Международные организации
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| Part 2 NATO: Security Challenges and Risks Warm-up Discuss the following question in groups. Share your ideas with the class; What possible risks and challenges might pose a threat to the security of the Alliance? Pronunciation Watch the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. If necessary consult a dictionary: strategic environment at the periphery ethnic and religious rivalries the abuse of human rights adversaries weaponry sabotage Reading Read the text and compare the ideas from the text with your own ones: Despite positive developments in the strategic environment and the fact that large-scale conventional aggression against the Alliance is highly unlikely, the possibility of such a threat emerging over the longer terms exists. The security of the Alliance remains subject to a wide variety of military and non-military risks which are multi-directional and often difficult to predict. These risks include uncertainty and instability in and around the Euro-Atlantic area and the possibility of regional crises at the periphery of the Alliance, which could evolve rapidly. Some countries in and around the Euro-Atlantic area face serious economic, social and political difficulties. Ethnic and religious rivalries, territorial disputes, inadequate and failed efforts at reform, the abuse of human rights, and the dissolution of states can lead to local and even regional instability. The resulting tensions could lead to crises affecting Euro-Atlantic stability, to human suffering, and to armed conflicts. Such tensions could affect the security of the Alliance by spilling over into neighbouring states, including NATO countries, or in other ways, and could also affect the security of other countries. The existence of powerful nuclear forces outside the Alliance also constitutes a significant factor which the Alliance has to take into account if security and stability in the Euro-Atlantic area are to be maintained. The proliferation of NBC (Nuclear, Bacteriological and Chemical) weapons and their means of delivery remains a matter of serious concern. In spite of progress in strengthening international non-proliferation regimes, major challenges with respect to proliferation remain. The Alliance recognizes that proliferation can occur despite efforts to prevent it and can pose a direct military threat to the Allies’ populations, territory, and forces. Some states, including on NATO’s periphery and other regions, sell, acquire or try to acquire NBC weapons and delivery means. Commodities and technology that could be used to build these weapons of mass destruction and their delivery means are becoming more common, while detection and prevention of illicit trade in these materials and know-how continues to be difficult. Non-state actors have shown the potential to create and use some of these weapons. The global spread of technology that can be of use in the production of weapons may result in the greater availability of sophisticated military capabilities, permitting adversaries to acquire highly capable offensive and defensive air, land and sea-borne systems, cruise missiles, and other advanced weaponry. In addition, state and non-state adversaries may try to exploit the Alliance’s growing reliance on information systems through information operations designed to disrupt such systems. They may attempt to use strategies of this kind to counter NATO’s superiority in traditional weaponry. Alliance’s security interests can also be affected by other risks of a wider nature, including acts of terrorism, sabotage and organized crime, and by the disruption of the flow of vital resources. The uncontrolled movement of large numbers of people, particularly as a consequence of armed conflicts, can also pose problems of security and stability affecting the Alliance. Arrangements exist within the Alliance for consultation among the Allies under Article 4 of the Washington Treaty and, where appropriate, co-ordination and their efforts including their responses to risks of this kind. Scanning 1. Answer the following questions:
2. Comment on the following statements:
Word Study 1. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian: Emerge; face serious economic, political and social difficulties; ethnic and religious rivalries; the dissolution of states; armed conflicts; spill over into…; proliferation of NBC weapons; NBC weapons and delivery means; illicit trade; adversaries; cruise missiles; advanced weaponry; disrupt; sabotage; pose problems. 2. Translate the following words and word combinations from Russian into English: Широкомасштабная агрессия с применением обычного вооружения; этнические и религиозные столкновения; нарушение прав человека; территориальные споры; вооруженные конфликты; представлять военную угрозу; распространение оружия массового поражения; противозаконная торговля, высокоэффективные наступательные и оборонительные системы воздушного, наземного и морского базирования; современное наступательное и оборонительное вооружение; крылатые ракеты; организованная преступность; нарушать. 3. Translate the following sentences from the text from English into Russian:
Speaking
