Международные организации
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ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮНижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ Учебно-методическое пособие Рекомендовано методической комиссией факультета международных отношений для студентов ННГУ, обучающихся по направлениям подготовки 030700 «Международные отношения», 032300 «Регионоведение» и специальностям 030701 «Международные отношения», 032301 «Регионоведение» Нижний Новгород 2009 УДК 42.8(07) ББК 143.21я.73 Ж 60 Ж 60 МЕЖДУНАРОДНЫЕ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ. Составители: Жерновая О.Р., Бузуева Ю.С., Глазунова Н.А.: Учебно-методическое пособие. – Нижний Новгород: Нижегородский госуниверситет, 2009. – 55 с. Рецензент: д.полит.н., профессор М.И. Рыхтик Данное учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для развития компетенции студентов в области международных организаций, развития навыков и умений работы с текстами общественно-политического содержания и может использоваться в качестве основного учебного материала для студентов 3 и 4 курсов факультета международных отношений, изучающий английский язык как основной на продвинутом этапе обучения. УДК 42.8(07) ББК 143.21я.73 © Нижегородский государственный университет им. Н.И. Лобачевского, 2009 Введение Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов 3-4 курсов факультета международных отношений отделений «международные отношения» и «регионоведение». Данное пособие рассчитано для продвинутого этапа обучения английскому языку и ставит следующие цели: углубление языковых знаний и понимания оригинального английского текста, расширение словарного запаса, совершенствование навыков устной речи, а также анализа аутентичных общественно-политических текстов. Особое внимание уделяется развитию профессиональных навыков ведения дискуссии по современным проблемам, связанным с деятельностью таких международных организаций как Организация Объединенных Наций (ООН), Организация Северо-Атлантического Договора (НАТО) и Европейский Союз (ЕС). Пособие представляет собой сборник аутентичных текстов по актуальным аспектам и современным политическим вопросам, и ставит целью развитие навыка самостоятельной работы с англо-английскими толковыми словарями. Подобранные тексты снабжены аппаратом упражнений, направленных на дальнейшее совершенствование языковой, речевой и профессиональной подготовки студентов, а также навыков перевода в сфере профессиональной коммуникации. Contents Unit I: THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION (UN) Part 1: How the UN works 6 Warm-up 6 Pronunciation 7 Reading 7 Scanning 8 Word Study 9 Talking Point 10 Part 2: UN structure 11 Warm-up 11 Pronunciation 11 Reading 11 Scanning 15 Word Study 16 Translation 17 Talking Point 18 Part 3: UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION REFORM 19 Rendering 19 Unit II: THE NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION (NATO) Part 1: What is NATO 25 Warm-up 25 Pronunciation 25 Reading 26 Scanning 27 Word Study 28 Talking Point 30 Speaking 30 Part 2: NATO: Security Challenges and Risks 31 Warm-up 31 Pronunciation 31 Reading 31 Scanning 32 Word Study 33 Speaking 34 Part 3: NATO-Russia Relations 35 Warm-up 35 Pronunciation 35 Reading 35 Scanning 38 Speaking 39 Word Study 39 Talking Point 40 Unit III: THE EUROPEAN UNION Part 1: The History and Enlargement of the European Union 41 Pronunciation 41 Warm-Up 42 Reading 43 Scanning 44 Word Study 45 Translation 47 Speaking 48 Talking Point 48 Part 2: The Structure and Objectives of the EU 49 Pronunciation 49 Warm-up 49 Reading 49 Scanning 51 Word Study 51 Speaking 53 Translation 53 Talking point 54 Unit I THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANISATION (UN) Part 1 How the UN works Warm-up Read the following text and answer the questions:
International Organizations The very term international organization is ambiguous. In the conventional sense, an international organization is an institution or structure similar to Congress or to a city council; it has a definite set of rules, members, agenda, places and times of meeting. A second meaning of the concept is implied as well. If organization is an arrangement of parts into a unified whole, then there is a noninstitutional aspect to the phrase international organization. The purpose of organization is conscious coordination of activity; the method of organization is to routinize coordination by such techniques as division of labour and task specialization. Coordination can be performed either formally or informally. When coordination is formal, it takes place within official structures and institutional machinery; this is the conventional significance of the term organization in international relations. Informal coordination involves an unwritten system of practices in which units of the system assume such roles as those of leader or nonleader. International organization in the second sense refers to informal role differentiation in the world polity. Often this second meeting has been called world organization. In international relations, units that are most powerful take leadership roles; weak units are nonleaders. Thus, international organization in the first sense is a dependent variable of world organization, the second interpretation of the term. Informal organization is more basic than formal organization; characteristics of international structures are a function of the nature of the international arena. In the subsequent portion of this discussion the term international organization will be used to refer only to the meaning of the term in the conventional sense. Not all organizations are international. Historically the types of units in the world political system have changed in form and in number. Traditionally, an international organization has been said to exist when many nation-states are linked together structurally. If this criterion were adopted, the study of international organization would date only from the year 1648, when the nation-state system was officially christened in the Peace of Westphalia. Previously there were other basic units – the empire, the city state, the free city, and the dynamic state. A loose definition of international organization would say that it consists of intergovernmental institutions, members of which perceive each other to be basic units of the world polity. Any world system may contain international organization. Pronunciation Watch the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. If necessary consult a dictionary: Charter harmonizing sovereign affecting a vast array survival alleviation environmental reluctant fluctuated prominence the Hague the Netherlands Reading Read the text and find the answers to the following questions:
