Контрольные задания по дисциплине «Иностранный язык в сфере юриспруденции (английский язык)» для студентов зфо
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THE US CONSTITUTION The form of the US government is based on the Constitution of September 17, 1787, adopted after the War of Independence. A «constitution» in American political Language means the set of rules, laws, regulations and customs which together pro- vide the practical norms or standards regulating the work of the government In the course of the War against Britain 13 states united under federal government. The newly formed federal republic had a very weak central control. The economic situation in the country was very unstable. Inflation, taxes, bankruptcies aroused indignation among the farmers. In the fall of 1786 an uprising took place in the state of Massachusetts. The rebellion was put down but that was a sign, which showed the ruling classes that they must set up a strong system of national government In 1787 the Constitutional Convention formulated a Constitution for the United States. The Constitution is, with some amendments, in force to this day. It consists of the Preamble, 7 articles and 26 amendments. The first ten of them called the Bill of Rights were adopted by the Congress in December 1791. The Bill enumerated what the government was not going to be allowed to do, which was an important democratic gain for the people. Some of these 10 amendments are now unimportant, but others, especially the 5-th Amendment is still significant The 5-th (the due process amendment) provides that «no person shall be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law and no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself». Americans say that of all freedoms (freedom of speech, press, conscience) proclaimed in the Constitution there is only one freedom-freedom to enterprise. Вариант 2
MAIN CONCEPTS OF AMERICAN BUSINESS «The business of America is business», said President Calvin Coolidge (1923-1929) and these words remain true today. The principle aim of business is to make financial profit. There exist in the United States two main kinds of business institutions - private and governmental. Private businesses include large companies whose capital is represented in shares, which are held by individual shareholders who earn dividends from their shares. In addition, there are non-profit institutions. These are called charitable organizations. Americans tend to have more respect for private businesses than for government agencies which they consider more bureaucratic. Americans believe that in private business they can express ideals of free competition, individual freedom and equality of opportunity. But many Americans understand that very often business does not live up to these principles. There are some problems in realizing the high ideals of fair business practice. One of them is unequal starting opportunities. It is obviously easier for someone who already possesses considerable capital to begin a business venture than it is someone who does not. But nevertheless the legend of the poor boy who rises «from rags to riches», the entrepreneur who creates something out of nothing still exists in America. The entrepreneur who loves individual freedom and independence from authority, who built the industrial riches of the nation is the symbol of hero businessman. In the course of time a new type of businessman appeared This is the «organization man» who works within already established structure and is at the top. But unlike the entrepreneur he shares responsibility with others. Though in America today the road to success lies often through established large business, the entrepreneurial ideal inspires many. A great number of small businesses exist in the USA today. There are a lot of companies with fewer than 20 employees. These companies account 60% of American business. Today most Americans believe that the free-enterprise system based on profit - making is the one that best promotes welfare of the nation. Вариант 3
THE STRUCTURE OF THE USA GOVERNMENT The United States of America is a federation of 50 states which was established by the Constitution in 1787. Each state has its own government and its own capital city and within each state there are smaller subdivisions of local government such as counties, townships, cities and villages. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT The federal government of the United States is divided into three main branches: the legislative, the executive and the judicial. The legislative branch of the government is the Congress. The function of the legislative branch of the government is to make laws and to finance the operation of the government through gathering taxes and appropriating money requested by the executive branch of the government. The executive branch, which includes the President, vice-president, and the President's cabinet, is responsible for administering and executing the laws. The judicial branch of the federal government consists of the Supreme Court of the United States and the system of federal courts. It has the responsibility of judging the constitutionality of acts of law. THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH The legislative branch if the U.S. government is vested in the Congress. The Congress of the U.S. is composed of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The term of the Congress is for two years. THE SENATE The U.S. Senate has 100 