Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины Федеральное агентство по образованию Государственное образовательное учреждение высшего профессионального образования
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The Adverbial Modifier The adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies a verb, an adjective or an adverb. According to their meaning we distinguish the following kinds of adverbial modifiers. 1. The adverbial modifier of time. e.g. We shall meet tomorrow. 2. The adverbial modifier of frequency. e.g. I am often tired. 3. The adverbial modifier of place and direction. e.g. He lives far from his parents. 4. The adverbial modifier of manner. e.g. Hooper danced badly, but energetically. 5. The adverbial modifier of attendant circumstances. e.g. In the study with the door closed, he stood before the window, smoking his pipe. 6. The adverbial modifier of degree and measure. e.g. The story is extremely long. 7. The adverbial modifier of cause. e.g. You mean you’ve failed because of me? 8. The adverbial modifier of result (consequence). e.g. It is too cold to go out. 9. The adverbial modifier of condition. e.g. But for you I wouldn’t be here at all. 10. The adverbial modifier of comparison. e.g. The mountain is higher than a hill. 11. The adverbial modifier of concession. e.g. In spite of his danger John listened to me attentively. 12. The adverbial modifier of purpose. e.g. Jane has come to help us. Ways of expressing the adverbial modifier: 1) an adverb. e.g. The ship sailed fast. 2) a noun with or without accompanying words. e.g. Behind the door he could hear Kristie sobbing. 3) a prepositional phrase. e.g. Classes begin on the first of September. 4) a noun, a pronoun, adjective, infinitive, participle, or prepositional phrase with a subordinate conjunction. e.g. I’ll come earlier if necessary. 5) a participle or a participial phrase. e.g. Sighing. Betty returned to the kitchen. 6) absolute constructions: a) the Nominative Absolute Participial Construction. b) the Nominative Absolute construction. c) the Prepositional Absolute Participial Construction. d) the Prepositional Absolute construction. e.g. There having been no rain, the earth was dry. The meal over, they went to the fuel store. I don’t want the quarrel with the children listening. 7) a prepositional phrase or construction with a gerund. e.g. Are you angry because of my being late? 8) an infinitive, an infinitive phrase, or an infini tive construction. e.g. The problem is too difficult to solve. Detached (loose) parts of the sentence Detached (loose) parts of the sentence are secondary parts with a certain grammatical and semantic independence. This phenomenon is characterized by the loose connection of these parts with the words they modify. Loose connection is due to the position of these words, the way they are expressed, their meaning, or the speaker’s desire to make them prominent. In spoken language detached parts are marked by intonation, pauses; in written language they are generally separated by commas or dashes. Adverbial modifiers, attributes, and prepositional indirect objects may be detached (loose0 parts of the sentence. The detached adverbial modifier. Any part of speech in the function of an adverbial modifier, especially that of attendant circumstances, can be detached, which accounts for the comma that separates it from the rest of the sentence. In her excitement, Maria jammed the bedroom-door together (London). He came in, with a large parcel under his arm. The detached attribute. A detached attribute can modify not only a common noun as an ordinary attribute does but also a proper noun and a pronoun. It was a wide white building, one storey high. There was a star-like quality about Judice, radiant and unreachable. The detached object. The prepositional indirect object is often detached. She does not change – except her hair. Huckleberry Finn was there, with his dead cat. Word order in English is of much greater importance than in Russian. Due to the wealth of inflexions word order in Russian is rather free as the inflexions show the function of each word in a sentence. As English words have hardly any inflexions and their relation to each other is shown by their place in the sentence and not by their form, word order in English is fixed. We cannot change the position of different parts of the sentence at will, especially that of the subject and the object. To illustrate this we shall try to change the order of words in the following sentence. e.g. The mother sent the son to the shop. If we put the direct object in the first place and the subject in the third, the meaning of the sentence will change altogether because the object, being placed at the head of the sentence, becomes the subject and the subject, being placed after the predicate, becomes the object. e.g. The son sent the mother to the shop. In Russian such changes of word order are in most cases possible. Вчера моя сестра читала мне интересную книгу. Интересную книгу читала мне вчера сестра. So due to the absence of case distinctions word order is practically the only means of distinguishing between the subject and the direct object. The above sentence may serve as an example of direct word order in an English declarative sentence. (1) the subject; (2) the predicate; (3) objects; (4) adverbial modifiers. Inverted Order of Words I. The order of words in which the subject is placed after the predicate is called inverted order or inversion. e.g. Don’t you know the news? Certain types of sentences require the inverted order of words. These are: 1. Interrogative sentences. In most of them the inversion is partial as only part of the predicate is placed before the subject that is the auxiliary or modal verb. e.g. Shall 1 read? The whole predicate is placed before the subject when it is expressed by the verb to be. e.g. Is he at home? Note. – No inversion is used when the interrogative word is the subject of the sentence or an attribute to the subject: e.g. Who is in the room? What photos are lying on the table? 2. Sentences introduced by there. e.g. There is something I want to tell you? 3. Compound sentences and replies beginning with so or neither/nor. e.g. She’s from Scotland, and so am I. «We didn’t know.» «Nor did I». 