V. Say if the statements are true or false. / Установите, являются ли эти предложения истинными или ложными.
The United Kingdom is a federation.
Its head is a Prime Minister.
The monarch takes no part in the decision-making process.
The House of Commons is the Upper House.
A by-election is held because of the death or retirement of an MP.
The Government is formed by the party which wins the majority of seats.
The Queen forms the Cabinet of Ministers.
‘Shadow Cabinet’ is the Cabinet of the official opposition.
MPs are never paid for their parliamentary work.
The proposed law is called a bill.
All three readings are very important.
The members of the House of Lords are elected at a general election.
The Lord Chancellor is the chairman of the Upper House.
VI. Complete the sentences. / Дополните предложения.
The powers of the King or Queen … .
Everything is done in the Queen’s name but … .
The supreme legislative body is … .
The British Parliament Consists of … .
Every five years … .
No. 10, Downing Street is … .
The Cabinet of Ministers is chosen … .
Now laws may be proposed by … .
A bill is … .
Readings are … .
If the majority of MPs still votes for the bill … .
The Lords cannot … .
The main British political parties are … .
VII. Answer the questions. / Ответьте на вопросы.
What is the official name of the UK?
Who is the head of state of the UK?
Why do the Englishmen say that the Queen reigns but does not rule?
What is the supreme legislative body of the country?
How many chambers does the British Parliament consist of? What are they?
What House plays the major role in law-making?
What does MP mean? How are MPs elected?
Who forms the Government?
Who becomes Prime Minister?
Who forms the Cabinet of Ministers?
How is the official opposition formed?
How many MPs make up the House of Commons?
Who presides over the House of Commons?
What is a bill? Who may propose a new law?
What is it necessary for a bill to become an Act of Parliament?
What changes did the House of Lords Act 1999 introduce?
Who is the chairman of the House of Lords?
Which of the two Houses has real (political) power in modern times?
VIII. Put the verbs into correct forms according to the type of conditional clause. / Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму в соответствии с типом условного предложения.
If the powers of the King or Queen were not limited, the monarch (to take part) in the decision-making process.
If the party (not to win) the majority of seats it couldn’t have formed the Government.
Unless the law (to pass) three readings it cannot be sent to the House of Lords for discussion.
If a citizen (to be) less than 30 years old. he or she cannot be elected a Senator.
The House of Lords couldn’t have introduced the bill if it (to deal) with money.
If President (to disapprove) a bill he vetoes it.
If you (not to know) how to vote the people at the polling station will help you.
IX. Answer the questions paying attention to conditionals. / Ответьте на вопросы, обращая внимание на условные предложения.
Who would become a king or queen of Queen Elizabeth II retired today? Why?
Could a leader of the Conservative Party become Prime Minister if his party were the second largest in Parliament? Why?
How many members could have been in the House of Lords if the House of Lords Act 1999 had not come into power? Why?
Could a bill become an Act of Parliament if it were discussed in the House of Commons and sent to the House of Lords? Why?
U.S. Government
The United States of America is a federal republic. It consists of 50 states and the District of Columbia. Its basic law is the Constitution, adopted in 1787. It prescribes the structure of national government and lists its rights and fields of authority. Besides, each state has its government.
The basic principle of all American government is the separation of the three branches: legislative, executive and judicial.
Supreme legislative power in the American government lies with Congress. It consists of two chambers or houses – the Senate (the upper house) and the House of Representatives (the lower house). The main task of Congress is to make laws. It also has the right to propose amendments to the Constitution.
The Senate is composed of 100 members, two from each of the 50 States. They are elected for a term of six years. Although Congressional elections take place every two years, only one-third of the Senate is re-elected.
The Constitution says that a Senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the US for nine years and a resident of the state from which he is elected.
The head of the Senate is the Vice-President who conducts debates. He is elected for four years.
The House of Representatives has 435 members. The number of Representatives which each state sends to the House depends on its population. A representative must be at least 25 years of age, a US citizen for seven years and live in the state from which he is elected.
The Speaker presides over the House, he conducts debates. The Speaker, like Vice-President in the Senate, may vote, but usually he doesn’t do it.
Under the Constitution, the US Senate has some special powers, not given to the House of Representatives. The Senate approves or disapproves major Presidential appointments. The Senate must also ratify treaties between the USA and foreign countries.
The House of Representatives has a special power of its own. Only a member of the House can introduce a bill to raise money.
Congressmen do work long and hard. But most of their work is done in committee meeting. Here bills are studied, experts are consulted, and recommendations are made to the whole House or Senate. For a bill to become a law it must be passed by both the House and the Senate and signed by President. If President disapproves, he vetoes the bill by refusing to sign it and sends it back to Congress. President’s objections are read and debated. Then the bill is put to vote.
The executive power in the USA belongs to the President and his Administration. The President is elected for a term of four years and can be re-elected for another term, but not longer than that. He must be a natural-born citizen of the USA, at least 35 years old, and for at least 14 years a resident of the USA.