members - two from each of the 50 states. Each Senator is chosen by a majority of voters in the entire state, and his job is to represent the whole state. Members of the senate are elected to six-year terms. The Constitution says that a Senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the U.S. for nine years, and a resident of the state from which he is elected. THE HOUSE The US. House of Representatives has 435 members. The Constitution says that each state, no matter how small in population, must have at least one Representative. A Representative must be at least 25, a U.S. citizen for seven years, and live in the state from which he is elected. Each state, except the five which elect only one Representative for the whole state, is divided into Congressional districts. The Constitution, however, does not require the Representative to live in the Congressional district that elects him. Most do not live in their districts. The business of Congress is to make laws. The U.S. Constitution also gives Congress the power to: - Raise money by means of taxes or borrowing. - Make rules for trade with foreign countries and between states. - Set up post-offices and federal courts. - Organize the Armed Forces. - Declare war. The U.S. Senate has some special powers. It must approve by majority vote the President's appointment of such high officials as ambassadors, Cabinet members, and federal judges. The Senate must also improve, by a two-thirds majority vote, a treaty between the U. S. and a foreign country before the treaty can become a law. Congressmen do work long and hard. But most of the work is done in committee meetings. Here bills are situated, experts beard, and recommendations are made to the whole House or Senate. III семестр. Контрольное задание № 3. Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка: 1. Грамматические функции и значения слов that, one, it. 2. Пассивный залог (The Passive Voice) - формы Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect. 3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do. 4. Простые неличные формы глагола. Инфинитив (The Infinitive) в функции: а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели. Бессоюзные определительные и дополнительные придаточные предложения в составе сложноподчиненных предложений. Infinitive Infinitive — это неличная форма глагола, отвечающая на вопрос что делать? Не wants to go to the park Он хочет пойти в парк Инфинитив обычно употребляется с частицей to, но бывают случаи употребления инфинитива и без этой частицы После большинства модальных глаголов и после вспомогательных глаголов. She can dance very well Она умеет очень хорошо танцевать. They will do it well Они сделают это хорошо. При образовании повелительного наклонения. Look at this book Посмотрите на эту книгу. При образовании сослагательного наклонения после вспомогательных глаголов should, would, might, could. I should like to go to Paris Мне бы хотелось съездить в Париж. Инфинитив может выступать в роли подлежащего, дополнения, обстоятельства, сказуемого и определения. Вариант 1 1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to be. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола, вспомогательного глагола, модального глагола, глагола - связки): 1. How is one man in a motorcar to pass another man also in a motorcar coming in the opposite direction unless there is some rule of the road? 2. This experiment is of great interest for our scientists. 3. The educational level of the American work force is constantly increasing. 4. These engineers have been staying here since morning, discussing the new project. 2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to have. Укажите, в какой грамматической функция он употреблен (смыслового глагола, вспомогательного глагола, модального глагола): 1. Though this project is of a little profit, we have to sign it. 2. Having traditionally faith that education could improve both the society and the life chances of the individual, we have sometimes ignored the interrelationship of all the institutions of the society (i.e., the family, the economy, the political system and judicial system), and expected schools to bring about total equality. 3. In the USA persons under 18 have been dealt with ac cording to the specifications of the Juvenile Justice Code. 4. In his new apartment he has all the necessary utilities: gas, central heating; hot and cold water supply etc. 3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to do. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола, вспомогательного глагола, усилительного глагола, слова - заместителя): 1. We learn more by listening than we do by talking. 2. During Mary’s initial meeting with her employees, she began by telling them that she graduated from Harvard with honors and how well she did in her previous management position. 3. How do people usually behave to project a positive first impression? 4. She did ask the question, but nobody of us could give her an answer. 4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в одном из времен группы Indefinite пассивного залога: 1. In the USA the proposed legislation, or bill, is first introduced in the House of Representatives, then referred to one of the standing committees, which organize hearing on it and may approve, amend or shelve the draft. 2. His opinion was often referred to. 3. This big loan will be used for structural reforms in the financial and social spheres, and part of it will go to the coal sector. 