Методические указания по изучению английского языка для специальности -270205. 65

Road Junctions and Intersections A road junction, as the term is generally used, is the point at which one road meets another; an intersection is the point at which two or more roads cross each other. Both junctions and intersections are, of course, the worst danger spots in a road system. The problems of reducing danger at these points are those of cost and space. If junctions and intersections are such that all classes of traffic meet each other at the same level, there is a danger of collision, not only between cars of the same class but between those of different classes. Almost complete segregation of different classes can be achieved, and the need for users of the same class to cross traffic streams, the most dangerous process of all, can be avoided. The perfect example of complete segregation of different classes of traffic and of the avoidance of crossing traffic streams is the clover-leaf junction, at which no collision can occur between vehicles if the drivers of those leaving the junction can manage to avoid those already on the road which they are approaching—which is a difficult thing (Fig. 1). All forms of road junction can be classified into three groups: multi-level junctions, roundabouts and flyover-junctions. a) Multi-level junctions. The clover-leaf, the most typical of these, has already been mentioned. There is need for multi­level intersections where three conditions are fulfilled: only a small percentage of the traffic must turn to left or right ; the major volume of traffic is travelling on a fast through route; the volume of traffic would otherwise be sufficient to justify the provision of a roundabout. b) Roundabouts. Unlike multi-level intersections,roundabouts do not enable traffic to cross without dropping speed but pedestrians and cyclists cannot be segregated unless costly over -passes or under-passes are constructed (Fig. 2). The success of a roundabout depends greatly upon the ease with which vehicles using it can "weave" or pass from one traffic lane to another. The greater the length of the road in which the weaving can be carried out and the small­er the angle of approach of converging streams of traffic, the more easily can weaving be performed. The angle should not be greater than 30 degrees. The greater the di­ameter of the island, the small­er the angle of convergence . c) Flyover-junctions. These have been developed chiefly at places where there are no pedestrians (and cyclists are few, if any). These "flyovers", which enable high speeds to be maintained, are extremely expensive, costing about ten times as much as a roundabout, so it is much better to have ten roundabouts at ten dangerous junctions than a single flyover at a single junction. [5] NEW WORDS & EXPRESSIONS 1. stream- поток 2. collision- столкновение транспорта 3. junction- дорожный узел 4. intersection-перекресток 5. segregation- разделение потоков движения 6. vehicle-транспортное средство 7. traffic- движение; транспорт 8. safeguards– меры безопасности 9. pedestrian- пешеход 10. lane- полоса движения 11. clover-leaf junction- пересечение в форме клеверного листа 12. roundabout-площадь кругового движения 13. percentage- процентное соотношение 14. congestion- затор 15. through route- сквозной проезд 16. to weave-перестраиваться в другой ряд движения 17. cyclist-велосипедист 18. speed - скорость 19. volume-объем, интенсивность 20. to reduce danger-уменьшить опасность 21. flyover,over-pass – эстакада, путепровод 22. converging streams - сходящиеся потоки ( встречные потоки) 23. under-pass- подземный ход; тоннель; подземный переход 1. Найдите в правой колонке перевод английских слов: 1. junction a) столкновение транспорта 2. intersection b) перекресток 3. segregation c) поток 4. collision d) разделение потоков движения 5. safeguards e) дорожный узел 6. congestion f) скорость 7. roundabout g) полоса движения 8. clover-leaf junction h) площадь кругового движения 9. cyclist i) сквозной проезд 10. flyover,over-pass j) велосипедист 11. through route k) затор 12. lane l) эстакада, путепровод 13. stream m) меры безопасности 14. speed n) пересечение в форме клеверного листа 2. Переведите следующие словосочетания: road junction, road system, traffic streams, clover-leaf junction, traffic speed, traffic volume, car driver, traffic lane, danger spot. 3. Укажите, какие из данных предложений относятся к описанию: а) пересечения на разных уровнях, б) площади кругового движения, с) путепровода. 1. It does not enable its traffic to cross without dropping speed. 2. It is constructed at places where there are few or no pedestrians and cyclists. 3. It enables its traffic to cross without dropping speed. 4. The major volume of its traffic travels on a fast through route. 5. It enables high speeds to be maintained. 6. Only a small percentage of its traffic travels to left or right. 7. It is extremely expensive. 8. It is a perfect example of complete segregation of different classes of traffic. 4. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на выделенные слова: 1. Both junctions and intersections are the worst danger spots in a road system. 2. If all classes of traffic meet each other at the same level there is a danger of collision. 3. The need for users of the same class to cross the traffic streams is the most dangerous process of all. 4. An intersection is a point at which two or more roads cross each other. 5. When leaving the junction you should manage to avoid those on the road you are approaching. 6. The angle of approach of converging streams of traffic should be as small as possible. 7. The angle of convergence should not be greater than 30 degrees. 5. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление “that-those” во избежание повторения существительного. 1. The problems of reducing danger at road junctions and intersections are those of cost and space. 2. There is a danger of collision not only between vehicles of the same class but between those of different classes in cases when junctions and intersections are such that all classes of traffic meet.3.No collision can occur between vehicles at a clover-leaf junction if the drivers of those leaving the junction can manage to avoid those already on the road they are approaching.4.A perfect type of junction is that at which no collision can occur. 6. Ответьте на вопросы: 1. What are the most dangerous spots in a road system? 2. What problems are connected with the problems of reducing danger of these points? 3. How can complete segregation of different classes of traffic be achieved? 