Part 3 NATO-Russia Relations Warm-up Answer the following questions. Share your ideas with the class: 1. How could the relations between NATO and Russia be characterized after World War II? 2. Why was it difficult for NATO and Russia to iron out differences? 3. When did it become possible for NATO and Russia to improve the bilateral relations? Pronunciation Watch the pronunciation of the following words and word combinations. If necessary consult a dictionary: confrontation strategic priorities collapse emphasize breakthrough emergencies perpetrate pillar cornerstone earthquake Reading Read the text and name the main spheres of cooperation between NATO and Russia: Since the end of the Cold War NATO member countries have regarded a positive relationship and cooperation with Russia as a priority. Over the years, much progress has been made in transforming old antagonisms based on ideological, political and military confrontation into fruitful cooperation based on common interests and continuing dialogue. The creation of the NATO-Russia Council (NRC) in May 2002 marked the beginning of a more pragmatic relationship focused on activities, such as fight against terrorism, defense reform, non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, military cooperation and training, civil emergency planning, theatre missile defense and preparing for possible peacekeeping operations. Today, NATO member states and Russia meet regularly as equals in the NATO-Russia Council to consult on current security issues and to develop practical cooperation in a wide range of areas of common interests. Awhile differences remain on some issues which may take some time to resolve, the driving force behind the new spirit of cooperation is the realization that NATO member states and Russia share strategic priorities and face common challenges, such as combating terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The evolution of relations The ideological and political division of Europe ended in 1989 with the fall of the Berlin Wall. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact in 1991, and with the emergence of security challenges in the post-Cold War environment, NATO began establishing new forms of dialogue and cooperation with the countries of central and Eastern Europe and the member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Cooperation in complex field conditions in the Balkans significantly reinforced mutual trust and strengthened the political will to take NATO-Russia cooperation to a new level. That transformation occurred in May 1997, with the signature of the Founding Act on Mutual Relations, Cooperation and Security which provided the formal basis for NATO-Russia relations. It expressed the common goal of building a lasting peace and established the Permanent Joint Council as a forum for consultation and cooperation. Several key events accelerated the process. On August, 12, 2000 the nuclear submarine Kursk sank killing 118 crewmen aboard, highlighting the urgent need for cooperation between NATO and Russia in responding to such tragic accidents. The terrorist attacks of the United States of September, 11, 2001 also emphasized the necessity of concerted international action to effectively combat terrorism and other common threats and challenges. The NATO-Russia Council After intensive negotiations the parties managed to achieve a breakthrough and issued a joint declaration “NATO-Russia Relations: a New Quality” in May, 2002.In this declaration the parties pledged to enhance their ability to work together as equals in areas of common interest and to stand together against common threats and risks to the security. The NATO-Russia Council was also established by the agreement. The meetings of the Council are chaired by the NATO Secretary General and are held at different levels – at least once a month at the level of ambassadors, twice a year at ministerial level at summit level in urgent cases. Meetings are also held once a month between military representatives and twice a year at the level of chiefs of defense staff. The areas of common interests and concern for Russia and NATO include: combating terrorism, crisis management, non-proliferation, arms control and confidence-building measures, theatre missile defense, logistics, military-to-military cooperation, defense reform and civil emergencies. The NRC has created several working groups and committees to develop cooperation in these areas and others, such as scientific cooperation and challenges of modern society. Views are also exchanged on current international issues affecting the security of the Euro-Atlantic area, such as the situation in the Balkans, Afghanistan, Georgia, Ukraine, Iraq, and the broader Middle East region. Since its establishment, the NRC has evolved into a productive mechanism for consultation, consensus-building, cooperation, joint decision-making and joint action has become a fundamental pillar of the NATO-Russia partnership. The positive evolution of NATO-Russia cooperation offers good prospects for its future and its further development. The fight against terrorism Nowhere have positions between NATO member countries and Russia converged more clearly than in the fight against terrorism, which has become a major threat to international security and stability and requires an increasingly coordinated response. In the summer of 2004 a number of tragic events perpetrated by terrorists made the ambassadors strongly condemn terrorism in all its manifestations and renew their determination to strengthen and intensify common efforts to eliminate this shared threat. Specific aspects of combating terrorism are also a key focus of activities in many areas of cooperation under the NRC, such as civil emergency planning, non-proliferation, airspace management, theatre missile defense, defense reform and scientific cooperation. Addressing other new security threats The aim is to establish a level of force interoperability that would enable NATO and Russia to work together quickly and effectively to counter ballistic missile threats against NATO and Russian troops engaged in a joint mission. A NRC initiative on chemical, biological and protection is