополнения (прямого, косвенного и предложного):
The Soviet industry has given the miner (косвенное дополнение) the coal cormbine (прямое дополнение). - Советская промышленность дала шахтеру угольный комбайн
Uranium can be produced from thorium (предложное дополнение). - Уран можно получить из тория.
4) Определения:
Have you any laboratory experience? - У вас есть опыт работы в лаборатории (букв. лабораторный опыт)?
In the radio telephone sound waves are converted into radio waves. - В радиотелефоне звуковые волны преобразуются в радиоволны.
The atomic reactor is encased in a jacket of steel. - Атомный реактор помещается в стальном корпусе.
5) Обстоятельства:
Не walked back slowly into the room. - Он медленно вернулся в комнату.
Bodies are lighter in water than they are in air. - Тела легче в воде, чем в воздухе.
Exercises
Exercise 1. Identify the Common Nouns in the following sentences:Начало формы
Начало формы
It's the cackling of Начало формы
Конец формы
1. We arrived early at the station.
2. There are different species of fish.
3. The man was trying to steal his car.
4. They have gone to the zoo.
5. The baby is crying.
6. My mother is in the kitchen.
7. He threw some nuts to the monkeys.
8. The children are playing in the field.
9. That temple was built before I was born.
10. He has bought a new car.
11. My father likes to swim.
12. She won a trophy in a competition.
13. I like to ride on a camel.
14. Do birds eat meat?
15. He went to visit his uncle.
16. My brother wants to play with us.
17. Let me have a look at your puppy.
18. The taxi broke down.
19. The boys are playing noisily.
20. She is hanging out the clothes to dry.
Exercise 2. Use capital letters for Proper Nouns in the following sentences.
1. paris is the capital of france.
2. william shakespeare is a famous english author.
3. ‘war and peace' was written by leo tolstoy.
4. The universities of oxford and cambridge offer degree courses at the highest level.
5. john's two dogs are named rover and boxer.
6. david will travel to france to do a degree course on the french revolution.
7. suez canal joins the red sea and the mediterranean sea.
8. republic of liberia is on the west coast of africa.
9. mick jagger is the lead singer of rolling stones
10. mount kilimanjaro is the highest mountain in africa.
Exercise 3. In the left hand column you will be given a common noun. Identity a correct proper noun for each in the right hand column.
Country -
Lake -
Day -
Athlete -
Restaurant -
City -
President -
Holiday -
Month -
Planet –
Exercise 4. Form Abstract Nouns from the following:
man scholar king
know sell think
long strong wise
brother lose great
Exercise 5. Fill in the blanks with suitable collective nouns.
1. A _____ of birds flew high in the sky.
2. They saw a _____ of lions at the zoo.
3. The farmer has a _____ of cattle on his farm.
4. He ate a _____ of grapes today.
5. Our friend shows us a _____ of stamps.
6. We saw a _____ of sheep on our way home.
7. Police have arrested a _____ of thieves.
8. She bought a _____ of bananas from the market.
9. The _____ of pupils are listening attentively to their teacher.
10. You can put the _____ of tools in that box.
Exercise 6. Give the nouns derived from the verbs, adjectives or other nouns.
He acts very well. He’s fine…
She’s from Moscow. She is a …
Don’t beg. You are not a …
Nick assists me. He’s my …
I can’t play the piano. I’m not a …
She always tells lies. She’s such a …
He drives well. He’s a good …
He’s from Texas. He’s a…
I’m from Berlin. I’m a …
Anna is studying history. She’s a fine …
I decided this. It was my …
Try again. Have another …
Don’t be so anxious. Control your …
Be more efficient. Improve your …
Don’t be so curious. Control your …
We all want to be happy. We all seek …
Address this envelope. I’ll give you the …
We all agree. We’re all in …
I refused his offer. My … is final.
Who discovered this? Who made this …
I warned you. I gave you enough …
We’ll all arrive. We’ll met on …
Put it in your mouth. Take one …
He knows a lot. He has a lot of …
Can you explain it? Is there an…
Don’t argue. I don’t want an …
She is absent. Can you explain her …?