4. Simple exclamatory sentences expressing wish. e.g. Be it so! May it be! II. Emphatic Inversion. The inverted order of words is widely used when a word or a group of words is put in a prominent position, when it either opens the sentence or is withdrawn to the end of the sentence so as to produce a greater effect. So word order often becomes a means of emphasis, thus acquiring a stylistic function. In this case inversion is not due to the structure of the sentence but to the author’s wish to produce a certain stylistic effect. 1. Inversion occurs when an adverbial modifier opens the sentence. Here we must distinguish the following cases: (a) Adverbial phrase or phrases + the subject with a lengthy modifier + the predicate. e.g. Near the open window, curtains of which had been pulled aside, stood a young lady. (b) in vain, never, little ,etc. + the auxiliary do/have/modal + the subject + the predicate e.g. Never before have I known such sense of love. (c) adverbs so, thus, now, then, etc. + the subject (expressed by a noun). Now was the moment to act. (d) Adverbial modifiers of manner (adverbs) + the auxiliary do/have/modal + the subject + the predicate e.g. Silently and patiently did she bear all this. (f) so + the adverbial modifier e.g. So gracefully did she touch his shoulder that he felt a bit dizzy. 2. only, hardly, scarcely, no sooner, nor + the auxiliary do /have/modal + the subject + the predicate e.g. Only once did he meet his match in tennis. 3. demonstrative here + the predicate + the subjec: (a noun) e.g. Here comes my brother John. Вот идет мой брат Джон. 4. postpositions in, out, down, away, up, etc. denoting direction + the subject (a noun). e.g. Out went his head again. 5. not a.../ many a...+ the auxiliary do /have/modal + the subject + the predicate e.g. Not a word did she say about my misbehavior. 6. an adjective/ a noun modified by an adjective/ such + the subject (a noun / an indefinite pronoun). e.g. Such is life, and we are but the dust in the wind. Sweet was that evening. 7. conditional clauses introduced without any conjunction when the predicate is expressed by was, were, had, could or should. e.g. Should any emergency arise, call me. Position of the Object The usual position of the object in the declarative sentence is after the predicate. However, in exclamatory sentences the direct object may occupy the first place. e.g. What pleasant smile he has! In declarative sentences the front position of the object serves the purpose of emphasis. In Russian this position of the object is common (e. g. Этот фильм мы смотрели вчера); in English it occurs but seldom. As a rule this prominent position of the object causes no inversicn except when the object is expressed by word-groups with not a... or many a. . . The direct object acquires some prominence when it is separated from the predicate by some secondary part of the sentence – generally an adverbial modifier or a prepositional indirect object. We may call this the back position of the object, this occurs when the object has an attribute. e.g. He produced from his pocket a terribly looking piece of cloth. The front position of the indirect object in declarative sentences is rare. The prepositional indirect object is more common in this position, especialy in colloquial English. e.g. Of his love he would tell her nothing. Sometimes the front position of the prepositional indirect object causes inversion. Position of the Attribute The usual place of the attribute expressed by an adjective, noun, pronoun, or participle is before the word it modifies. e.g. What strange things you are telling me! With most of such attributes the order in which they follow each other is generally free, it can be easily changed. However, with some attributes the order in which they follow each other is more or less fixed. Attributes denoting age, colour, material, and nationality come next to the noun modified. e.g. She saw a man with short dark chestnut hair. When two or more attributes denoting age, colour, material, and nationality refer to the same noun the order is as follows:
e.g. She saw a pleasant young man wearing old blue kimono. It is interesting to note that the adjective little often corresponds to Russian diminutive suffixes in such words as паренек, братишка, ручка, комнатка. In this case as well as when little denotes age, it is placed immediately before the noun unless there are attributes denoting colour or nationality. There are some cases when the post-position of the attribute is its normal place, i. e. when it is not emphatic. 1. Most adjectives in -able and -ible are generally placed after the noun, especially when the noun is preceded by the adjective only or an adjective in the superlative degree: sufferings unspeakable, the only person visible, with all the solemnity possible, the most interesting thing imaginable. However, a few adjectives with the same suffixes stand before the noun they modify. e.g. He is the most reasonable man. She is a sensible little girl. 2. In some stock phrases the adjective is placed after the noun: wealth untold – несметные богатства from times immemorial – с незапамятных времен a poet laureate – поэт-лауреат generations unborn – грядущие поколения court martial – военно-полевой суд sum total – общая сумма four years running – четыре года подряд the first person singular – первое лицо единственного числа 3. The adjectives proper and present are placed after the noun. e.g. This book deals with science proper. Эта книга посвящена науке как таковой. Proper and present have different meanings when used in pre-position, e. g.: e.g. This is not a proper answer to a question of this kind. Our present task is to preserve peace in the world. 4. Attributes expressed by cardinal numerals denoting the place of the object in a series of words always follow the noun modified. No article is used in this case: page ten, tram number six, room two. 5. Adjectives stand after indefinite and negative pronouns. e.g. I’d like to read something very interesting. There is nothing extraordinary in her dress. 6. Attributes expressed by prepositional phrases follow the noun modified. e.g. He nodded his head as a sign of agreement. |
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