Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
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Краевое государственное автономное образовательное учреждение среднего профессионального образования «Нытвенский промышленно-экономический техникум» АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК Учебно-методические материалы для -2 курса ( заочной формы обучения) Для специальностей: 150411 «Монтаж и техническая эксплуатация промышленного оборудования (по отраслям)» 080110 «Экономика и бухгалтерский учёт» Нытва, 2013
О Д О Б Р Е Н А На заседании П(Ц)К от _______ № __________ Председатель П(Ц)К _____________________Ю.С. Летина ________________ 2013___г. СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ: Преподаватель __________________ Ю.С. Летина (подпись) I. СТРУКТУРА АНГЛИЙСКОГО ПРЕДЛОЖЕНИЯ. ОБОРОТ THERE + BE. Упражнение I. Определите подлежащее, -сказуемое и дополнение (если имеется; в следующих предложениях. Выпишите в тетрадь и переведите. The stadium was near my house. Swimming in cold water is not very pleasant. To rebuild the city after the war was one of the hardest tasks. Nobody visited her last year. A famous actor played the main part in this film. It is raining now. It was necessary to buy a return ticket. Three of the students got the excellent marks. There are many shops in this street. He is the manager of the company. He offered a cinema ticket at the university yesterday. One mustn't be late for the lessons. I am to take three exams this winter. Упражнение 2. Составьте предложения, соблюдая правильный порядок слов.
Упражнение 3. Переведите на английский язык. В центре города есть большой парк. В нашем городе много школ и институтов. В прошлом году в нашей группе было 14 студентов. В субботу занятий не будет. Недалеко от школы стоял памятник, завтра в парке будет дискотека. В году 12 месяцев. На стене висела старая картина. На полу, на маленьком коврике лежит кошка. В апреле дождей не будет. В Москве несколько вокзалов, а в Тамбове - только один. У меня в сумке нет ключей. 2. ОБЩЕ И СПЕЦИАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ Упражнение I. Задайте общие вопросы к следующим предложениям.
Упражнение 2. Задайте вопросы к выделенным частям предложений. 1. We discussed the plan for the second term at the mectinif. 2. The best students receive scholarships. 3. He didn't follow my advice. 4. They will play football after the lessons. 5. The seminur will take place on Monday. 6. We go to the English lab twice ft week. 7. My friend works at the people's court. 8. They spout their vacations in the Crimea. 9. The doctor will come in tie afternoon. 10. The students went to the canteen after the lectures. Упражнение 3. Сформулируйте вопросы, используя вопросительные слова в скобках. 1The exhibition is returning next week (when). 2. We are doing grammar exercises now(what). 3. The mother is teaching her little son to read (who). 4 I am reading a book on modern art (what). 5. Our group was staying in Vitebsk for some days (how long). 6. lie is coming tomorrow(when). 7. He entered the room smiling (who) Упражнение 4. Переведите на английский язык. Где Вы учитесь? У Вас есть брат или сестра? Он любит хоккей? Куда они поедут следующим летом? Есть кто-нибудь дома? Сегодня холодно? Когда ты приедешь? Кто говорит по-английски? Что ты делал в саду? Сколько у нее друзей? Чья это cумка? Где собака? Вы работаете каждый день? Какую книгу Вы хотите почитать? ц0Чему он решил изучать экономику? Какой предмет самый трудный? 3. СТЕПЕНИ СРАНЕНИЯ ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНЫХ. СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ. Упражнение I. Напишите пропущенные формы прилагательных и наречий good ... the best famous more famous … rich richer … … more … strong ... the strormest … earlier the earliest … … the nicest … worse Упражнение 2. прочитайте и переведите предложения со сравнительными конструкциями. The Baltic Sea is colder than the Black Sea. This book is as interesting as that one. The second text is not so long as the fist one. The earlier you get up the more you can do. This boy is as tall asmy brother. Упражнение З. поставьте прилагательные и наречия в правильную форму. The Mississippi is (long) river in the world. My cigarettes are (bad) than yours. The battle of Waterloo was the (great) battle of all times. This plan is (practical) of all. She is not so (tall) as her sister. lie is (strong) than his brother. This method is (efficient) than the common one. Our house is as (low) as yours. The Neva is (wide) and (deeper) than the Moskva river. Elbrus is the (high) peak in the Caucassian mountains. Упражнение 4. Ответьте на вопросы письменно. Are the cities in Scotland as large as the cities in England? Is the Volga longer than the Don? Which is the shortest month of the year? Which is the biggest city on Great Britain? Which season is the coldest? Where is it better to live: in the town or in the countryside? Which street is the longest in the city of Perm? Упражнение 5. переведите на английский. В январе я потратил меньше денег, чем в декабре. Ваш доклад был гораздо интереснее. Для нас это самый важный вопрос. Большинство людей любят фрукты. Какая улица в городе самая длинная? Ваша сестра старше Вас? - нет, моложе. Чем длиннее ночь, тем короче день. Самый счастливый день в моей жизни. Чем скорее, тем лучше. 