I was a child then. That was my…
Ann’s a socialist. She believes in…
Exercise 7. Refer to the words in brackets and put in the right nouns:
COMPUTER TANTRUMS
A clever computer built in Imperial College, London, often suffers from (bore) (1)________. The computer was built to find out about human (communicate) (2)_________. The computer acquired a simple vocabulary in the same way as babies do: through (babble) (3)__________. It is common (know) (4)_________that when babies babble, it is a (prepare) (5)____________ for speech. When babies make sounds like real words, they are encouraged to remember them. With (encourage) (6)_____________ from their parents, babies quickly build up their vocabulary. In the same way, the clever computer learnt to use real words. For example, it learnt to identify a black cat. It was then shown a white cat to test how good it was at (recognize) (7)_________. It refused to co-operate because the (solve) (8)_________to the problem was too easy. At first this (refuse) (9)__________ puzzled (science) (10)________,but then they decided the computer was having a tantrum. ‘It just sits there and goes on strike,’- a (science) (11) ______said. ‘These clever computers must also be taught good (behave) (12)________.’
Exercise 8. What do we call these things and people? Use the stricter noun+ noun.
1. A ticket for a concert is a concert ticket.
2. A magazine about computers is _____________________________.
3. Photograph taken on your holiday are your _____________________.
4. Chocolate made with milk is _________________________________.
5. Somebody whose job is to inspect schools is ___________________.
6. A hotel in central London is ________________________________.
7. The results of your examinations are your ______________________.
8. The carpet in the dining room is _______________________________.
9. A scandal involving a football match club is ______________________.
10. A girl who is seven years old is ________________________________.
11. A question that has two parts is_________________________________.
Exercise 9. Complete the sentences using one of the following:
15 minute(s) 60 minute(s) two hour(s) two year(s) five day(s)
500 year(s) six mile(s) 20 pound(s) five course(s) ten page(s)
450 page(s)
1. It’s quite a long book. There are ____________.
2. A few days ago I received a _____________ letter from Julia.
3. I didn’t have any change. I only had a ____________ note.
4. At work in the morning I usually have a ___________break for coffee.
5. There are _________________in an hour.
6. It’s only a ______________flight from London to Madrid.
7. It was a big meal. There were _____________________.
8. Mary has just started a new job. She’s got a _____________ contract.
9. The oldest building in the city is the ____________ old castle.
10. I work ________________ a week. Saturday and Sunday are free.
11. We went for a __________________ walk in the country.
Exercise 10. Complete the sentences using one of the following:
Circuit, account, human, pot, safety, pocket, fairy, gas, polar, courts
1. The Russian Arctic is home of the ______ bear and many other species.
2. If those two wires touch, the appliance will short__________ and probably go up in flames.
2. I need to withdraw some money out of my bank ______________.
3. No ______________being should have to suffer what these people have suffered.
4. My mum gives me $1 a week _________________ money.
5. Please, make coffee and serve it in our new coffee _____________.
6. A __________________-pin is used for fastening things, especially cloth.
7. The _____________________________ tale princess lived happily ever after.
8. Natural __________________________ is used for cooking and heating homes in our country.
9. I hate playing on hard tennis ____________________________. I much prefer grass.
Exercise 11. Each space in the paragraph below is preceded by an "opportunity for error" in the formation of compounds. If the compound structure is correct, write a C in the space; if it isn’t right, correct the mistake.
UNHAPPY IN NEW YORK
Two and a half ___years ago, my fifty-two year-old ________brother-in-law _____, a highly-respected ________(and, might I add, well paid____) vice president ________of a bank, moved to the forty-third __________floor of a high-rise ___________apartment building in New York City. The building was brand-new ___________and still about three-quarters _________empty. For us, this was unheard of __________luxury, and I remember standing in my in-laws' _________living-room_________, looking out at all those sky-scrapers ___________and down on Central Park under a full-moon ________in a coal-black _________sky, and thinking, "This is it! This is the best the twentieth-century _______has to offer!"
But my sister's-in-law _________reaction was not a happy one. We should've known all-along __________that our little understood _________and long-suffering _________relative would not be overly happy __________in that over-populated _______environment. In fact, her resistance to living there was greater than expected___________. In a matter-of-fact ___________moment, and in her usual self-confident __________and thought provoking ________way, she said, "When I'm fifty five _________years of age__________, I'll be out of here."