underway. Joint work is also being taken forward on nuclear issues and cooperation against the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The cooperation is also being undertaken in the field of airspace management to enhance air safety and transparency and to counter the threat of the potential use of civilian aircraft for terrorist purposes. Defense Reform Russia and NATO member countries share an interest in defense reform, given the common need for armed forces that are appropriately sized, trained and equipped to deal with the full spectrum of 21st century threats. The cooperation in the area of defense reform covers many different aspects including resource management, defense industry conversion, defense and force planning, and macro-economic, financial and social issues. Other areas of cooperation include managing military nuclear waste, strategic air transport and military infrastructure engineering, and logistics interoperability of NATO and Russian forces is also underway. Military to Military Cooperation A key objective of military-to-military cooperation is to improve interoperability between Russia and Allied forces, since modern militaries must be able to operate within multinational command and force structures when called upon to work together in peace-support and other crisis-management operations. Progress in arms control NATO and Russia also discuss issues related to arms control and confidence-building measures. Within this framework they reaffirmed their commitment to the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE) as a cornerstone of European security. Civil emergencies and disaster relief The countries coordinate assistance from member countries to refugee relief operations during different conflicts, operations are also called upon to coordinate relief in the wake of flooding, earthquakes, landslides, fires and other disasters in different Partner countries. Scientific and environmental cooperation A key focus of current scientific cooperative activities under the NRC is the application of civil science to defense against terrorism and new threats, such as in explosives detection, examining the social and psychological impact of terrorism, protection against chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear agents, cyber-security and transport security. Environmental protection problems arising from civilian and military activities are another important area of cooperation. Scanning 1. Say whether the statements are true or false. Give the correct variant:
2. Answer the questions on the text:
3. Comment on the following statements:
Speaking 1. Complete the following table:
2. Using the table, speak about the ways of cooperation between NATO and Russia. Word Study 1. Translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian: Ideological; political and military confrontation; evolving; consult on security issues; areas of common interest; face common challenges; fight against terrorism; proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; collapse; contribute troops and logistical support; reinforce; strengthen; accelerate; pledge; enhance; stand against; non-proliferation; confidence-building measures; theatre missile defense; pillar; perpetrate; counter ballistic missile threats; be underway; be undertaken; defense industry conversion; militaries; cornerstone; flooding; earthquakes; landslides; impact; cyber-security; bilateral. 2. Translate the following words and word combinations from Russian into English: Считать проблему приоритетной; консультировать по вопросам безопасности; развивать практическое сотрудничество; иметь общие стратегические приоритеты; бороться с терроризмом; распад; оружие массового поражения; вывести на новый уровень; достичь прорыва; ускорять; противостоять; бороться с терроризмом; контролировать вооружение; катастрофы; осуждать терроризм во всех проявлениях; совершать; предприниматься; действовать под международным руководством; краеугольный камень; операции по спасению беженцев; наводнения; землетрясения; оползни; влияние; безопасность информационного пространства; двусторонний; противоракетная оборона; ликвидировать; быть в процессе реализации; военные; Договор об Обычных Вооруженных Силах в Европе. 3. Find the words in the text that correspond to the following:
4. Make up 10 sentences to translate from Russian into English using active vocabulary. Talking Point Express your opinion on the following questions:
Unit III THE EUROPEAN UNION Part 1 The History and Enlargement of the European Union Pronunciation
supranational intergovernmental nationalism to devastate atomic accession remit rigorous to submit invariably unanimously a mandate a core
legal ratification to confer Maastricht Amsterdam Nice Lisbon criteria minorities adherence to integrate accountable to finance
Warm-Up Work in groups and answer the following questions:
Turkey Russia Denmark Slovenia Austria Ukraine Georgia Latvia Japan Nigeria Honduras