4. МЕСТОИМЕНИЯ: ЛИЧНЫЕ, ПРИТЯЖАТЕЛЬНЫЕ, НЕОПРЕДЕЛЕННЫЕ Упражнение I. Откройте скобки. Употребите правильную форму личных и притяжательных местоимений Give(they, they) notebooks. She lives in Minsk with (she) family. He is a friend of (I). (We) plant is very large. Let (I) know if anything happens. If you find some money on the floor, it's (I). May 1 have (some, any) bread, please? He has (few, a few) friends, only five. Упражнение 2. заполните пропуски, используйте местоимения или производные. a) some, any, no, every You must ask ... to help you in this work. If I have ... free time, I shall go ... tonight. Did you hear ... about our plan? I have ... to tell him. Did you say ...? - No, I said .... b) much, many, more, less, (a) little, (a) few How ... English words do you know? There are ... parks in our city. Does he read ...? - It's a pity, he treads too ... . Hurry up ! We have no time to waste. Please, try to make ... noise. He eats ... sugar now and feels better. May I have ... coffee, please? There was ... water in the glass and ... cakes on the plate. Упражнение 3. переведите на русский язык It was he who came first. It was clear that something had happened. It was in the street that I saw him. One must be careful while crossing the street. I saw this picture, show me another one. Don't put on old shoes, put on new ones. One should always keep one's word. Упражнение 4. Переведите на английский У меня только один брат. Кто-то плавает в реке. Он единственный кто знает ответ. Эта книга интереснее, чем та. Один из них поэт, другой - художник. В этом магазине можно купить все. Кто-нибудь перевел текст? - Нет, никто. Ничего не сделано. У меня есть немного времени. Мне нужна любая книга по истории Англии. 5.ИНФИНИТИВ. ПРИЧАСТИЕ. ГЕРУНДИЙ Упражнение I Переведите на русский следующие предложения с инфинитивом и инфинитивными оборотами То learn two foreign languages simultaneously is difficult How to solve this problem is not clear. The article is easy to understand. This is the only thing for you to do. 1 was so happy to have been offered this job. I want you to help me. They consider him to become a good engineer. She felt somebody look at her. The students heard their teacher play the piano. We know him to have taken part in the conference. The delegation was reported to have already arrived. The conference is believed to be held at the end of the month. The dinner seems to be ready. The weather is not likely to change. They are sure to come. He is said to be writing his course paper. We happened to meet them yesterday. They proved unable to settle the dispute. He made them work hard every day. I have nothing to complain of. He was the first to come here. The article is difficult to translate. To live means to create. Упражнение 2. Выберите правильный русский эквивалент выделенной части предложений. 1. Having finished the translation she typed it. 1. заканчивая 2. закончив 3. Законченный 2. The student being asked by the teacher is Smirnov. 1. которого спрашивают 2. спрошенный 3. Спрашивая 3. Having been defeated, the enemy had to retreat. 1. потерпев поражение 2. терпящий поражение 4. The problem being discussed now is very important. 1. обсуждая 2. Обсуждаемая 5. Having read many books on the problem, he made an interest ing report. 1. читая 2. читающий 3. Прочитав 6. The house being built in our street is a new school. 1. строящийся 2. построенный 3. Построив
1. подписавший 2. подписанный 3. Подписав
1. отказывая 2. отказав 3. отказавшись Упражнение 3. Переведите на русский язык предложения с причасти) и причастными оборотами I don't know the girl sitting in the corner. Knowing English well, he translated the text without a dictionary. He sat in the armchair reading a book. The answer received from him surprised me greatly. Given the book only yesterday he was not able to read it up to the end. The house being built in our street is a new theatre. The problem being discussed at the moment is urgent. The film so much spoken about is very interesting indeed. Having lost the key, I could not open the door. Not having received the answer to his letter he sent a telegram. The work being over, everybody went home. It being Sunday, the shops were closed. It being very dark, I could see nothing. The weather being fine, they went for a walk. He went to the station, his friends accompanying him. Having lived in the town all his life he, nevertheless, knew it very little. Going to the University I met a friend of mine. Yesterday I read an article published in "The Times". Having finished the translation he typed it. Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на форму герундия и его функции в предложении