4. Parents are expected to teach their children what is tight and to make sure they behave correctly. 5. When a violation occurs, the offender will be arrested, held in jail until the court decides on the appropriate punishment, and then sent to prison if found guilty or released if found innocent. 5). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в одном из времен группы Continuous пассивного залога: 1. The most interesting research in this field is being carried out by the English scientists. 2. The witness and the defendant were being cross- examined during two hours. 3. The kidnapped children are usually being held captive until their parents pay the ransom demanded by the criminal. 4. In the USA the Uniform Commercial Code is being widely adopted. 6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в одном из времен группы Perfect пассивного залога: 1. In the meeting arranged attention will have been called to the details of the case. 2. These business letters haven’t been posted yet. 3. This accident has been much written about. 4. She said that her remark had not been taken notice of. 5. It’s awful! I have just been told that Robert is accused of a murder. Oh! Is it true? 7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните инфинитив. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен: а) подлежащего, б)составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели: 1. The intention of the author has been to show some newly developed methods of investigation. 2. To explain this fact is not so easy. 3. It took him practically only one brilliant speech in court to win the case. 4. The lecture to be followed by an experiment is to take place at our University. 5. To evaluate deviant behavior we must take into account both the direction and the degree of the deviance. 8). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово that. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции оно употреблено (союза, союзного слова, указательного местоимения): 1. A group of practices instead of focusing solely or the troublemaker’s interactional behavior, attempted to control other’s reactions to and interpretations of that behavior. 2. These accommodations recognized that there could be serious consequences in the reactions of outsiders — non-members — to the troublemakers. 3. One of the Code’s most interesting innovations is its m position of a requirement that merchants perform and enforce their contracts according to standards of commercial reasonableness. 4. It’s obvious to everyone that, in a community such as the one in which we live, some kind of law is necessary to try to pre vent people from committing crimes. 5. In GB anyone who feels that he has been unfairly treated by the central government can complain to their local MP (Member of Parliament) who will do his best to see that the problem is solved. 9). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово one. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции оно употреблено (местоимения (в качестве слова заместителя), неопределенного артикля, числительного): 1. In 1981 China began a «one-couple, one-child» policy. 2. When one person wants to be liked by another person, he usually tries to seem better than he really is. 3. Carl is one of the best workers you supervise. 4. The results of this month’s inquiry are much more interesting than the ones we got last month. 10). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово it. Укажите, в какой функции оно употреблено в предложении (подлежащего или дополнения): 1. How do you like it here? 2. It’s always very interesting for foreigners to visit the Bolshoi Theatre. 3. It has been estimated that 55 percent of automobile- caused deaths involve one or more drunk drivers. 4. It’s possible that a young person committing a crime of violence will receive a much lighter sentence than an adult would for the same crime, 5. — I think, they will have got married before the end of the year. — As for me, I’m sure in it. 11). Перепишите следующие бессоюзные сложноподчинённые предложения, переведите их. Укажите тип придаточного: 1. The lawyer attempted to explain Harry he should not say anything controversial, agree or disagree whatever Monika says, and generally stay quiet as much as possible. 2. His attitude towards every case he investigated was the same as if it closely concerned him. 3. Socialization is the process we acquire our values, attitudes and beliefs through. 4. Sabrina says she is going to divorce from her husband. 12). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND HUMAN RIGHTS». Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста: enshrined – хранить, Council universality – универсальный indivisibility – неделимость dimension – размах, измерение lodge – подавать жалобу, приносить обвинение violation – нарушение signatory – сторона, подписавшая какой-либо документ exhaust – исчерпывать remedy – средство, мера draft – составлять законопроект THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND HUMAN RIGHTS Introduction After the Second World War the community of nations undertook to make human rights a common ideal for humanity. This ideal was enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations, adopted in 1945, and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which proclaimed the universality and indivisibility of human rights. The European Convention on Human Rights of 1950 was the Council of Europe’s first treaty and is its greatest achievement. The Convention makes