Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины «Деловой английский язык»
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Visual aidsOf all the information that enters our brains, the vast majority of it enters through the eyes. 80% of what your audience learn during your presentation is learned visually (what they see) and only 20% is learned aurally (what they hear). The significance of this is obvious:
It is well worth spending time in the creation of good visual aids. But it is equally important not to overload your audience's brains. Keep the information on each visual aid to a minimum - and give your audience time to look at and absorb this information. Remember, your audience have never seen these visual aids before. They need time to study and to understand them. Without understanding there is no communication. Apart from photographs and drawings, some of the most useful visual aids are charts and graphs, like the 3-dimensional ones shown here:  Piecharts are circular in shape (like a pie).  Barcharts can be vertical (as here) or horizontal.  Graphs can rise and fall. LanguageSimplicity and ClarityIf you want your audience to understand your message, your language must be simple and clear. Use short words and short sentences. Do not use jargon, unless you are certain that your audience understands it. In general, talk about concrete facts rather than abstract ideas. Use active verbs instead of passive verbs. Active verbs are much easier to understand. They are much more powerful. Consider these two sentences, which say the same thing:
Which is easier to understand? Which is more immediate? Which is more powerful? #1 is active and #2 is passive. SignpostingWhen you drive on the roads, you know where you are on those roads. Each road has a name or number. Each town has a name. And each house has a number. If you are at house #100, you can go back to #50 or forward to #150. You can look at the signposts for directions. And you can look at your atlas for the structure of the roads in detail. In other words, it is easy to navigate the roads. You cannot get lost. But when you give a presentation, how can your audience know where they are? How can they know the structure of your presentation? How can they know what is coming next? They know because you tell them. Because you put up signposts for them, at the beginning and all along the route. This technique is called 'signposting' (or 'signalling'). During your introduction, you should tell your audience what the structure of your presentation will be. You might say something like this: "I'll start by describing the current position in Europe. Then I'll move on to some of the achievements we've made in Asia. After that I'll consider the opportunities we see for further expansion in Africa. Lastly, I'll quickly recap before concluding with some recommendations." A member of the audience can now visualize your presentation like this:
He will keep this image in his head during the presentation. He may even write it down. And throughout your presentation, you will put up signposts telling him which point you have reached and where you are going now. When you finish Europe and want to start Asia, you might say: "That's all I have to say about Europe. Let's turn now to Asia." When you have finished Africa and want to sum up, you might say: "Well, we've looked at the three continents Europe, Asia and Africa. I'd like to sum up now." And when you finish summing up and want to give your recommendations, you might say: "What does all this mean for us? Well, firstly I recommend..." The table below lists useful expressions that you can use to signpost the various parts of your presentation.
Приложение 2 Рекомендации по аналитическому изложению прочитанного RENDERING (выдержки из учебно-методического пособия ЩербаковаИ.О. Щемелева И.Ю. Supplementary Business Reading(Texts for rendering in English)Тексты и задания для чтения для студентов факультета экономики,СПб, изд-во Ютас, 2009 To summarize or to render means to restate a portion of a text in a shortened form. A summary should bring out the main ideas of the passage, but it does not need to follow the same order as the original text. A summary should be clear, concise, and accurate in representing the original text. Webster's calls a summary the "general idea in brief form"; it's the distillation, condensation, or reduction of a larger work into its primary notions. It doesn’t matter if the initial text is in English or in Russian
NOTE: Include all the important ideas.
Useful words and phrases The text (article) is about… deals with… presents… describes… From the text (article) the reader gets to know… the reader is confronted with… the reader is told about… The text (the article) is concerned with (deals with)… The subject of the article is … At the beginning of the text(the article) it is said that… This text deals with the following aspects of the question... The aim of this article is… The first part of the text focuses on ... In the next part it is noted that … The article (text) ends with … To sum up the ideas of the article (the text) we should mention that… You can also use these phrases
Аn example of a compressed English text. The summary that goes after the text is also in English “Brain drain” is the phenomena whereby nations lose skilled labor because there are better paid jobs elsewhere. In recent years, this has affected poorer countries more so, as some rich countries tempt workers away, and workers look to escape bleak situations in their poor home countries. The term “Brain drain” originated in the 1960s, when many British scientists and intellectuals emigrated to the United States for a better working climate. In recent years, however, the problem of “brain drain” has been acute for poorer countries that lose workers to wealthier countries. Almost ironically, England is now a country where many such workers end up. The problem has been noted in healthcare in particular because the loss of healthcare professionals in poorer countries leaves already struggling healthcare systems in an even more desperate state. For its World Health Report 2006, the World Health Organization (WHO) noted that there is a global shortage of 4.3 million doctors, midwives, nurses, and support workers. Furthermore, “these [shortfalls] often coexist in a country with large numbers of unemployed health professionals. Poverty, imperfect private labor markets, lack of public funds, bureaucratic red tape and political interference produce this paradox of shortages in the midst of underutilized talent.” In addition, “Unplanned or excessive exits may cause significant losses of workers and compromise the system’s knowledge, memory and culture.” The prestigious journal, British Medical Journal (BMJ) sums up another aspect of the “brain drain” problem in the title of an article: “Developed world is robbing African countries of health staff” (Rebecca Coombes, BMJ, Volume 230, p.923, April 23, 2005.) This, Coombes notes, is because rich countries are also hiring medical staff from abroad, because they are far cheaper. (Many health systems in the first world are under budgetary pressures.) In a way, this becomes a form of subsidy for the rich! Some countries are left with just 500 doctors each, with large areas without any health workers of any kind. A shocking one third of practicing doctors in UK were from overseas in mid 2005 for example as the “BBC” reported. The British Medical Association and the Royal College of Nursing have described this as “poaching” because “staff migration from developing nations is killing millions and compounding poverty.” The WHO admits that numbers are difficult to come by, but looking at countries that do track such data (often limited to nurses and doctors only), the number of doctors and nurses from abroad working in the OECD (rich) countries comprises a significant percentage of the workforce. Other industries also suffer this issue. Some countries are able to afford this loss. For example, during the tech boom in the US around 2000, many IT workers from India were attracted to the US under the H1-B visa program. At that time, concerns were raised in India that this was a form of brain drain as highly skilled workers were being lost. However, some Indian politicians confidently claimed that this was not a problem because there were so many tech workers in the pool. Indeed, today India is a major off-sourcing center for technology. However, most poor countries are not of the size of India and per person lost, the impact can be more severe. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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