4. What types of road junctions do you know? 5. What does the success of a junction depend on? 7. Опровергните следующие неправильные утверждения с точки зрения содержания текста. ОБРАЗЕЦ: A road junction is the point at which one road crosses another. The statement is incorrect. A road junction is a point, where one road meets another. 1. If crossings are such that all classes of traffic meet at the same level, no collision will take place. 2. Drivers leaving the junction and those on the road they are approaching should avoid each other-which is an easy thing. 3. The shorter the length of the road in which weaving is carried out, the more easily can weaving be performed. 8. Прочтите текст про себя за 5 минут и найдите ответ на данный вопрос: How can the problem of safety be solved? Roads appeared in the far-off times and were first in the form of pedestrian tracks. Then, as civilization progressed, they became routes along which horse-drawn traffic and finally vehicles moved. Roads have always had a dual function: as traffic routes and as a means of approach to dwellings and other buildings. But since the growth of transport these functions have been seriously in conflict with each other. Today this conflict is extremely great and leads to great danger. Any town so planned that its citizens are killed in great numbers is an ill-planned town. The layout of all newly developed areas must be made dependent on the safety factor. Pedestrians and fast motor traffic will never and can never mix  they must be isolated. Lesson 9 IV.ROAD PLANNING AND ADMINISTRATION In the United States, the state governments are responsible for constructing and maintaining interstate highways, U.S. highways, and state highways. Local governments – counties, cities, and townships – are generally responsible for the rest of the road system. In Canada, the provincial governments share the obligation for road planning and construction with local cities and municipalities. In the first quarter of the 20th century, roads in the United States and Canada were often little more than dirt paths. At the time, highway agencies concentrated on little more than paving existing rural roads. A more organized program of planning in the United States began in 1934, when the U.S. Congress passed the Hayden-Cartwright Act. This act provided federal aid for state highway departments to plan in-depth studies. By 1940 most states were examining such factors as road conditions, volume and nature of highway traffic, highway lifespans, and future highway needs. Later highway acts expanded funding to include considerations of state policies and state, regional, and local issues. Today, federal funding and planning guidelines in the United States are administered by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. Its basic goal is to provide for a safe and consistent national system of highways. The state departments of transportation or local governments actually plan, construct, and maintain the highway systems. Local highway agencies include those operated by counties, cities, and townships. Cities operate with local funds, typically under a mayor or city manager. A city’s public works department may be responsible for most road functions, or there may be departments for design, construction, and maintenance. Counties and townships typically have less complex systems. In Canada, the majority of roads are constructed and funded by individual provinces and cities, with the federal government playing a minor role. The Canadian federal government does not play as large a role in highway planning and funding as does the U.S. government. However, in the late 1980s the Canadian federal government instituted the National Highway System, a network of over 24,000 km (15,000 mi) of roads connecting major cities and ports. The federal government also supports highways located on federal property, such as national parks, and maintains the Canadian portion of the Alaska Highway. In planning roadway improvements, engineers collect data about current roadway use and planned new uses of roads, as well as other information, such as planned construction or nearby development. They also examine the land and decide where bridges or viaducts may be needed to carry the roadway over obstacles like rivers or other roads. Engineers then use computers to simulate or model new roadway designs. Depending on available funding, projects are planned for construction based on the priorities of the highway department and of the state, provincial, or local government in charge. NEW WORDS & EXPRESSIONS 1. responsible - ответственный 2. to maintain - сохранять (в хорошем состоянии ); обслуживать; содержать в исправности 3. obligation - гарантия, обязательство 4. federal aid – федеральная помощь 5. highway traffic - уличное движение 6. in-depth - study - глубокий анализ 7. life-span - продолжительность жизни, срок службы, ресурс 8. road conditions – дорожные условия 9. need - необходимость, потребности 10. to expand - расширять(ся); увеличивать(ся) 11. guideline - руководство; указание, нормы; нормативы ,общий курс, направление 12. goal - цель 13. to connect - соединять(ся) 14. to locate - располагаться 15. improvement - улучшение, усовершенствование 16. viaduct – путепровод 17. obstacle - помеха, преграда, препятствие 1. Agree or disagree with the following sentences: In the United States the state governments are not responsible for constructing and maintaining interstate highways. In Canada, the provincial governments share the obligation for road planning and construction with local cities and municipalities. Today, federal funding and planning guidelines in the United States are administered by the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) of the U.S. Department of Transportation. In Canada, the majority of roads are constructed and funded by individuals. The Canadian federal government does not play as large a role in highway planning and funding. Engineers never use computers to simulate or model new roadway designs. National Highway System is a network of over 24,000 km (15,000 mi) of roads. 2. Make up five questions to the text. 3. Найдите в правой колонке перевод английских слов: 1. viaduct a) ответственный 2. responsible b) содержать в исправности 3. to maintain c) располагаться 4. to expand d) путепровод 5. to locate e) глубокий анализ 6. improvement f) цель 7. need g) расширять (ся) 8. federal aid h) гарантия, обязательство 9. to connect i) федеральная помощь 10. goal j) соединять (ся) 11. in-depth - study k) улучшение 12. obligation l) необходимость, потребности

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