express reference to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaimed by the United Nations, but is broader in scope since it includes a monitoring system. It has both a political and a legal dimension: • its political dimension lies in the fact that it is the common denominator of the European democracies and serves as a standard for accession to the Council of Europe; • its legal dimension consists in the guarantee that it affords of international judicial protection of human rights, based on clear definitions of the rights concerned and on supervisory machinery. The European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg deals with complaints of breaches of the Convention lodged either by states parties against other signatory states or by individual applicants, whatever their nationality, who deem themselves to be the victim of a violation of Convention rights by a signatory state. However, before bringing their case before the Court, applicants must first have exhausted all the legal remedies available in the country concerned. Nevertheless, fifty years after the drafting of the Convention there are still violations of human rights. Вариант 2 1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to be. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола, вспомогательного глагола, модального глагола, глагола-связки): 1. The investigation method on that case was so complicated that it couldn’t give much result. 2. You are to carry out this economical report within this week. 3. Anyone who is an American citizen, at least 18 years of age, and is registered to vote may vote. 4. There have been several corporate bankruptcies for the last five weeks. 2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to have. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола, вспомогательного глагола, модального глагола): 1. Employees and departments often have to compete for scarce organizational resources. 2. Technology has made it practical to conduct business in more than one country and competition has made it necessary for the survival of some firms. 3. Having discussed this problem, they decided to implement the new methods in everyday life. 4. Have you ever thought that twenty-four hours isn’t enough to do all you have to do? All of us have so many duties and obligations. 3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смыслового глагола, вспомогательного глаголя, усилительного глагола, слова - заместителя): 1. I am sorry you don’t know this person. But I do know him. 2. The decided to make an offer to buy the house, but when they did, they found that someone else has already bought it. 3. My wife wants me to hire my brother-in-law to work in my company, but I don’t want to because he’s very lazy. 4. Children who are always told what to do may do their asks very well, but they get little opportunity to use their own judgement and to develop a sense of responsibility. 4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в одном из времен группы indefinite пассивного залога: 1. The method described above is the most accurate and should be followed when possible accuracy is desired. 2. Steps are taken to increase the production of our plants. 3. The national conference was attended by delegates from all groups. 4. The text will be translated tomorrow before noon. 5. The work will be completed in time. 5). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в одном из времен группы Continuous пассивного залога: 1. The laboratory is being equipped with new instruments. 2. The draft contract was being discussed with the lawyer in detail. 3. The program is being watched by the doctor with great interest. 4. The dishes were being enjoyed by the guests at the cocktail party. 6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в одном из времен группы Perfect пассивного залога: 1. Everything had been arranged before the negotiations started. 2. The mail has just been sent off. 3. By 2 o’clock all the problems will have been discussed. 4. The patient had been thoroughly examined before the doctor prescribed the medicine. 5. The machine had been tested before we came to the factory. 7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните инфинитив. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен: а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели: 1. To have found our mistake was useful. 2. He must have gone away. 3. There are not many people to believe this. 4. They did this to save their friend’s life. 5. The intention of the author has been to show some newly developed methods. 8). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово that. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции оно употреблено (союза, союзного слова, указательного местоимения): 1. «Can you see the car that has stopped over there?» «Yes, it’s got a flat tire». 2. Those students who failed the exam will have to take it again. 3. At that time I was living with my parents. 4. The fax that arrived in the morning is in your file. 5. We’ve got a lot of useful guide books. Look at this one, and let me fetch that one on that shelf. 9). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово one. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции оно употреблено (местоимения (в качестве слова - заместителя), неопределенного артикля, числительного): 1. «I can’t find the model I’m looking for in this catalogue, I’m afraid». «Oh, can’t you? Then have a look through that one on the table over there». 