And she was nearly-right__________, too, for a year-and-a-half ___________later, they'd left behind the rat-race _____________pace and helter skelter __________lifestyle ___________of Manhattan's upper-west-side _________and moved back to their much-loved ___________and happily familiar ___________suburban hide-away ___________in upstate-New-York_________, northeast ________of Albany.
Exercise 12. Translate into English:
ключ зажигания автомобиля
правление королевы Елизаветы
поэзия Пушкина
лошадиный хвост
сын Мистера Джонса
учитель танцев
секретарь президента
партийная политика
шелковая блуза
клавиатура компьютера
мать близнецов
ворота фабрики
деревянная ложка
шерстяной пуловер
водонепроницаемый плащ
Exercise 13. Underline the noun in each sentence and write ‘C’ or ‘U’ to show whether the noun is countable or uncountable.
1. Pete was listening to music._________
2. I don’t like milk.________
3. Have you got a ten-pound note? _______
4. Add a little more oil. __________
5. His drawings really interest me. _________
6. How many photos did he take? _________
7. It wasn’t your fault. ______ It was bad luck. ___________
8. Hope keeps me going. ___________________
9. He hasn’t a hope. ______________________
10. Where are my new shirts? _____________
Exercise 14. Which of the underlined parts of these sentences is correct?
1. ‘Did you hear noise/ a noise just now?’ ‘No, I didn’t hear anything’
2. If you want to know the news, you can read paper/ a paper.
3. I want to write some letters but I haven’t got a paper/ any paper to write on.
4. I thought there was somebody in the house because there was light/a light on inside.
5. Light/ A light comes from the sun.
6. I was in a hurry this morning; I didn’t have time / a time for breakfast.
7. ‘Did you enjoy your holiday?’ ‘Yes, we had wonderful time / a wonderful time.’
8. Sue was very helpful. She gave us some very useful advice / advices.
9. We had very good weather / a very good weather while we were on holiday.
10. We were very unfortunate. We had bad luck / a bad luck.
11. It’s very difficult to find a work / job at the moment.
12. Our travel / journey from London to Istanbul by train was very tiring.
13. When the fire alarm rang, there was total chaos / a total chaos.
14. I had to buy a/some bread because I wanted to make sandwiches.
15. Bad news don’t / doesn’t make people happy.
16. Your hair is / Your hairs are too long. You should have it / them cut.
17. Nobody was hurt in the accident but the damage / the damages to the car was / were quite bad.
18. Have you got any money / a money?
Exercise 15. What do you say in these situations? Complete the sentences.
1. Your friends have just arrived at the station. You can’t see any suitcases and bags. You ask them: Have you got… ?
2. You have come down to breakfast. There is a choice between tea and coffee. You say: I’d like …
3. You go into the tourist office. You want to know about places to see the town. You say: I’d like …
4. You want to watch the news on TV but you don’t know what time it is on. You ask your friend: What time….?
5. You look out of the window. The weather is horrible: cold, wet, windy. You say to your friend: What…!
6. You are ordering drinks for three people: mineral water, apple juice, lemonade. You say: I’d like …
7. You are ordering drinks. You want coffee for yourself. Your two friends want tea. You say: I’d like …
8. You are ordering drinks. Two want coffee. Three want tea. One wants milk. You say: I’d like …
Exercise 16. Decide whether these nouns are countable (C) or uncountable (U):
The children are playing in the garden.
I don't like milk.
I prefer tea.
Scientists say that the environment is threatened by pollution.
My mother uses butter to prepare cakes.
There are a lot of windows in our classroom.
We need some glue to fix this vase.
The waiters in this restaurant are very professional.
My father drinks two big glasses of water every morning.
The bread my mother prepares is delicious.
Drivers must be careful; the road is slippery.
Some policemen are organizing road traffic to avoid any accidents.
I bought three bottles of mineral water for our picnic.
I'd like some juice please!
Successful candidates will join the camp later this year.
A rise in oil prices is inevitable since there is more and more world demand for energy.
The exercises on this website are interesting.
Dehydrated babies must drink a lot of water.
Adult illiterates learn through a special government programme.
Would you like some fish?
Exercise 17. Rewrite these sentences using the nouns as countable.
The North Sea produces oil. The North Sea produces a light oil.
This region produces wine. (excellent) __________________.
