Для того чтобы правильно выполнить задание 2, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка

Is increased – Present Indefinite Passive от глагола to increase; will increase – Future Indefinite Active от глагола to increase; will decrease – Future Indefinite Active от глагола to increase;
Образец выполнения III (к упр. 1)

Needed – Participle II; определение.

Controlling – Participle I; обстоятельство


Вариант 1

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
a)

1. 
   The revenue obtained from selling output depends on the demand.
   
2. 
   The problems that Russians are facing now are of great interest to the whole world.
   

б)

3. 
   At any given moment a certain part of circulating assets is used in the sphere of production.
   
4. 
   A government planning office decides what will be produced, how it will be produced, and for whom it will be produced.
   

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   Government regulations should be in the interests of society.
   
2. 
   As the price of one good rises, the consumer has to buy another good whose price has not risen.
   
3. 
   The limited supply of energy in some sectors of the US economy is to lead to changes in the economic situation as a whole.
   
4. 
   Now bookkeepers and accountants can obtain the necessary information more economically and faster using computers.
   

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   The economist is investigating how an increase in the price of good influences the quantity of another good demanded.
   
2. 
   Boom is a period of increased business activity when a rising demand for all commodities results in increased industrial production.
   
3. 
   Varing input, the firm can vary output.
   
4. 
   Expendure is an amount of money spent.
   

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3-й и 4-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту

oligopoly - олигополия ( существование нескольких крупных конкури­рующих фирм, монополизирующих производство и сбыт основной массы продукции в отрасли).

subsidiaries - дочерняя компания или фирма, филиал.

inputs - вводимый ресурс, вложение, затраты
Trade and Finance
1. In retail and wholesale trade there are a few large chains, but there are also thousands of small dealers. The large chains are known not to have very much market power. In trade, market power is usually based upon location or reputation, not upon the size. Hence it is not surprising that retailers have been known to set retail prices or profit margins in a particular area. The great oligopolies in manufacturing need no formal agreement to gain power over prices

2. Canadian banks are very few; and they agree on interest rates and credit terms among themselves. It means that they also face government regulations with respect to interest rates and lending terms. The insurance business dominated by a few large firms - Canadian and foreign, also exists in the country. Their success is believed to result from the agreements among themselves. Like all insurance companies their practices are also regulated by the federal and provincial insurance laws.

3. The eight banks share their field with trust companies, mortgage companies, credit unions and with many other sorts of firms which offer loans. One should not confuse the financial power of some large corporations with the market power. These large corporations are certainly enormously influential in Canadian society. But size need not necessarily result in market power, and it is market power which interests economists most.

4. Consider a very large holding corporation participating in the profits of many industries through its ownership of shares, bonds, and enterprises. Its market power depends on the market conditions where many of its subsidiaries buy their inputs and sell their outputs. The size of the parent company does not necessarily give market power to the subsidiaries, nor do the subsidiaries' connections with the parent company. However, most Canadian economists seem to think subsidiaries unduly powerful.
V. Письменно ответьте на вопрос по содержанию текста.
1. What regulate the practices of banking institutions? (2-й абзац)
Вариант 2

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

a)

1. The market research helps the producer to predict what the people will want.

2. Nobody will want to produce if they receive a zero price.

б)

3. Inputs are the factors of production that are put into a business for producing output as a commodity or a service.

4. A budget for the next year had been adopted by the general meeting of our economists.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   A foreign company in Great Britain must give certain information about itself to the government offices.
   
2. 
   All assets that cannot be easily converted into cash are considered frozen capital.
   
3. 
   If prices change the consumer will have to change the quantities demanded if he is to maintain utility at the same level.
   
4. 
   The economist should be able to say which factors affect the allocation of resources for producing a particular good.
   

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   Change in prices of products produced with the same resources will change the supply.
   
2. 
   Having built up savings during their working life, people often put their money into bonds.
   
3. 
   The number of people engaged in farm production has lately decreased.
   
4. 
   In a dynamic economy, the factors influencing the level of demand and supply, are changing.
   

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 3-й и 4-й абзацы.