2. An American firm has started the production of one electronic phrase book. 3. One can use such method in one’s work. 4. One third of the board of directors was present at the meeting, so the quorum was not reached. 10). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово it. Укажите, в какой функции оно употреблено в предложении (подлежащего или дополнения): 1. It’s becoming more and more interesting to learn law. 2. It used to be called «The English Club» before Revolution. 3. He did it to secure himself. 4. It would be very convenient for me if we could put off our appointment till next Thursday. 5. If I were you, I wouldn’t waste so much time on it. 11). Перепишите следующие бессоюзные сложноподчинённые предложения, переведите их. Укажите тип придаточного предложения: 1. The work I am doing now is very difficult. 2. I cannot find the house we lived in when I was a boy. 3. He says they will go to the top of the hill next week. 4. The specialist I want to see about our new contract is coming in a week. 12). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND HUMAN RIGHTS». Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста: aftermath – последствия unaware – незнающий virtually – фактически adhering – твёрдо держаться, придерживаться acceding – присоединение comply – уступать, соглашаться enhance – увеличивать, повышать diversity – разнообразие scourge – кара, наказание permanent – постоянный THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND HUMAN RIGHTS The history of the Council of Europe The Council of Europe was Europe’s first intergovernmental organization established in the aftermath of the Second World War - a fact of which many people are unaware. The objective was to make states work together in order to avoid future conflicts. In 1949 ten countries - Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom - signed the treaty setting up the Council of Europe. Since its foundation the organization has had its seat in Strasbourg. It has two official languages - English and French. Today, with 41 member states, the Council covers virtually all of Europe. This pan-European organization is a forum for discussion of the concerns and desires, the doubts and the hopes of almost 800 million people in an area extending from the shores of the Atlantic to the far-eastern border of Russia. Principles and conditions of accession Any European state may become a member of the Council of Europe on condition that it undertakes to safeguard the dignity of its citizens by upholding their fundamental rights and adhering to ethical values. The aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve greater unity among its members. States acceding to the organization’s statute commit themselves to acknowledge the principles of: • the rule of law • human rights • and pluralist democracy. Moreover, the statute expressly provides that a member state which ceases to comply with these principles and obligations may be excluded from the organization. Objectives The Council of Europe aims to heighten awareness of and enhance the cultural identity of Europe in all its diversity. It seeks to help find solutions to some of the key problems of our era: • racism, discrimination against minorities • social exclusion • organized crime, corruption • trafficking in human beings, violence • drug abuse, and the scourges of AIDS, malaria and cancer • bioethics and the issue of cloning • protection of the environment. It also seeks to promote democratic stability in Europe by supporting political, legislative and constitutional reforms. Вариант 3 1). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to be. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол, модальный, глагол-связка): 1. She was in Leningrad during the war. 2. The government is worried because the number of people without jobs is increasing. 3. He is the best student in the first course. 4. The goods were to be delivered at the end of the month. 2). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to have. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол, модальный глагол): 1. I shall have translated the article by ten o’clock. 2. They have a lot of flowers in their garden every summer. 3. She had to change her shoes after walking in the garden. 4. They have built excellent shelters for tourists in these mountains. 3). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол to do. Укажите, в каком значении он употреблен (смысловой глагол, вспомогательный глагол, слово-заместитель, усилительный глагол): 1. Do stay with us a little longer. 2. He didn’t know that Jennie had gone to Cleveland to see her father. 3. The professor asked his student why he hadn’t done his home assignment. 4. He speaks French more fluently than his elder sister does. 4). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в одном из времен группы Indefinite (Passive): 1. He said that our class would be taught by another teacher next year. 2. These letters will be mailed tomorrow. 3. The newspapers and magazines are delivered by the postman every day. 4. A note was brought in, addressed to Eleanor, and was put on the table to await her. 5. One child in a household of grown people is usually made very much of, and in a quiet way I was a good deal taken notice of by Mrs. Bretton, who had been left a widow, with one son, before I knew her. 5). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните глагол-сказуемое в одном из времен группы Continuous (Passive): 1. New children’s books were being sold in that shop when I entered it yesterday. 