The United Nations was established on 24 October 1945 by 51 countries committed to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security. Today, nearly every nation in the world belongs to the UN: membership now totals nearly 200 countries. When states become members of the United Nations, they agree to accept obligations of the UN Charter, an international treaty which sets out basic principles of international relations. According to the Charter, the UN has four purposes: to maintain international peace and security, to develop friendly relations among nations, to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights, and to be a center for harmonizing the actions of nations. UN members are sovereign countries. The United Nations is not a world government, and it does not make laws. It does, however, provide the means to help resolve international conflicts and formulate policies on matters affecting all of us. It serves as a symbol of international order and global identity. The United Nations is much more than a peacekeeper and forum for conflict resolution. Often without attracting attention, the United Nations is engaged in a vast array of work that touches every aspect of people’s lives around the world. Child survival and development. Environmental protection. Human rights. Health and medical research. Alleviation of poverty and economic development. Agricultural development and fisheries. Education. Family planning. Emergency and disaster relief. Air and sea travel. Peaceful uses of atomic energy. Labour and worker’s rights. The list goes on and on. The UN’s influence in world affairs has fluctuated over the years, but the organization gained new prominence beginning in the 1990s. It was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2001. Still, the UN faces constant challenges. It must continually secure the cooperation of its member nations because the organization has little independent power or authority. But getting that support is not always easy. Many nations are reluctant to defer their authority and follow the dictates of the UN. The United Nations has six main organs. Five of them – the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council and the Secretariat – are based at UN Headquarters in New York. The sixth, the International Court of Justice, is located at the Hague, the Netherlands. Scanning 1. Answer the following questions:
2. Give as much information as possible concerning the following notions: the UN the UN Charter a world government a peacekeeper and forum for conflict resolution. the Nobel Peace Prize UN Headquarters 3. Prepare the summary of the text in 10-12 sentences. Use the active vocabulary from the Word Study section. Word Study 1. Give the definitions of the following words and phrases from the text and use them in the sentences of your own:
Talking Point Express your opinion on the following questions:
Part 2 UN structure Warm-up Discuss the following questions in groups. Share your ideas with the class:
Pronunciation Watch the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. If necessary consult a dictionary: the Generally Assembly medium convoked unanimity maintenance a threat breach of peace convened unanimity eligible veto severance refugee the Trusteeship Council obsolete hostile perceived Reading Read the text and find answers to the following questions: 1. What is the main body of the UN? 2. What UN body suspended its work? 1. General Assembly The General Assembly is composed of representatives of all member nations. All UN member states are represented in the Generally Assembly – a kind of parliament of nations which meets to consider the world’s most pressing problems. It’s like a global town hall, providing a powerful medium for countries to put forward their ideas and debate issues. Each nation may send not more than five representatives to each session. Each nation is entitled to one vote. The General Assembly meets in regular annual sessions and in special sessions when necessary. Special sessions are convoked by the Secretary General at the request of the Security Council or of a majority of the members of the UN. Any matter within the scope of the charter may be brought before the General Assembly which may make recommendations on all except issues on the agenda of the Security Council. However, the General Assembly in November, 1950, decided that if the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity among its permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for maintenance of international peace and security, in any case where there appears to be a threat to peace, breach of peace or act of aggression, the Assembly may consider it and recommend collective measures including, in the case of a breach of peace or act of aggression, the use of armed forces to maintain or restore peace. In such cases, the General Assembly may be convened within 24 hours in an emergency special session. |
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