1. Agree or disagree with the following sentences:
Modern road is made up of two layers.
The roadbed is the very bottom layer of a road.
If a road is planned through an area where the natural landscape is uneven, soil cannot be removed or filled in.
A road’s top layer, which directly supports moving vehicles, is called the wearing course.
Drainpipes are usually installed within the roadbed to control rain and moisture drainage.
Road Surface Cutaways
Flexible and rigid pavements each contain several different layers of materials. The layers below combine to support the traffic moving along on the surface layer, which is known as the wearing course. Asphalt makes up the wearing course of flexible pavement and is often found on residential streets in cities. Rigid pavement made of concrete is more durable and is a popular choice for highway construction.
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2. Answer the questions:
What are the layers a modern road is made up of?
What does the number of layers in a road often depend on?
What is the function of the wearing course?
3. Найдите в правой колонке перевод английских слов:
1.
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concrete
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a) водосточные трубы
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2.
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lime
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b) слой
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3.
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drainpipes
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c) дорожное покрытие
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4.
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pavement
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d) подстилающий слой дорожного покрытия,слой основания
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5.
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moisture drainage
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e) бетон
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6.
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distinct layer
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f) строительное оборудование
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7.
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bituminous
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g) ровная поверхность
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8.
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roadbed
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h) известь
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9.
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level surface
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i) отдельный слой
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10.
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flexible
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j) дренаж влажности
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11.
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landscape
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k) поверхность износа, слой износа дорожного покрытия
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12.
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wearing course
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l) битумный
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13.
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layer
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m) дорожное полотно, земляное полотно (автодороги )
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14.
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base course-
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n) ландшафт
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15.
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construction equipment
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o) гибкий
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Lesson 6
C1.Bituminous Pavement
Bituminous pavements are made with by-products of petroleum, such as asphalt. Weather and seasonal changes can cause roadways and the earth below them to rise or fall slightly. As these natural shifts occur, bituminous pavements allow the road surface to bend or flex slightly without breaking.
Bituminous material softens when heated and can be prepared and applied in a wide range of concentrations. Thin layers of bituminous material are sometimes applied with a pressure sprayer to the base course or the top course. The bituminous material seeps into the crushed rock and penetrates the tiny spaces between the compacted rocks, binding the aggregate together. To provide traction for moving traffic, a thin layer of aggregate may then be spread over the bituminous material and compacted.
Asphalt, a thick bituminous material, can be used directly as a pavement. Asphalt can be applied in thin overlays less than 2 cm (0.75 in) deep or in layers several centimeters deep, depending on the type of surface and its purpose. Asphalt is commonly mixed with aggregates for added strength and traction. The asphalt and aggregates are usually mixed and heated at a central location. The material is then transported to the construction site, where it is spread directly over the base course or top course and compacted. Asphalt surfaces are fairly easy to construct and repair. [3]
NEW WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
1. bituminous pavement –битумное покрытие
2. by-product - побочный продукт
3. petroleum-нефть
4. to break -разламываться, разрушаться; разбиваться
5. pressure sprayer-пневматический разбрызгиватель, напорный распылитель
6. crushed rock - щебень
7. to penetrate-проникать
8. aggregate- заполнитель
9. to seep-просачиваться
10. rock-грунт, камень, порода
11. tiny-крошечный
12. overlay-верхний слой
13. to mix - мешать, смешивать
14. strength - прочность; крепость
15. traction -1) тяга; тяговое усилие, сила тяги 2) сила сцепления (напр. шины с дорогой )
16. construction site – стройплощадка
17. surface-поверхность
1. Agree or disagree with the following sentences:
Bituminous pavements are made with by-products of petroleum.
Bituminous material hardens when heated.
Asphalt surfaces are not easy to construct and repair.
Asphalt can not be used directly as a pavement.
2. Найдите в правой колонке перевод английских слов:
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1.
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overlay
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a) верхний слой
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2.
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bituminous pavement
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b) щебень
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3.
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crushed rock
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c) нефть
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4.
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petroleum
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d) крошечный
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5.
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pressure sprayer
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e) битумное покрытие
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6.
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to penetrate
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f) пневматический разбрызгиватель, напорный распылитель
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7.
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to mix
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g) грунт, камень, порода
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8.
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rock
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h) заполнитель
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9.
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strength
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i) проникать
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10.
