Методические указания по изучению английского языка для специальности -270205. 65
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HISTORY OF ROAD CONSTRUCTION (PART 2) In the American colonies and in the settlements of Canada, primitive roads connected trading posts and forts. The first colonial road in the United States was the Boston Post Road, connecting Boston, Massachusetts, with New York City. This road began as a path and then became a roadway paved first with wooden logs and then with flat wooden planks. Many other roads grew to connect cities along the coast. In the late 1700s, turnpikes were introduced in the United States. Early U.S. turnpikes were local government projects, but later turnpikes were private. Federal financing of road construction began in 1806 when the U.S. Congress authorized construction of the National Road, also called the Cumberland Road. The National Road helped expand trade and settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains. At the time road quality was poor. Improvements in materials came with the introduction of asphalt paving in 1870, but the biggest motivation for road improvement came with the popularity of the automobile at the start of the 20th century. State governments soon formed highway agencies to take over and organize improvement efforts. In 1912 the federal government began funding one-third of the cost of roads on which mail was carried. By 1930 the population centers of the United States were connected by a system of all-weather, two-lane roads. The early ideas for a network of federal interstate highways in the United States took form in the 1930s, during Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency. Roosevelt’s New Deal programs helped pay for the Pennsylvania Turnpike, a toll road that opened in 1940. Modern highway construction became nationwide with the construction of four-lane and six-lane roadways with limited access. The Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 funded the construction of almost 70,000 km (more than 43,000 mi) of interstate highways. President Dwight D. Eisenhower, a big supporter of the program, had personally experienced a transcontinental trip by car and truck while in the U.S. Army in 1919. Another positive influence on Eisenhower’s desire to improve road systems was the efficient German network of superhighways called autobahns that he saw during World War II. Construction of the interstates began in the 1950s and continued through the 1990s. Private, commercial, and government vehicles use the interstate highways. This network of roads saves the United States billions of dollars each year in time and transportation costs. In the 1950s and 1960s, Canada also began major roadway construction to serve the rise in vehicle ownership. Work began on construction of the MacDonald-Cartier Freeway, serving southern Ontario. The Trans-Canada Highway stretches across Canada, linking St. John’s, Newfoundland and Labrador, on the Atlantic coast with Victoria, British Columbia, on the Pacific coast. The highway was formally opened in 1962. It passes through every provincial capital and also through several other major cities in the southern part of Canada. Civil engineers continue to research ways of designing and building the most efficient and cost-effective roads. New types of road surfacing make roads more durable and easier to construct. Computers play a large role in helping engineers experiment with different road designs and in anticipating how factors like population growth affect road and highway transportation. Примечания: 1. Boston Post Road - Бостонский почтовый тракт Основная дорога между Нью-Йорком и Бостоном в XVII - первой трети XIX в. Проходила через графство Уэстчестер [Westchester County] , вдоль побережья пролива Лонг-Айленд [ Long Island Sound ] к г. Нью-Хейвену, шт. Коннектикут, а затем разделялась на три дороги: Верхнюю [Upper Road] - первоначальную дорогу, которая проходила через Хартфорд, Спрингфилд и Вустер; Среднюю [Middle Road] - проходившую через Хартфорд, Аксбридж и Дедем; и Нижнюю [Lower Road] - через Уэстерли и Провиденс. Современная дорога номер 1 [Highway 1, U. S.] проложена большей частью на месте Нижней дороги 2. Cumberland Road - Камберлендская дорога (Начальный участок Национальной дороги [ National Road ] от г. Камберленда, шт. Мэриленд, до г. Уилинга, шт. Западная Вирджиния. До ее строительства (1811-18) единственными дорогами с востока на запад страны были дорога Брэддока [Braddock's Road] из Мэриленда и дорога Форбса [ Forbes Road ] . Оказала огромное влияние на развитие долин р. Огайо [ Ohio River ] и р. Миссисипи [ Mississippi River ]) 3. National Road - Национальная дорога Иногда называется "Дорога Соединенных Штатов" [United States Road] . Первая мощеная дорога общенационального значения, путь переселенцев на Запад. Начиналась у г. Камберленда, шт. Мэриленд, проходила через г. Колумбус в штате Огайо, г. Вандалиа в Иллинойсе и заканчивалась в г. Сент-Луисе, шт. Миссури. Первый участок, Камберлендская дорога [ Cumberland Road ] , был открыт в 1818. Западная часть дороги имела уже меньшее значение, так как на р. Огайо [ Ohio River ] стали использоваться пароходы. После открытия в 1833 участка до г. Колумбуса в штате Огайо ее строительство замедлилось и было завершено только к 1850. Ныне по трассе этой дороги проходит федеральная автострада номер 40 [U. S. Highway 40; Route 40] 4. Pennsylvania Turnpike - Пенсильванская платная автострада Первое в стране всепогодное шоссе с многорядным движением. Протяженность в штате Пенсильвания около 580 км; соединяет штаты Нью-Джерси и Огайо. Проходит через г. Питтсбург, его северо-восточный участок протяженностью около 177 км соединяет города Норристаун и Скрэнтон. Пересекается с Нью-Джерсийской платной автострадой [New Jersey Turnpike] , ведущей от пересечения на север в г. Нью-Йорк. Первый участок дороги открылся в 1940.  