Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины Федеральное агентство по образованию Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования

But: It’s me who is wrong. 4. The universal pronoun both has a plural verb-predicate. Which of the letters are yours? Both are mine. 5. In the case of subjects expressed by collective nouns which are plural in meaning but singular in form (family, team, gang, group, crew, committee, crowd, company, band, board, government) there is the so-called notional agreement, that is, the choice of the number is based on whether the group is being considered as a single undivided body, taken as a whole, or a collection of individuals taken separately. A new government has been formed. The government have asked me to go, so I am leaving now. It was now nearly eleven o’clock and the congregation were arriving... The congregation was small. How are your family? Our family has always been a very happy one. The commanding officer does not know where his cavalry is and his cavalry are not completely sure of their situation. The noun people (народ, нация) has a singular verb. This people lives in the North. 6. Subjects expressed by collective nouns denoting individuals, though singular in form, always have a plural verb-predicate: cattle – скот, poultry – домашняя птица, police – полиция, militia – милиция, infantry – пехота, guard – гвардия, clergy – духовенство, gentry – мелкопоместное дворянство, jury – присяжные заседатели. These are the so-called «nouns of multitude». I don’t know what the police are doing. While the jury were out some of the public went for a breath of fresh air. The rearguard are afraid. The cattle stiffen. They stop grazing. They know, before you hear any sound, that planes are approaching. I don’t know what the public are thinking. 7. Subjects expressed by nouns denoting measure, weight, time, etc., have a singular verb-predicate when the statement is made about the whole amount, not about the units. Ten years is a long time. Another five minutes goes by. A million francs is a lot of money. 8. Notional agreement is also observed with subjects expressed by word-groups including nouns of quantity: a/the number of..., a/the majority of..., (a) part of..., the bulk of..., a variety of... . These admit of either a singular or a plural verb-predicate. 9. Subjects expressed by such invariable plural nouns as goods (товар, товары), contents (содержание, содержимое), riches (богатство, богатства), clothes (одежда), wages (зарплата), eaves (карниз крыши) have a plural verb. His wages were only 15 shillings a week. I asked her what the contents were about. His clothes were shabby. The goods were delivered on time. 10. Subjects expressed by such invariable singular nouns as hair, money, gate, information (сведения), funeral (похороны), progress (успехи), advice have a singular verb-predicate. Her hair is beautiful. The money is mine. The gate is open. The information was unusually interesting. If the funeral is so detestable to you, you don’t have to go to it. Note. The corresponding Russian nouns used as subjects are either plural invariables (деньги, ворота, похороны) or have both the singular and the plural forms (совет – советыl, новость – новости). 11. Subjects expressed by invariable singular nouns ending in -s have a singular verb-predicate – measles, mumps, billiards, dominoes, linguistics, economics, news, headquarters (штаб), works (завод). No news is good news. The new works that has been built in our district is very large. T hough nouns in -ics which are names of sciences and other abstract notions have a singular agreement when used in their abstract sense, they may have a plural verb-predicate when denoting qualities, practical applications, different activities, etc. (ethics – «moral rules», gymnastics – «physical exercises»). Thus these nouns have notional agreement and may be followed by either a singular or a plural verb. Statistics is a rather modern branch of mathematics. These statistics show deaths per 1,000 of population. S tatistics are available on this subject. Tactics is one of the subjects studied in military academies. Y our tactics are obvious. Please, don’t insult my intelligence. Politics is a risky profession. Politics have always interested me. W hat are your politics? Where he lives isn’t the provinces as far as ceramics are concerned, it’s the metropolis. Agreement of the predicate and the subject, expressed by a syntactic word-group 1. A plural verb-predicate is used in the following cases: 1. With homogeneous subjects connected by and. Sun and air are necessary for life. Tom and Mary are my friends. The ebb and the flow of the tide are regular. Note 1. However, with structures where coordinated nouns refer to one thing or person a singular verb-predicate is used. Bread and butter is not enough for breakfast. Bacon and eggs makes a traditional English breakfast. The painter and decorator is here. If the article is repeated, the reference is to two persons or objects and a plural verb-predicate is used. The bread and the butter are on the table. The painter and the decorator are here. Note 2. When a singular noun-subject has two attributes characterizing the same person or non-person connected by and it has a singular verb and the article is not re­peated. A tall and beautiful girl was waiting in the office. A black and white kitten was playing on the hearth rug. But if the attributes characterize different persons or non-persons the verb is in the plural and the article is repeated. A black and a white kitten were playing on the hearth rug. (A black kitten was playing and a white kitten was playing.) The yellow and the red car were badly damaged. However, the article is repeated before each attribute only with countable nouns. Uncountables have no article. In modern hotels hot and cold water are supplied in every room. American and Dutch beer are both much lighter than British. Good and bad taste are shown by examples. With plural nouns only one article is used. The Black and Mediterranean Seas never freeze. 