Упражнение 5. Выберите правильный русский эквивалент выделенной части предложений. Переведите предложение. 1. Olcg's refusing our help is regrettable. 1. To, что Олег отказался 2. To, что Олег отказывается 3. То, что Олегу отказали 2. She is upset of her son being accused of bad conduct at school. 1. ее сына обвинили 2. ее сын обвиняет 3. ее сына обвиняют 3. He apologised to the teacher for not having done his lessons. 1. за то, что не сделал 2. за то, что не делает 3. за то, что не будет делать 4. I don't like being asked such questions. 1. задавать такие вопросы 2. когда мне задают 3. когда мне задавали 5. The teacher was surprised at your having made so many mistakes. 1. что вы сделали 2. было сделано 3. делаете Упражнение 6. Составьте предложения по образцу, используя словосочетания в скобках, .запишите в тетрадь и переведите. 1. I don't mind seeing the film again. (to take part in the conference; to stay in the country for another week) 2. I can't (couldn't) help smiling. (to tell you about it; to laugh when I see him) 3. The book is (not) worth reading. (the question — to discuss; the proposal — to consider) 4. It's no use doing it. (to talk to them; to help him)
(to watch the match; to visit the museum)
(to attend the lecture; to invite them to the party) 7. We insisted on (his) going there. (to make the report; to organize a conference) The History of Nissan UK Ltd. Nissan UK Limited was founded in 1969. At first, it was just a trading company. It imported cars from Japan and sold them in the UK. In 1970. the company had only 0.2% of the UK car market but the company grew fast. By 1974 they were the UK's leading car importer. When the UK became one of Nissan's main export markets, the company began to build an assembly plant here. After a long search, they found a suitable site in Tync and Wear. Cars began rolling off the production line in 1986. At first, the plant had to limit production because of the import restriction agreement. But by 19S8 UK companies supplied the majority of components and Nissan achieved the target of 60% local content. The plant could increase production. The plant started assembling cars for the continent as well as the UK. In 1988. they exported 11.000 Nissan Bluebirds-to Europe. In 1990. the figure rose to over 100.000. What is Management When used collectively the term "management" refers to those people who are responsible for making and carrying decisions within the system. A number of different terms are used for "manager", including "director", "administrator", and even "president". The term "manager" is used more frequently in profit-making organizations, while the others are used more widely in government and non-profit organizations, such as universities, hospitals, social work agencies and the like. An individual manager is a person who directly supervises people in the organization. Some basic characteristics seem to apply to managers in all types of organizations: these characteristics include hard work on a variety of activities, preference for active tasks, direct personal relationships. Almost everything a manager does involves making decisions to solve a problem. And there is always some uncertainty and risk in decisionmaking. So, the responsibility a manager takes is great. Managing is a hard job. There is a lot to be done and relatively little time to do it. There is one more thing to be mentioned — the manager's job never ends. The engineer can finish a design on a particular day, the lawyer can either win or lose a case at a certain time — but the manager's job just keeps going. THE MANAGER'S ROLE Our society is made up of all kinds of organizations, such as companies, government, unions, hospitals, schools, libraries, and the like. They are essential to our existence, helping to create our standard of living and our quality of life. In all these organisations, there are people carrying out the work of a manager although they do not have that title. The vice-chancellor of a university, the president of a-students' union or a chief librarian are all managers. They have a responsibility to use the resources of their organisation effectkely and economically to achieve its objectives. An interesting modern view on managers is supplied by an American writer, Mr.Peter Drucker. He has spelled out what managers do. In his opinion, managers perform five basic operations. Firstly, managers set objectives. They decide what these should be and how the organisation can achieve them. For this task, they need analytical ability. Secondly, managers organise. They must decide how the resources of the company are to be used, how the work is to be classified and divided. Furthermore, they must select people for the jobs to be done. For this, they not only need analytical ability but also understanding of human beings. Their third task is to motivate and communicate effectively They must be able to get people to work as a term, and to be as productive as possible. To do this, they will be communicating effectively with all levels I of the organisation— their