2. She felt she was being looked at. 3. The cases are being counted by the customs officer. 4. When we entered the room, the contract was being checked by the legal adviser. 6). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните Participle I. Укажите инфинитив глагола, от которого оно образуется: 1. This mountain has never been climbed before. 2. She told me that those newspapers had been carefully put away where they would not be lost. 3. Evidently Nick had been told to go home at once when I gave him the things his mother had asked for, for he refused even to take a cup of coffee. 4. Invitations have been sent to all the old pupils to be present at the school’s thirtieth anniversary. 5. By three o’clock everything will have been prepared. 7). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните инфинитив. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции он употреблен: а) подлежащего, б) составной части сказуемого, в) определения, г) обстоятельства цели: 1. I was silent in order to give him time to think. 2. He brought me some letters to type. 3. To find a cook was his most urgent problem. 4. My plan was to spend a year there until I had learned Spanish. 5. He had the courage to tell them what he thought of them. 8). Перепишите предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово that. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции оно употреблено в предложении (союз, указательное местоимение, союзное слово): 1. At that moment I heard a noise in the corridor. 2. The difficulty is that it is impossible to charter a ship in such a short time. 3. It was his sister that I met in the park. 4. 1 have found the book that I was looking for. 5. I said that be would come in the evening. 9). Перепишите предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово one. Укажите, в какой грамматической функции оно употреблено (числительного, слова-заместителя, неопределенного местоимения, неопределенного артикля): 1. The book is more interesting than the one we read last week. 2. One should be careful when crossing the street. 3. One of my friends knows German very well and he’ll help us with this difficult article. 4. The cases are too small; we need some bigger ones. 10). Перепишите следующие предложения, переведите их, подчеркните слово it. Укажите, чем оно является в предложении (подлежащим, формальным подлежащим, дополнением, формальным дополнением): 1. It is one kilometer from our house to the river. 2. The plan isn’t ready. It has been discussed for two hours. 3. We received a letter yesterday. I showed it to the director. 4. I find it difficult to explain anything to him. 5. It is no use telling him about it. 11). Перепишите следующие бессоюзные сложноподчинённые предложения, переведите их. Укажите вид придаточного предложения: 1. I know he has returned. 2. He posted the letter he had written. 3. The man you are speaking about is in the next room. 4. We were sorry we didn’t find them at home. 12). Перепишите и письменно переведите текст «THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (ECHR)». Выучите следующие слова и словосочетания из текста: bind – связывать, обязывать, вязать devise – завещание signatory – сторона, подписавшая договор secure – охранять assert – утверждать, доказывать deem – думать, полагать lodge – подавать жалобу exhaust – исчерпывать remedy – средство, мера available – доступный, полезный, пригодный THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS (ECHR). Since its foundation the Council of Europe has drawn up over 170 conventions. These aim to harmonize judicial practice in the member states and are binding on states which have ratified them. The first instrument of this kind devised by the Council of Europe was the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, which was signed in Rome in 1950. This international treaty is of unparalleled importance. It goes beyond the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of sovereign states by requiring the signatory states to secure certain rights and freedoms to everyone in their jurisdiction. The Convention defines these universal rights and freedoms, which are inalienable, indissociable and interdependent, whether civil, political, economic, social or cultural in nature. The Convention goes much further than the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, since its authors did not confine them selves to merely drawing up a list of rights but, at the European regional level, transformed the principles asserted in the Universal Declaration into tangible legal obligations. To this end, they established an international supervisory and protective system. All individuals deeming themselves to have been the victim of a violation of the rights secured in the Convention may lodge a complaint with the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, after exhausting the legal remedies available in their own country. IV семестр. Контрольное задание № 4. Чтобы правильно выполнить задание № 4, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка: 1. Сложные формы инфинитива (Present Passive Infinitive, Perfect Infinitive). Обороты, равнозначные придаточным предложениям: объектный инфинитивный оборот, субъектный инфинитивный оборот. 2. Придаточные обстоятельственные предложения места, времени, образа действия и сравнения. 3. Условные предложения (реальные и нереальные). 4. Причастие I ( |
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