2. With homogeneous subjects connected by both... and. Both the bread and the butter are fresh. Both the teacher and the students have come. 2. With homogeneous subjects connected by the conjunctions not only... but also, either... or, or, neither... nor the verb-predicate agrees with the nearest noun-subject. (This is the so-called «proximity rule».) Either my sister or my parents are at home. Either my parents or my sister is at home. Neither you nor I am right. Neither I nor you are right. Not only my parents but also my brother knows about it. Not only my brother but also my parents know about it. 3. With homogeneous subjects connected by the conjunctions as well as, rather than, as much as, more than the verb-predicate agrees with the first one. My parents as well as my sister are teachers. My sister as well as my parents is a teacher. The manager as welt as/rather than/more than/as much as the members of the board is responsible for the present situation. The secondary parts The Object The object is a secondary part of the sentence referring to some other part of the sentence and expressed by a verb, an adjective, a stative or, very seldom, an adverb completing, specifying, or restricting its meaning. The object can be expressed by: 1. A noun in the common case or a nominal phrase, a substantivized ad jective or participle. e.g. I saw the boys two hours ago. 2. A noun-pronoun. Personal pronouns are in the objective case, other pronouns are in the common case, or in the only form they have. e.g. I don’t know anybody here. 3. A numeral or a phrase with a numeral. e.g. At last he found three of them high up in the hills. 4. A gerund or a gerundial phrase. e.g. He insists on coming. 5. An infinitive or an infinitive phrase. e.g. She was glad to be walking with him. 6. Various predicative complexes. e.g. I want it done at once. 7. A clause (object clause) which makes the whole sentence a complex one. e.g. I don’t know what it was. From the point of view of their structure, objects may be simple, phrasal, complex or clausal. From the point of view of their value and grammatical peculiarities, four types cf objects can be distinguished in English: The direct object is used after transitive verbs with which it is closely connected as it denotes a person or thing directly affected by the action of the verb. It is used without any preposition. e.g. I wrote a poem. The indirect object denotes a living being to whom the action of the verb is directed. There are also cases when it denotes a thing. There are two types of indirect object: 1) the indirect object which expresses the addressee of the action. It is used with transitive verbs which take a direct object, so it hardly ever stands alone. e.g. Who saw him leave? As a rule the indirect object comes before the direct one. In this case it is used without a preposition. When the direct object precedes the indirect object, the latter is used chiefly with the preposition to. e.g. Give me a book. 2) the indirect object of the second type is more frequently used with intransitive verbs than with transitive ones and doesn’t always express the addressee of the action. e.g. One must always hope for the best. The complex object consists of two components, of which the second stands in predicate relation to the first. The two components form an indivisible unit and consequently must be regarded as one part of the sentence. The complex object can be prepositional and non-prepositional. e.g. I want you to do it at once. All the predicative constructions when used in the function of an object due to their structure farm a complex object. e.g. I want you to do this task. The cognate object is a special kind of object in English which has the following peculiarities: 1) It is used with intransitive verbs though it has no preposition. 2) It is expressed by a noun which is either of the same root as the verb or is similar to it in meaning. 3) It is almost regularly attended by an attribute with which it forms a combination that is close in meaning to an adverbial modifier: to live a happy life – to live happily. e.g. The child smiled the smile and laughed the laugh of contentness. The Attribute The attribute is a secondary part of the sentence which qualifies a noun, a pronoun, or any other part of speech that has a nominal character. A predicate can be either in pre-position or in post-position to the word it modifies. It can be expressed by: 1. An adjective. e.g. I’ve never seen a better place. 2. A pronoun (possessive, defining, demonstrative, interrogative, relative). e.g. Here is some money for you. 3. A numeral (cardinal or ordinal). e.g. He arrived just three weeks ago. 4. A noun in the common case and in the genitive case. This kind of at -tribute is generally used in pre-position. However, an attribute ex- pressed by the preposition of+ a noun in the genitive case is used in post-position: this clever joke of mother’s. e.g. The garden wall was almost ruined. 5. A prepositional phrase. e.g. He was a man of very regular habits. 6. An adverb in pre-position or in post-positior. e.g. Somebody appeared on the upstairs balcony. 7. Participles I and II or a participial phrase. e.g. The mild day died in the darkening flush of twilight. 8. A prepositional phrase or a prepositional construction with a gerund. e.g. He would not run the risk of being too late. 9. An infinitive, an infinitive phrase, or an infinitive construction. e.g. You are the one to blame. 10. Quotation groups. e.g. She looked at me with a kind of don’t-touch-me-or-I’ll-slap-you air. An apposition is a special kind of attribute which is expressed by a noun (with or without accompanying words) which characterizes or explains the word modified by giving the person or thing another name. There are two kinds of apposition, the close apposition and the loose or detached apposition A close apposition is not separated by commas and stands in close connection with the word modified. These word-groups generally consist either of the name of a person and a noun denoting relationship, or a geographical name and some common noun, e.g. Professor Brown, Captain Marryal, Aunt Polly, etc. A loose or detached apposition is not so closely connected with the noun. It is always separated by commas and has a stress of its own. e.g. Big and strong, he impressed us greatly.

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