superiors, colleagues, and subordinates. To succeed in this task, managers need social skills. The fourth activity is measurement. Having set targets and standards, managers have to measure the performance of the organisation, and of its staff, in relation to those targets. Measuring requires analytical ability. Finally, Peter Drucker says that managers develop people, including themselves. They help to make people more productive, and to grow as human beings. They make them bigger and richer persons. In Peter Drucker's view, successful managers are not necessarily people who are liked or who get on well with others. They are people who command the respect of workers, and who set high standards. Good managers need not be geniuses but must bring character to the job. Thеу are people of integrity, who will look for that quality in others. DANGER—BUSINESS PEOPLE AT WORK! Stress is a perfectly natural part of living. Crossing a road, going to a party, driving a car, these are all stressful activities. We live in a fast-moving age, so we must learn how to relax properly. Here arc some of the most common symptoms of stress: Sleeping badly, poor appetite or overeating, drinking too much alcohol, difficulty in concentrating. Long-term stress is associated with high blood pressure, headaches and heart disease. But how do you deal with these problems? The average business person often doesn't ! have time to sit down and work out the answers'But if you want to survive, you have to know i how to cope with stress. So here's a handy guide to reducing the level of stress in your life. First, take up a hobby, if possible an active outdoor activity. You won't worry about you problems when you are concentrating on a hobby that really interests you. You must take plenty of exercise. This will keep you fit and should also help you to sleep better. Exercise, combined with a healthy diet, will also help to keep you weight at the right level. At work, it's important to make lists of tasks that you need to complete during the day. Write down you thoughts and ideas on paper. Set realistic deadlines that you can be sure to achieve. It's essential to take proper breaks during the day, so that you don't become too tired — taking time out for yourself isn't selfish, it makes good sense. Learn to say "no", even to your boss, if you think that colleagues are being unretsonable. And finally, don't forget that laughter : is the best medicine. Start this new action plan today and you'll find, within a surprisingly short time, that stress at work and at home is no longer the problem it was. THE UNITED NATIONS ORGANIZATION: PURPOSES AND PRINCIPLES The United Nations Organization has been callsd upop to play an Important role in the affair of Tmankind. It has become the forum of the world for the discussion of issues of great concern to all nations. It has evolved certain forms of concrete action in almost every lie Id of human activities. The United Nations came into'being on October 24, 1945, when its Charter had Been ratified by China, France, the USSR, the United Kingdom and the United States and by a majority of other signatories. The purposes of the United Nations are: to maintain international peace and security; to develop friendly relations among nations; to achieve cooperation in solving international economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems and in promoting respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; to be a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations In achieving these common aims. The UN is founded on the following basic principles. All Ms member states are sovereign and equal. They are pledged to fulfil their obligations under the Charter in good faith. All members are to settle their international disputes by peaceful means and without endangering international peace, security and justice and are to refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against other -states. They are to give the United Nations every assistance in any action it takes in accordance with the Charter and also not to give assistance to any state against which the UN is taking preventive or enforcement action. (In order) to preserve peace and security the Organization is to ensure that states which are not its members act in accordance with these principles too. The UN is not to intervene in matters which are essentially within the domestic jurisdiction of any state except when the Organization is acting to enforce international peace. Membership in the United Nations is open to all peace-loving states which accept the obligations of the Charter and are able and are and willing to carry out these obligations. Since 1945 its membership has increased from fifty-one original .members to one hundred and twenty-six. Задание 1. Внимательно прочитайте текст и скажите о научном вкладе в развитие электромагнетизма каждого из упомянутых в тексте ученых. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION Oersted's discovery of the compass deflection by the electric current f had great theoretical importance. In the hands of Ampere, Gauss and Ohm it led to the understanding of the magnetic fields produced by currents and the way they flowed through conductors. Electricity could now become a quantitative science and take over all the mathematical apparatus of mechanics. Nevertheless, in one important and puzzling respect the new laws differed from those of Newton. All the forces between .bodies, that he considered, acted along the line joining their centres; but here a magnetic pole moved at right angles to the line joining it to the current-carrying wire. This was the first break from the simple scalar field theory, and opened the way to a more inclusive vector theory, where direction as well as distance counted. It was these physical discoveries that were to give a new impetus to mathematics. Before the full interaction of electricity could be understood still one more decisive step had to be taken. It had been shown how electric currents produced magnetism; it remained to show how magnetism could produce electric currents. This discovery, though it had to wait for another ten years, was not, like Oersted's, accidental. It was the result of a deliberately planned re  search by Faraday. In 1831, in his fortieth year, Faraday showed that the relation between magnetism and electricity was dynamic and not static - that a magnet had to be moved near an electric conductor for the current to arise. This most important observation showed that not only was magnetism equivalent to electricity in motion, but also, conversely, electricity was magnetism in motion. Thus both sets of phenomena could only be discussed in the new joint science of electromagnetism.Faraday's discovery was also of much greater practical importance than Oersted's, because it meant that it was possible to generate electric currents by mechanical action, and conversely that it was possible to operate machinery by electric currents. Essentially, the whole of the heavy electrical industry was in Faraday's discovery. However, Faraday himself had little inclination to move in the direction of practical application. He was concerned, as his note-books show, with a long-range project of discovering the interrelations between all the "forces" that were known to the physics of his time - electricity, magnetism, heat, and light - and by a series of ingenious experiments he was in fact able to succeed in establishing every one of these, and to discover in the process many other effects the full explanation of which has had to wait till our time. The formal translation of Faraday's qualitative intuitions into precise and quantitative mathematical equations required the genius of Clerk [klak] Maxwell, who summarized in a brief but informative form the whole of electromagnetic theory. ЗАДАНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ • Выпишите из текста английские эквиваленты следующих русских словосочетаний. тем не менее; под прямыми углами (перпендикулярно); первый уход от; новый стимул; еще один решающий шаг, тщательно спланированные исследования; остроумные (изобретательные) эксперименты; не имел большой склонности к; проект с дальним прицелом; в одном важном и озадачивающем отношении; векторная теория с учетом не только расстояния, но и направления тоже; множества явлений; новая объединенная наука • Опираясь на текст, подтвердите или опровергните следующие утверждения. 1. Oersted made electricity a quantitative science. 2. Newtonian mathematical apparatus of mechanics could unlimitedly be applied to electromagnetism. 3; By his experiments Faraday showed complete identity of mag-Tnetism and electricity, though the relation between them was dynamic and not static. 4. Faraday laid the foundation of heavy electrical industry theoretically as well as in practice. 5. It was Faraday who realized the idea of joining all forces of nature together. 6. Maxwell gave a comprehensive mathematical explanation of electromagnetism. • Озаглавьте каждый из абзацев текста, выразив в названии его основное содержание. Задание 2. Быстро, но внимательно прочитайте текст за 3 минуты и скажите, как Ампер объяснял магнетизм и в чем заключается гениальность его объяснения. Слова для понимания текста: circuit [fsa:kit] п-эл. цепь, контур; align [э'1ат] v-выстраивать в ряд, ориентировать; precede [pri'sid] v-предшествовать The discovery of force between a moving charge and a magnet was made accidentally by Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish physics teacher. At the end of a lecture on the subject he attempted to demonstrate the lack of relationship between electricity and magnetism by turning a current-carrying wire next to a magnetized needle. To his great surprise he saw the needle making a great oscillation. In 1820 Oersted published his discovery, which was followed by a great number of researches conducted in many countries by many physicists and among them was Ampere. *In 1836 Ampere proposed as an explanation of the behaviour of a magnet that it is really a solenoid