NEW WORDS & EXPRESSIONS 1. settlement - колония, поселение 2. fort - форт, крепость 3. to pave - замащивать, мостить 4. wooden log – деревянное бревно 5. flat plank – плоская доска 6.all-weather - 1) всепогодный 2) погодостойкий 7.toll road - платная (автомобильная) дорога 8. limited access - ограниченный доступ 9. transportation costs- транспортные расходы 10.to serve - обслуживать; снабжать 11.to link - соединять, связывать 12.to pass - идти; проходить 13.capital – столица 14.civil engineer - инженер-строитель 15.to research - исследовать; заниматься исследованиями 16.efficient -эффективный 17.cost-effective - доходный, прибыльный, рентабельный 18.road surfacing - дорожное покрытие 19. to anticipate - ожидать, предвидеть 1. Найдите в правой колонке перевод английских слов:
2. Answer the questions:
3. Agree or disagree with the following sentences:
4. Find Russian equivalents to the following:
Lesson12 1. Read and translate the following texts without a dictionary:
Interstate Highway System in the U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower and the United States Congress collaborate (сотрудничать) to pass the Federal Highway Act. It is established (учреждать) largely for national security reasons, but will play a major role in building an interstate highway system that encourages (поощрять) and facilitates (способствовать) driving. The trucking industry (грузоперевозки) also gets a boost (поддержка) from the new highways, most of which will be free of charge (бесплатно) to use. Route 66 This sleepy Arizona gas station on Route 66 provides (давать) little hint (намек) of the appeal that this historic highway once held for the American driving public. Constructed in the 1920s as part of the government’s program of national highway, development (развитие) Route 66 came to symbolize the mobility and spirit of independence that the age of the automobile brought to America. The route connected the urban metropolises (большой ключевой город) of Chicago and Los Angeles with small town America, taking a diagonal course across the country through rural Missouri and Oklahoma to New Mexico and Arizona. American novelist John Steinbeck called Route 66 the “Mother Road” because many people fleeing (убегать, спасаться бегством) the Dust Bowl (Dust Bowl - засушливые районы на западе США) in Oklahoma used it to migrate to California. Route 66 had become part of American cultural lore by the 1960s, when it was the subject of a TV series. Today people travel Route 66 for a nostalgia trip to a simpler American past. 2. Read and translate the text from the program of the radio “Voice of America (VOA)” THIS IS AMERICA - Route 66 VOICE ONE: It is called “The Mother Road.” “The Main Street of America.” It extends from Chicago, Illinois, to Los Angeles, California. I’m Steve Ember. VOICE TWO: And I’m Phoebe Zimmermann. We tell about Route Sixty-Six and efforts to protect this important road on the VOA Special English program, This is America. VOICE ONE: The idea for Route Sixty-Six started in the state of Oklahoma. Citizens wanted to link their state with states to the east and west. By the nineteen-twenties, federal officials wanted to connect state roads to provide a shorter, faster way across the country. So a plan was developed to connect existing state roads into one long national road. United States Highway Sixty-Six opened in nineteen-twenty-six. It was one of America’s first national road systems. It crossed eight American states. It was three-thousand-eight-hundred kilometers long. People soon began calling Route Sixty-Six "the main street of America." Route Sixty-Six became the most famous road in America. The road extended through the centers of many American cities and towns. It crossed deserts, mountains, valleys and rivers. VOICE TWO: In the nineteen-thirties, Americans suffered through the Great Depression. Many poor farm families in the state of Oklahoma lost their farms because of severe dry weather. So they traveled west to California on Route Sixty-Six in search of a better life. VOICE ONE: In the nineteen-fifties, many American families began to explore the western part of the country during their holidays. They enjoyed travelling on Route Sixty-Six. In the nineteen-sixties, Americans watched a popular television show called "Route Sixty-Six." It was about two young men driving across the country. Route Sixty-Six represented the spirit of movement and excitement. The