This factory produces cloth. (traditional)__________________.
This box is made of wood. (rare)____________________________.
Exercise 18. Put a/an or some where necessary. If no word is necessary, leave the space empty (-).
I’ve seen ____good films recently.
What’s wrong with you? Have you got ___ headache?
I know a lot of people. Most of them are ________students.
When I was _______child, I used to be very shy.
Would you like to be ________actor?
Do you collect ______________stamps?
What ___________beautiful garden!
___________ birds, for example the penguin, cannot fly.
I’ve been walking for three hours. I’ve got _________sore throat.
It’s a pity we haven’t got __________camera. I’d like to take ________photo of that house.
Those are ________nice shoes. Where did you get them?
I’m going shopping. I want to buy __________new shoes.
You need _________visa to visit _________countries, but not all of them.
Jane is ________teacher. Her parents were ___________teachers too.
Do you enjoy going to ____________concerts?
When we got to the city centre, shops were still open but most of them were closed.
I don’t believe him. He’s _________liar. He’s always telling ________lies.
She is ________ real beauty.
I am fortunate to have had ___________very good education.
_________education does not just take place at school.
My eyes are very sensitive to _________light. Is there__________light in there?
You’ve been __________ great help to me.
You’ll get better at the job as you gain __________ experience.
Exercise 19. Complete each sentence by choosing the correct word.
1. There is so (many, much) smoke coming out of the chimney.
2. There are (plenty of, a large amount of) fish in the pond.
3. (A little, A few) minutes is all it takes for him to shave.
4. The postman put (a great deal of, a lot of) letters into the bag.
5. He threw (a little, some) nuts to the monkeys.
6. She uses only (a few, a little) cooking oil in her cooking.
7. My hens lay (a large amount of, several) eggs very day.
8. (A great deal of, A large number of) dust has collected on the desk.
9. We saw (a large amount of, many) cows grazing in the field.
10. The butcher sells (a large amount of, a large number of) meat.
Exercise 20. Match A and B.
A B
I’d like some ice
|
a wisp of
|
Have you got any chocolate?
|
a cube of
|
Can I have some bread, please?
|
a splash of
|
We need some paper.
|
a box of
|
Buy me some soap, please.
|
a sip of
|
Buy me some milk, please.
|
a tube of
|
We need some jam.
|
a drop of
|
Have you got any matches?
|
a bar of
|
I’ve made some tea.
|
a slice of
|
Buy some toothpaste.
|
a pinch of
|
Add a little water.
|
a sheet of
|
Add a little salt.
|
a jar of
|
I’ve drunk a little tea.
|
a bar of
|
Add a little soda.
|
a bottle of
|
I can see a little smoke.
|
a pot of
|
Exercise 21. Translate into English:
1. В моих туфлях песок.
2. Джон пел песню.
3. Салли слушала музыку.
4. Не бросай камни.
5. У тебя есть деньги?
6. В радиоприемнике нет батареек.
7. Я не люблю молоко.
8. Добавь немного масла.
9. Мне не нужно два стакана.
10. Давай на завтрак съедим сыра.
11. Приходи к нам на обед в воскресенье.
12. У нее белокурые волосы.
13. У меня не было времени тебе позвонить.
14. Хорошо тебе провести время!
Exercise 22. Is the first word in this phrases singular or plural?
Church’s seats
Cities’ names
Girls’ sister
Host’s flowers
Men’s jobs
People’s homes
Philippa’s address
Woman’s husband
Exercise 23. Underline the correct word:
I’ve got a brother and a sister. My nieces are my sister’s/sisters’ children.
Joanna is my brother’s/brothers’ wife.
What are your cousin’s/cousins’ names.
This is a photo of my friend’s/friends’ house.
Philip and Ray are my sister’s/sisters’ husbands.
Is this your nephew’s/nephews’ girlfriend?
Exercise 24. Use the nouns in the brackets in the Possessive Case.
1. my (nephew) dog; 2. (Julie) new boyfriend; 3. the (men) room; 4. my (sister-in-law) husband; 5. the (women) leader; 6. the (officers) residence; 7. for (goodness) sake; 8. (Jesus) resurrection; 9. the (prince) palace; 10. my (brother-in-law) new automobile; 11. (Clinton) saxophone; 12. the (children) toys; 13. a (three-hour) drive: 14. the (labourers) union; 15. (Burns) employees; 16. (Beethoven) 9th symphony; 17. (Aristoles) yacht; 18. (Aristotle) work; 19. (Bush) daughter;
Exercise 25. Use the Possessive Case instead of nouns with of.