Пояснения к тексту

1. 
   to be a price-taker - зд. принимать сложившиеся па рынке цены
   
2. 
   etc. - и так далее, и тому подобное
   
3. 
   Marginal cost – дополнительные издержки
   
4. 
   revenue - доход
   

Theory of Supply
1. The theory of supply is the theory, of how much output firms choose to produce. The principal assumption of the supply theory is that the producer will maintain the level of output at which he maximizes his profit. Profit can be defined in terms of revenue and costs. Revenue is what the firm earns by selling goods or services in a given period such as a year. Cost are the expenses which are necessary for producing and selling goods or services during the period. Profit is the revenue from selling the output minus the costs of inputs used. Costs should include opportunity costs of all resources used in production Opportunity cost of a commodity is the amount an input can obtain in its best alternative use (best use elsewhere) In particular costs include the owner's time and effort in running a business. Costs also include the opportunity cost of financial capital used in the firm.

2. Aiming to get higher profits, firms produce each output level as cheaply as possible. Firms choose the optimal output level to receive highest profits. This decision can be described in terms of marginal cost and marginal revenue. Marginal cost is the increase in total cost when one additional unit of output is produced. Marginal revenue is the corresponding change in total revenue from selling one more unit of output. . I

3. As the individual firm has to be a price-taker, each firm's marginal revenue is the prevailing market price. Profits are the highest at the output level at which marginal cost is equal to marginal revenue, that is, to the market price of the output. If profits are negative at this output level, the firm should close down.

4. An increase in marginal cost reduces output. A rise in marginal revenue increases output. The optimal quantity also depends on the output prices as well as on the input costs. Of course, the optimal supply quantity is affected by such noneconomic factors as technology, environment, etc. Making economic forecasts it is necessary to know the effect «la price change on the whole output rather than the supply of individual firms. Market supply is defined in terms of the alternative quantities of a commodity all firms in a particular market offer as price varies and as all oilier factors are assumed constant.
V. Письменно ответьте на вопрос по содержанию текста.
What is the profit? What is the profit important for? (1-й абзац)

Вариант 3

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.
а)

1. 
   For 40 years after 1945 countries of Eastern Europe had planned economics in which market mechanisms played only a small role.
   
2. 
   Profits had only slightly increased and therefore we reduced our further investments.
   

б)

3. Resource allocation decisions are being made every day in every city, mostly through the mechanism of market and price.

4. When supply is increased, a larger amount is offered at a given price.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   The forms of capital cam be distinguished in different ways.
   
2. 
   He ought to take a more active part in decision making on the exports strategy of the company.
   
3. 
   The substitution effect must reduce the quantity of a normal good demanded.
   
4. 
   A great increase in the supply of money in the form of bank-notes and bank-credit is to result in inflation, that is, a rise in the general level of prices.
   

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   The utility depends on the quantities of goods consumed.
   
2. 
   The assumption is that the consumer chooses the good having the greatest utility for him.
   
3. 
   The syndicate controls prices and output and, allotting quatas to its members, it divides the market demand among them.
   
4. 
   At prices above equilibrium we have a situation know as excess supply, or surplus.
   

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 4-й и 5-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту

1. that is - то есть

2. in question - о котором идет речь

3. rather than - скорее, а не...

4. within - в, в пределах, в рамках

5. provided - если, при условии, что

6. constraint – ограничение

Theory of Demand
1.Consumer demand is the quantities of a particular good that an individual consumer wants and is able to buy as the price varies, if all other factors influencing demand are constant.

That is, consumer demand is the relationship between quantity demanded for the good and its price. The factors assumed constant are prices of other goods, income, and a number of economic factors, such as social, physiological, demographic characteristics of the consumer in question.