Reading The European Union is a political and economic community of twenty seven member states with supranational and intergovernmental features, located primarily in Europe. It was established after the World War II. The political climate after the end of the war favoured Western European unity, seen by many as an escape from the extreme forms of nationalism which had devastated the continent. One successful proposal for European cooperation came in 1951 with the European Coal and Steel Community, established by the Treaty of 1951, in Paris. This had the aim of bringing together control of the coal and steel industries of its member states (principally France and West Germany), with the purpose that a war between them would not be possible. Two additional communities were created in 1957: the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). Both of them were established by the Treaty of Rome. Since then the EU has grown in size through the accession of new member states and has increased its powers by the addition of new policy areas to its remit. The Single European Act (SEA, 1987) significantly expanded the EEC’s scope, called for more intensive coordination of foreign policy among members. In 1993 the Maastricht Treaty established the current legal framework. With the entry into force of the Treaty of Amsterdam (1999) the EU also has at its disposal – the common strategy. The Treaty of Nice (2001) introduced the possibility of establishing closer cooperation in the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) field for the implementation of joint actions and common positions. This closer cooperation may not be used for matters with military or defence implications. The Lisbon Treaty, also known as the Reform Treaty, signed in December 2007, initiates ratification process in 2008 and is amending the existing treaties. The Treaties do not officially confer legal personality on the Union, but there is a consensus among the political players that this should be done. The EU currently has 27 independent sovereign countries which are collectively known as member states: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, the UK, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta. Any European country which respects the principles of liberty, democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the rule of law may apply to become a member of the Union. The Treaty on European Union sets out the conditions. Applying for EU membership is the start of the long and rigorous process. The official starting point is that a country submits an application – although this invariably arises out of an already strong bilateral relationship with the EU. The application from a country wishing to join is submitted to the Council. The European Commission provides a formal opinion on the applicant country, and the Council decides whether to accept the application. Once the Council unanimously agrees a negotiating mandate, negotiations may be formally launched between the candidate and all the member states. This is not automatic though. The applicant country must meet a core of criteria before negotiations start. The so-called “Copenhagen criteria” set out in December 1993 by the European Council in Copenhagen, require a candidate country to have: - stable institutions that guarantee democracy, the rule of law, respect for human rights and protection of minorities; - a functioning market economy, as well as the ability to cope with the pressure of competition and the market forces at work inside the Union; - the ability to assume the obligations of membership, in particular adherence to the objectives of political, economic and monetary union. In addition the EU must be able to integrate new members: it needs to ensure that its institutions and decision-making processes remain effective and accountable; it needs to be in a position, as it enlarges, to continue developing and implementing common policies in all areas; and it needs to be in a position to continue its policies in a sustainable manner. Scanning 1. Say whether the following statements are true or false:
2. Answer the following questions:
Word Study 1. Translate the following lexical units from the text from English into Russian, prepare questions with these lexical units, based on the text: Supranational features, intergovernmental features, extreme forms of nationalism, to devastate, to bring together control (over), to call for, to initiate a ratification process, to establish the legal framework, to confer legal personality on, accession of (a country) to (the EU), remit, implementation of joint action, a rigorous process, to agree a mandate, to meet a core of criteria, the rule of law, protection of minorities, unanimously, invariably, to submit an application, in a sustainable manner, to integrate new members, to finance policies, to assume the implications of membership, to cope with the pressure of competition, accountable, adherence to the objectives of, a functioning market economy. 2. Translate the following word-combinations from Russian into English, restore the context of their use: установить правовые рамки, наделять правосубъектностью, Закон о единой Европе, вступление (страны) в (ЕС), Европейское объединение угля и стали, осуществлять общий контроль (над), крайние формы проявления национализма, надгосударственные черты, Европейское экономическое сообщество, опустошать, требовать, Лиссабонский договор, усиленное координирование внешней политики, Амстердамский договор, договор Ниццы, начинать процесс ратификации, Европейской сообщество по атомной энергетике, принимать обязательства членства, принимать новых членов, финансировать политику, постоянно, действующая рыночная экономика, строгое соблюдение главных целей, понятный, принять мандат, неизменно, скрупулезный процесс, подать заявление, единогласно, соответствовать сути критериев, верховенство закона. 3. Find the words and word combinations that mean approximately the same in the text, use these lexical units in the examples of your own:
4. Fill in the gaps using the words and word combinations from the previous exercises:
5. How do you call people who live in the following countries?
Translation Translate the following sentences into English using active vocabulary:
Speaking Use the following words and word-combinations to make up the summary of the text (not more than 15 sentences):
Talking Point
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