1. the supporters of Mr. Collins; 2. the passports of the drivers; 3. the father of Roy: 4. the parents of everyone else; 5. the shop of the Jones Brothers; 6. the songs of the Pointer Sisters; 7. the child of Mary and Henry; 8. the hats of the ladies; 9. the shop of the florist; 10. the Park of Saint James; 11. the law of Archimedes.
Exercise 26. Choose the right variant to fill in the gaps in the sentences.
1. the coats of the ladies –
a) the lady's coats
b) the ladies' coats
c) the ladies's coats
2. the hobbies of the women –
the woman's hobbies
the women's hobbies
the womens' hobbies
3. the shoes of the players –
the players' shoes
the players's shoes
the player's shoes
4. the future of our boys –
our boy's future
our boys' future
our boys's future
5. the bathtub of Archimedes –
a) Archimedes's bathtub
b) Archimede's bathtub
c)Archimedes' bathtub
6. the business of Anne and Francis –
Anne and Francis' business
Anne's and Francis' business
Anne and Francis's business
7. the diary of my boss –
my boss's diary
my boss' diary
my bosses diary
8. the clothes of men –
mens clothes
men's clothes
mens' clothes
9. the girlfriend of my brother-in-law –
my brother-in-law's girlfriend
my brother's-in-law girlfriend
my brother's-in-law's girlfriend
Exercise 27. Give the plural of the following-nouns:
Leaf, mouse, country, piano, child, sheep, goose, lady, man, woman, gooseberry, crisis, tooth, medium, deer, diary, knowledge, fish, dish, news.
Exercise 28. Read the following nouns first in the singular and then in the plural:
bag, dog, bird, verb, pan, hen, spoon, noun, room, ring, thing, evening, song, girl, apple, table, article.
tree, pie, cow, fly, lady, baby, teacher, letter, mirror, berry, play, toy, city.
cake, snake, fork, map, lamp, hat, clock, rat, coat, goat, skirt, shirt, plant, sonant, jacket, object, attribute.
shelf, leaf, knife, wife, roof, chief, handkerchief.
bus, class, glass, dress, piece, slice, horse, house, rose, nose, blouse, box, fox, match, bench, bridge, cage, cottage, bush, radish.
man, woman, child, foot, tooth, goose, mouse, ox, fish, trout, fruit, swine, mouse, louse, deer, sheep.
phenomenon, crisis, stimulus, formula, axis, thesis, criterion.
Exercise 29. Give the plural form of the words underlined.
I met a man at the meeting last night.
I met some men at the meeting last night.
I saw a mouse running across the floor.
The baby got a new tooth.
I need a match.
He cooked a potato for dinner.
The professor is reading a thesis.
I visited a city in the Ukraine.
She photographed a leaf.
I caught a fish.
I saw a sheep in the farmyard.
She talked to a child.
The children hid behind the bush.
In science class we studied about a species of fish.
When I was in the park yesterday, I saw a goose.
When we spoke in the cave, we heard an echo.
He packed a box.
Every day I read in the newspaper about a new crisis in the world.
The wagon is being pulled by an ox.
I told the children a fable about a wolf and a fox.
We read a story about an Indian chief.
At the meeting last night, we were listening to a speech.
In science class, we studied a phenomenon of nature.
Exercise 30. Use the plural form of the nouns to complete the sentences:
Basket, friend, bonnet, bunny, lily, chicks, egg, holiday
My brother and I always spend our Easter _____________ with my Aunt Margaret and Uncle Fred.
How many _____________ did your family dye for the egg hunt?
Our Easter _______________ are filled with candy and a chocolate rabbit.
We took white Easter __________ to our church service on Easter Sunday morning.
We saw three little yellow ____________ with the Mother hen on the Easter card.
Our _______________ came for our Easter party at four o'clock on Easter afternoon.
Our _______________ came for our Easter party at four o'clock on Easter afternoon.
How many chocolate ___________ were in your basket?
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