2. The theory of demand is based on the assumption that the con­sumer having budget constraint seeks to reach the maximum possible level of utility, that is, to maximize utility, but he usually prefers to obtain more rather than less. The consumer has to solve the problem of choice. If he is to maintain a given level of utility, increases in the quantity of one good must be followed by reductions in the quantity of the other good. The consumer has to choose the spe­cific goods within the limits imposed by his budget.

3. As the price increases, the quantity demanded decreases. This re­lationship between quantity demanded of a good and its price is called the law of demand. As the marginal utility from each addi­tional unit of the good consumed decreases, the consumer will want to buy more of this good only if its price is reduced. Market demand is the quantities of a good that all consumers in a particular market want and are able to buy as price varies and as all other factors are assumed constant. A market demand depends not only on the factors affecting individual demands, but also on the num­ber of consumers in the market. The law of demand also works with market demand. A change in demand takes place when one of the factors as­sumed constant changes.

4. An increase in income results in a rise of the quantity demanded, provided goods are normal. A change in the price of one good has an income effect and a substitution effect. The income effect of a price increase is to reduce the quantity demanded for all normal goods. For inferior goods, the income effect works in the opposite direction. The substitution effect leads consumers to buy less of the good whose price has increased. The price substitution effect of a price rise will also reduce the land for goods that are complementary to the good whose price has risen.
V. Письменно ответьте на вопрос по содержанию текста.
What factor can influence consumer demand? (2-й абзац)

Вариант 4

I. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них глагол-сказуемое и определите его видовременную форму и залог. Переведите предложения на русский язык. В разделе (б) обратите внимание на перевод пассивных конструкций.

а)

1. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is continuing to assist its poorer members in creating an environment for economic growth.

2. The IMF has mounted a massive campaign to assist the countries of Eastern Europe in their transition from centrally planned to market economies.

б)

3. When resources are limited they are allocated through the political process.

4. The ideas of Adam Smith, the famous Scottish philosopher economist, have been studied by economist for over two hundred years.
II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквивалент. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   The consumer has to decide by how much the good A is preferred to the good B.
   
2. 
   We ought to answer the question what should be done now to prepare managers on whom we’ll be able to rely in the year 2010.
   
3. 
   An employer must consider both professional qualifications and personal characteristics of an applicant.
   
4. 
   The corporations can issue shares in exchange for money or property.
   

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т.е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола-сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. 
   The quantity demanded is influenced by changes in consumers income.
   
2. 
   Improvements in technology may be a factor leading to changes in agricultural supply.
   
3. 
   Making a decision, the economist should rely on all the information that he can find.
   
4. 
   As income rise, the quantity of food bought will rise but only a little.
   

IV. Прочитайте и устно переведите текст. Перепишите и письменно переведите 2-й и 3-й абзацы.
Пояснения к тексту

1. new-product minded - нацеленный на новый товар

2. to emphasize - придавать особое значение

The Future of Marketing

1. The function of merchandising in the future must be more fully consumer-directed. We must have a greater understanding of how our customers think and act. To know some characteristics of today's customers is one of essential conditions which has to be created for successful business.

2. Modern generation of people represents a high level of education and culture. It is interested in self-development, self-expression, and individuality. Automobiles and air transportation make it a highly mobile generation. These customers are seeking the new, the original, and the forward looking trends.

3. Retailers are finding increasing evidence today that many new products sell well just because they are new. Younger customers, modern customers are new-product minded. In order to make their customers buy the new items most retailers today advertise their products. There are the stores that have established a reputation for being first with the new.

4. For more customers to be attracted the level of every aspect of seller's business must be high enough. One of the most important tasks of retailers' now is to give special attention to store layout an design, to merchandise presentation. Retailers should use the new trends for sales promotion. They will need to emphasize ease of shopping and speed in handling transactions. The stores that get an increasing share of tomorrow's business are the retailer giants of today; as for the smaller independent stores it will be very difficult for them to survive. We now have, and we will have still more intensive competition in retailing creating serious problems for the smaller stores.

V. Письменно ответьте на вопрос по содержанию текста.
What methods of attracting customers should be used in modern trade? (4-й абзац)