US President is assisted in Administration by a Cabinet of 12 members. They are heads of different departments and responsible to President. When the President’s service ends, it is customary for the Cabinet to resign.
The judiciary is the third branch of the federal government of the USA. It is a collective term for courts and judges. The judiciary is divided into the national (federal) and state one.
The US Supreme Court is the highest tribunal in the United States. It includes a Chief Justice and eight Associate Justices. They are all appointed by the President. One of the most important duties of the justices is to decide whether laws passed by the Congress agree with the Constitution.
The United States began as a one-party political system. But gradually two-party system gained strength in political life. The two leading national parties are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party. They emerged to reflect the interests of different social groups. Now the parties are not divided by any contradictions in the political outlook. Both of them are financed by big business.
I. Words and word combinations to be remembered / Слова и словосочетания для заучивания:
district – район, округ (the District of Columbia-округ Колумбия)
to adopt – принимать (to adopt the Constitution)
to prescribe – предписывать, определять
to list – перечислять, вносить в список
rights – права
fields of authority – сфера (области) полномочий
separation – разделение
branch – ветвь (власти)
executive – исполнительная (власть)
judicial – судебная (власть)
to lie (lay, lain) with – находиться, относиться
congressman (men) –конгрессмен(ы)
the Senate – Сенат
the House of Representatives – палата представителей
amendment – поправка
to be composed of = to consist of – состоять из
term – срок (полномочий)
citizen – гражданин
resident – постоянный житель
to conduct – руководить, проводить
debate – дискуссия, дебаты, прения
to depend on – зависеть от
powers – полномочия
to give powers – наделять полномочиями
to approve – одобрять
to appoint – назначать на должность
appointment – назначение (на должность)
to ratify a treaty – ратифицировать (утвердить) договор
to raise money – собирать деньги
committee – комитет
to pass – принимать (закон, резолюцию)
to veto – налагать вето, запрещать
to refuse – отказываться
objection – возражение
to put to vоtе – ставить (выносить) на голосование
to assist – помогать, содействовать
to be responsible to – подчиняться (кому-либо), быть ответственным перед кем-то
court – суд
judge – судья
the Supreme Court – Верховный Суд
tribunal – суд, трибунал
Chief Justice – Верховный судья
Associate Justice – помощник судьи (ассоциированные члены Верховного суда)
duty – обязанность
to gain strength – набирать силу
to emerge – появляться, возникать
contradiction – противоречие
outlook – взгляд
II. Give English equivalents for these word combinations. / Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:
принимать; Конституция; Конституция США была принята в 1787; предписывать (определять) права; полномочия; Конституция определяет структуру национального правительства; Конституция является основным законом государства; Конституция перечисляет основные права и области (сферы) полномочий.
разделение; три ветви; законодательная; исполнительная; судебная; разделение трех властей.
находиться, относиться; высшая законодательная власть находится у Конгресса; состоять из; Конгресс состоит из двух палат – Сената и палаты представителей; конгресс готовит законы и имеет право предлагать поправки к Конституции.
глава; вести дебаты; вице-президент; главой Сената является вице-президент; он проводит дебаты; вице-президент избирается сроком на 4 года.
палата представителей; зависит от; количество представителей от каждого штата зависит от его населения; особые полномочия.
одобрять; назначение; ратифицировать договор; Сенат имеет особые полномочия; он одобряет назначения президента на должности и ратифицирует договоры.
исполнительная власть; исполнительная власть принадлежит президенту и его администрации.
судебная власть; судебная власть – это третья ветвь федерального правительства; Верховный Суд – это высший суд в США; Верховный судья; назначать на должность; Верховный судья назначается президентом.
III. Analyse the suffixes, translate the words. Use the prompts from Ex.3 (UK) / Проанализируйте суффиксы, переведите данные слова.
Republic – republican; law – lawyer; to amend – amendment; to appoint – appointment; to separate – separation – separatism; to legislate – legislation – legislative; to execute – execution – executive; to represent – representation – representative; to amend – amendment; congress – congressional; debate – debator – debatable; to ratify – ratification; to object – objection – objectionable; to assist – assistance – assistant; to resign – resignation; response – responsible – responsibility; judge – judgement; political – politician – politics; member – membership.
Add some more suffixes to the previous list / Добавьте суффиксы к предыдущему списку.
Noun (n)
Adjective (adj)
Существительное отвлеченное
Существительные, обозначающие политическую или национальную принадлежность, профессию.
-able (-ible)
-ty
-ance (-ence)
-an
-ism
-ity
-ship
-ance (-ence)
Group the above words according to parts of speech and suffixes. / Распределитеданныевышесловавсоответствиисихчастямиречиисуффиксами.
Part of the speech
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Suffix
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Examples
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Comments
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Translation
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n.
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-er
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1. lawyer
2.
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Существительное, обозначающее лицо или механизм, производящее действие.
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1. юрист
2.
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-ant
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3.
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3.
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IV. Use the words in the correct form. / Поставьте слова в правильную форму.