television show was filmed in cities and towns across America. Yet only a few shows were filmed on the real Route Sixty-Six. VOICE TWO: Also in the nineteen-sixties, the federal government began building huge road systems through a number of states. Cars and trucks could travel at very high speeds. People started driving on these new interstate highways instead of on Route Sixty-Six. In nineteen-sixty-two, parts of Route Sixty-Six were closed because they were in bad condition. Then in nineteen-eighty-five, Route Sixty-Six was officially removed from the national highway system. During the past few years, however, people living near the old Route Sixty-Six have formed organizations. They have succeeded in saving parts of the road. They also are saving hundreds of eating places, places to stay and interesting places to visit along the way. VOICE ONE: Michael Wallis is one of America’s top experts on Route Sixty-Six. He wrote a book called "Route Sixty-Six: The Mother Road." Mister Wallis has lived in seven of the eight states that Route Sixty-Six crosses. He and his wife Suzanne have led groups of visitors on two-week bus trips on Route Sixty-Six. Mister Wallis says there has been a huge increase in interest in Route Sixty-Six from Americans and people around the world. VOICE TWO: Now it is our turn to take a trip on Route Sixty-Six. We will have to search for it at times. Many parts of it have new names or numbers. Some parts of it are included in other interstate highways. Our trip begins in the middle western city of Chicago, Illinois. Chicago is America’s third largest city. It has almost three-million people. From Chicago, the road goes southwest through many small towns in Illinois. One of them is Springfield, the home of America’s sixteenth president, Abraham Lincoln. Now we drive through Saint Louis, Missouri, a city of more than three-hundred-thousand people. Saint Louis is called "the gateway to the West." Missouri has many natural wonders. One of the most famous on Route Sixty-Six is Meramec Caverns in Stanton. VOICE ONE: The next part of our drive takes us for a very short time through the state of Kansas. Then we enter the state of Oklahoma. Michael Wallis says Oklahoma remains the heart and soul of Route Sixty-Six. That is because there are more kilometers of the road in Oklahoma than in any other state. In Claremore, Oklahoma, a statue honors a famous American, Will Rogers. Will Rogers was born in Claremore. He became a popular actor, radio broadcaster and newspaper writer in the nineteen-twenties and thirties. We pass through many historic towns in Oklahoma. In Oklahoma City, we can visit the National Cowboy Hall of Fame and Western Heritage Center. And in Clinton, we can see the Route Sixty-Six Museum. It is the first official museum that tells the complete history of the road and its importance to America. VOICE TWO: Now we drive through the northern part of the state of Texas. The area is called the Texas panhandle. We stop near the town of Amarillo to look at an unusual kind of art that celebrates Route Sixty-Six. It is called Cadillac Ranch. A Cadillac is a large, costly American automobile. Cadillac Ranch has ten Cadillac cars half buried in the ground. Stanley Marsh, a rich farmer and art collector, created it to honor America’s roads. Continuing west, we travel through the states of New Mexico and Arizona. We pass through some of the most beautiful country in the Southwest. Petrified Forest National Park is one of the wonders of Arizona. Trees that are millions of years old have been turned to stone in unusual shapes. North of Route Sixty-Six is the Painted Desert. It is named for the colorful red and yellow sand and rocks. VOICE ONE: We continue on our trip driving on a winding road up and down the Black Mountains. We arrive at the town of Oatman, Arizona. Long ago, Oatman was a rich gold-mining town. But everyone left the town when the mining ended. Today Oatman still looks like it did in the past. Now we enter the state of California. We pass through the Mojave Desert, some mountains and several interesting towns. But Route Sixty-Six becomes lost among the large road systems of Los Angeles. This "main street of America" ends at the Pacific Ocean in Santa Monica. VOICE TWO: Jim Conkle is a historian of Route Sixty-Six. This week, he is beginning a trip on the historic road. He is leading a group of vehicles that will travel from Santa Monica to Chicago. The trip will last sixty-six days. Mister Conkle will place signs along Route Sixty-Six to point out interesting, unusual and historic places. The signs say “Roadside Attraction.” They will serve as a road map for future travelers who want to know where to stop to learn about the history of Route Sixty-Six. Mister Conkle’s goal is to raise concern about protecting America’s most famous road. VOICE ONE: This program was written by Shelley Gollust. It was produced by Cynthia Kirk. I'm Steve Ember. VOICE TWO: And I’m Phoebe Zimmermann. Join us again next week for another report about life in the United States on the VOA Special English program, This is America. |
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