with a "built in" current running around the outside surface. Ampere considered it impossible to doubt that there are really such currents about the axis of a magnet. But where does this continuous current come from? *Ampere explained this by picturing the molecules of a ferromagnetic material as having associated with them a circular current in a closed electric circuit of zero resistance. *He also proposed an external magnetic field to be able to align these molecules parallel to each other so that their elemental magnetic fields become additive. *This explanation of magnetism preceded the discovery of the electron by over sixty years and brilliantly anticipated (предвосхищать) our modern knowledge of atomic structure and theory of magnetism. Ampere's electric circuits of zero resistance exactly correspond to the motion of Bohr's atomic electrons. • Переведите на русский язык предложения, помеченные звездочкой. CONVERSATION PRACTICE • Answer the questions. 1. How could you explain the importance of Oersted's accidental discovery of the relationship between electricity and magnetism? 2. Who of the great minds among physicists working in the field could you name? 3. What are their merits? 4. Who was the first to apply the Newtonian mathematical apparatus of mechanics to electricity? 5. Did this mathematical apparatus work well in electricity and magnetism (if yes, why; if no, why not)? 6. What new aspect in the relations between electricity and magnetism did Faraday discover? 7. Why was Faraday's discovery so important for practical applications in industry? 8. Why was Faraday not inclined to devote all his attention to the development of electrical industry? 9. If it were you to choose, would you prefer to apply the discovery to practical needs, or to make further researches in the theoretical field? 10. Through whose efforts and when did the two branches electricity and magnetism become a joint science called electromagnetism? • Think and say about:
4. Faraday's deliberately planned research and his ingenious experiments. 5. Maxwell's merits in the field. HOME EXERCISES I. Прочитайте следующие предложения, выбрав подходящее по смыслу причастие I или причастие П, предлагаемое в скобках. 1. Newton assumed that light was made up of many small particles (moving/moved) at high speeds. 2. This figure represents light particles (leaving/left) a source in many directions. 3. A group of such particles (travelling/ travelled) parallel paths is called a beam of light. 4. The experiments (carrying/carried) out at our laboratory are rather interesting. 5. The metal (using/used) in that experiment was titanium. 6. The results (receiving/received) changed with the material used. 7. The problem (concerning/concerned) must be considered in detail. 8. The period (following/followed) this invention was very productive. II. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод причастия II с наречиями. s  o так, таким образом so far до сих порthus thus far 1. The values thus found are of some interest. 2. The results so far received are not accurate enough. 3. The problem so explained was easily understood. 4. The arti-. cles thus far written on the subject are of no interest. 5. The work so done provided us with new data. 6. The method thus far used by us was effective enough. 7. The results thus achieved were of great help. 8. The measurements so far made are to be repeated. III. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот. 1. This is a device used for detection and measurement of light, its principle of action being simple. 2. The operation principle is based upon photo-electric effect, the latter arising as a result of energy transfer from light incident on a substance to electrons. 3. The device consists of two electrodes, one of them being coated with pho-toemissive material. 4. The material most often used for coating the cathode is caesium silver (цезиевое серебро), the latter being particularly sensitive to the red end of the spectrum. 5. The anode being maintained at a positive potential with respect to the cathode, the electrons are attracted to it. 6. The electric current passing through the device, we can measure light intensity incident on the cathode. IV. Переведите на английский язык. 1. Рассматриваемый прибор очень важен для проведения данного опыта. 2. Ученые, придерживающиеся этого метода, считают его вполне удовлетворительным. 3. Данные, о которых идет речь, позволяют нам сделать несколько предположений. 4. Поведение данного вещества в этом эксперименте подтверждает нашу гипотезу (hypothesis). 5. Группа, выполняющая это задание (task), работает успешно. 6. Источники света, называемые точечными источниками, имеют малый размер по сравнению с площадью, которую они освещают. ENJOY YOURSELF Professor: If you were in Africa and saw a lion coming what steps would you take? Student: The longest steps I could. __________________________________ lion n - лев; step n - шаг; take steps - принимать меры |
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