The USA is a federal… .
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republican
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The basic principle of all American governments is the … of three branches
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to separate
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The lower house in the US Congress is the House of …
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representation
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The Speaker conducts …
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debatable
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The Senate approves or disapproves major Presidential …
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to appoint
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The Senate must also … treaties between the USA and foreign countries.
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ratification
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Only a member of the House can … a bill to raise money
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introduction
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They are heads of different departments and are … to President.
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to respond
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The US began as a one-party … system
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politician
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… elections take place every two years.
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congress
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V. Ask questions to which these sentences are the answers. / Задайте вопросы:
The constitution of the USA was adopted after the War of Independence on September 17, 1787.
Yes, each state has its government.
They are legislative, executive and judicial.
It lies with Congress.
It consists of two chambers.
No, only one-third of the Senate is re-elected.
He is the head of the Senate.
It depends on its population.
Yes, they both may vote.
No, most of the work is done in committee meeting.
A bill must be passed by both the House and the Senate and signed by President.
The executive power belongs to the President.
Members of administration are heads of different departments.
The judiciary is a collective term for courts and judges.
Yes, it is the highest tribunal in the USA.
They are the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.
the bill – studied (experts – consulted, recommendations – made)
First
… goes to the House of …
Then
if
… wins the majority of votes
After
that
..goes to…
must be passed by …
may not pass
may be sent back to …
if passed
Speaker of the House signs
Vice-President (President of the Senate) signs
goes to President
may veto
if signs
the bill
becomes
a law
Finally
For a bill to become a law it must go through several stages
Government in Canada
The head of state in Canada’s government is the Queen of England. Many Canadians are very supportive of the monarchy, while others believe that it is no longer relevant to today’s reality and would like to end this connection with Britain. The Queen appoints a representative in Canada called the governor-general. This system of appointing a representative for the Queen is used throughout the British Commonwealth. In fact, the governor-general is more of a figurehead than an actual policy-maker, although most Canadians have a lot of respect for the men and women who have served Canada as governor-general.
The actual leader of the country is the prime minister. He or she is the leader of the party)' that has the most seats in the House of Commons. The House of Commons is made up of Members of Parliament (MPs) elected by the people. The prime minister appoints a cabinet from members of his or her party elected to the House of Commons. Each cabinet minister is the leader of a government department such as Health and Welfare, Defence or Citizenship and Immi gration. The cabinet has a lot of power to influence decisions made by the govern ment. Any Member of Parliament can present a bill (or request) for a vote by the House of Commons, but most bills come from the prime minister and cabi net. Bills passed by the House of Commons become laws when they are approved by the Senate and signed by the governor-general.
The Senate is an appointed, not elect ed body of men and women. People who are appointed senators can serve to age 75. They are appointed by the prime min ister. The function of the Senate is to see that no laws are passed without very careful thought. Senators examine legisla tion passed by the House of Commons, and if they think it is not good legislation or needs changes, they send it back for further consideration.
While Parliament (the House of Commons and Senate) makes the laws for us to follow, the courts have the power to interpret and apply those laws. In Canada, a person is presumed inno cent until proven guilty. It is up to the courts to prove that a person is guilty. In other words, the benefit of the doubt goes to the accused. Every effort is made to ensure that innocent people are not convicted of crimes they did not commit.
Some laws in Canada are very con troversial. When people are not in agree ment with laws, they may write letters to their MPs or to the editors of newspapers, or join in demonstrations to express their views.
I. Words and word combinations to be remembered / Слова и словосочетания для заучивания:
to support – поддерживать
no longer – больше не
relevant – уместный
connection – связь
governor-general – генерал-губернатор
the (British) Commonwealth (of Nations) – (Британское) Содружество (Наций)
figurehead – номинальный глава
respect – уважение
to influence - влиять
legislation – законодательство, законопроект, закон
to follow – следовать, придерживаться (правил, законов)
to apply (the law) – применять (закон)
innocent – невиновный
guilty – виновный
to presume – предполагать, полагать
to prove – доказывать
to accuse – обвинять
benefit – выгода, польза
crime – преступление
to convict of something – признавать виновным в чем-то
to commit – совершать (преступление)
controversial – противоречивый
editor – редактор
to express one’s view – выражать ч-л точку зрения
II. Give English equivalents for these word combinations. / Переведите следующие словосочетания на английский язык:
глава государства; королева; правительство; главой государства в правительстве Канады является королева Англии; назначать (на должность); представитель; королева назначает представителя в Канаде, которого называют генерал-губернатором.
руководитель; действительный руководитель страны – это премьер министр; премьер министр назначает кабинет министров; члены кабинета назначаются из членов палаты общин; кабинет обладает большой властью.
Сенат – назначаемый, а не избираемый орган; сенаторы рассматривают законы, принимаемые палатой общин.
Суд; применять закон; суды интерпретируют и принимают законы; суд должен доказать, что человек виновен.
III. Analyse the suffixes, define |