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aggregate
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j) мешать, смешивать
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11.
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tiny
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k) прочность; крепость
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Steamroller (каток)
A steamroller is used to flatten materials such as hot asphalt to build roads. With its drums, or large heavy rollers, it compresses the asphalt while its water tanks apply water to cool the surface.
windshield - переднее стекло
water tank- бак для воды
drum –вал, каток
fuel tank - топливный бак; бензобак
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3. Найдите в правой колонке перевод английских слов:
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1.
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light traffic
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a) гравийная дорога
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2.
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heavy traffic
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b) полоса движения
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3.
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gravel road
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c) небольшое движение
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4.
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direction
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d) подстилающий слой дорожного покрытия
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5.
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lane
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e) умеренное движение
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6.
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layer
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f) дорожное покрытие
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7.
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roadbed
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g) ровная поверхность
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8.
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base course
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h) направление
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9.
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wearing course
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i) слой
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10.
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level surface
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j) поверхность износа
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11.
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pavement
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k) дорожное полотно
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12.
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moderate traffic
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l) интенсивное, плотное движение
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Lesson7
C2.Concrete Pavement
Concrete, or rigid, pavements are made from a mix of portland cement and aggregate. Concrete pavements have a long life and require little maintenance. Concrete is generally laid as a single thick layer directly over a base course. For heavily traveled roads, concrete layers can range in thickness from 20 to 36 cm (8 to 14 in). Concrete is usually laid in long sections or slabs of varying length. Metal bars or dowels inserted into the edges of the slabs help connect the joints where one slab ends and another begins.
Concrete is a strong material and can withstand compression, but it has poor tensile strength (resistance to being pulled). When the ground underneath expands and contracts from seasonal or weather changes, the concrete becomes prone to cracking. Cracks can occur at or near the joints where concrete slabs meet or on the slabs themselves. Deep cracks can allow the broken concrete slabs to move upward or downward, creating an uneven road surface. Metal bars or dowels inserted between the slabs help hold the slabs together. Reinforced concrete contains steel bars or mesh imbedded within the concrete layer. The steel helps hold concrete together over time, even if cracks occur. Unreinforced concrete may be used when cost is a factor, or where weather conditions are more mild. Unreinforced slabs have several shallow grooves cut into them, allowing the concrete to crack at defined points. The cracked slabs are kept in place by pressure and by the grainy texture of the concrete itself.
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Cross sections of modern pavements
(Left) Flexible asphalt-based pavement. (Right) Rigid portland-cement concrete pavement.
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NEW WORDS & EXPRESSIONS
1. rigid - твердый
2. maintenance - содержание и техническое обслуживание, уход; текущий ремонт
3. section-сегмент
4. slab-плита дорожного покрытия
5. bar-стержень,брус
6. dowel-стыковой штырь
7. joint-соединение, стык
8. compression-сжатие
9. tensile strength-прочность на растяжение
10. crack – трещина, to crack – ломаться, трескаться
11. mesh- арматурная сетка
12. reinforced concrete-железобетон
13. unreinforced concrete - неармированный бетон
14. to embed- вмонтировать; вставлять; встраивать
15. groove-паз, желоб
16. grain-зерно
1. Answer the questions:
What are concrete, or rigid, pavements made from?
What are concrete pavements advantages?
Haw do seasonal or weather changes affect concrete?
What does reinforced concrete contain?
2. Agree or disagree with the following sentences:
Concrete pavements are made from a mix of portland cement and aggregate.
Concrete layers can range in thickness from 50 to 90 cm.
Concrete is a strong material, but it can not withstand compression.
3. Найдите в правой колонке перевод английских слов:
-
1.
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rigid
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a) плита дорожного покрытия
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2.
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slab
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b) стыковой штырь
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3.
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grain
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c) сжатие
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4.
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reinforced concrete
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d) паз,желоб
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5.
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dowel
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e) зерно
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6.
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compression
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f) текущий ремонт
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7.
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to embed
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g) железобетон
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8.
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maintenance
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h) неармированный бетон
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9.
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groove
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i) прочность на растяжение
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10.
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crack
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j) вмонтировать; вставлять
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11.
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mesh
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k) стержень,брус
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12.
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tensile strength
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l) трещина
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13.
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bar
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m) твердый
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14.
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unreinforced concrete
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n) арматурная сетка
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Lesson 8
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