Учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины гсэ. Ф1 Иностранный Язык (Английский Язык) Основная образовательная программа подготовки специалиста по специальностям 050703. 65 Дошкольная педагогика и психология с доп специальностью «Педагогика и психология»
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Social Work in Child WelfareThe fate of one child in the United States today can be the fate of all children. Likewise, we must seek, in the interest of serving all children, to help each individual child. It is this goal toward which the child welfare system strives. Every nine seconds a child drops out of school. Every ten seconds a child will be abused or neglected. Every thirty-six seconds a child is born into poverty. Every minute a baby is born to a teen mother. Every thirty-two seconds a child sees his or her parents divorce. Every three minutes a baby is born to a mother who received no prenatal care. Every eighteen minutes a baby dies. Every twenty-three minutes a child is wounded by gunfire. Every 100 minutes a child is killed by firearms. These are all harsh realities that the children of the world face everyday. Children are the future of this country; and it is the child welfare system’s goal to intervene so that all children will have a better future. There are many aspects and roles of the child welfare system that social workers must use to reach this goal. Areas in the child welfare system are foster care services, adoption, prevention of abuse and so on. БИЛЕТ № 2 Child AbuseWriting this paper was difficult for me. Child abuse has never directly affected my life until a couple days ago. Since I have never been directly affected I have distanced myself and not felt the full extent of what it means to be abused. Someone very dear to me was sexually abused recently and I was going to write my paper on that but it is just too hard because it is so fresh in my mind. The incident didn’t directly happen to me but happened to someone I consider family and it hurt a lot. So I am writing my paper on child abuse because sexual abuse is a form of child abuse. My paper is mainly on physical child abuse. Maybe sometime in the near future I will be able to write a reaction to this sexual abuse, but as I sit here and type this out, I have tears streaming down my face, so I realize Child abuse has been a major problem for many years. In the early 1970’s, sixty thousand cases were estimated and in 1976, it increased to half a million cases and then in 1998 over three million cases were estimated. There are many ways to prevent these cases but parents still neglect, or fail to take care of a child of their children in many ways. БИЛЕТ № 3 Child PovertyI intend to address two issues. First try to picture children in a slum where the squalor in their homes is just as bad as that which is in the streets. Where prostitution is rampant, thievery a common place and murder and death a daily occurrence. Crack-cocaine and heroin are sold in corner markets, and the dead eyes of men and women wandering about aimlessly in the streets of Mott Haven are all too common. Their bodies riddled with disease, disease which seems to control the neighborhood. The stories, which are captured Amazing Grace, are told in the simplest terms. They are told by children who have seen their parents die of AIDS and other disease, by mothers who complain about teenagers bagging dope and loading guns on fire escapes, by clergy who teach the poor to fight. БИЛЕТ № 4 Birth RankBeliefs about birth rank and its contribution, personality, family role, and peer influence have been studied greatly by man psychologists and sociologists. The ideas about birth rank can reflect a different image of reality for siblings and parents. Birth orders can effect attributes of oneself’s personality because of the constraints they may feel from another sibling. In contrast to multi-child families single-child families have their own statistics about how only children develop in regards to personality, family, occupation and peers roles. Though some may feel it yields drastically different, many studies have found that it only slightly differs. There are different positions in the family: the first born child as the favored birth position followed by the middle, youngest, and only-child positions. БИЛЕТ № 5 Deviance Social deviance is a term that refers to forms of behavior and qualities of persons that others in society devalue and discredit. So what exactly is social deviance?. In general, any behavior that does not conform to social norms is deviance; that is behavior that violates significant social norms and is disapproved of by a large number of people as a result. For societies to run with some semblance of order the problem of deviance is essential and intrinsic to any conception of social order. It is problematic because it causes a disruption, but it is essential because it defines our boundaries as a society. It is intrinsic to a conception of order in that defining what is real and expected, defining what is acceptable, and defining who we are - always done in opposition to what is unreal, unexpected, unacceptable and who we are not. If we can accept the reality of change, then designations of deviance are crucial in locating the shifting boundaries of our socially structured reality. What is perceived as deviant behavior is subject to change depending on our position, place and time. БИЛЕТ № 6 Gender Equality Gender equality has been a social concern since man step foot on earth. When we think of gender equality discrimination against women is what comes to mind, but in recent years psychologist and sociologist have begun to study how men are discriminated against. It is considered general knowledge that men still make more money a year then women, and it is true that men hold most of the position of power in society. Recent studies have concluded that there is an aspect of society that discriminates against men. This aspect of society is deeply rooted in the American culture, and it is hard to name, to discuses, and to study. Gender roles for men, then are viewed not as biological givens, but as social constructions created from the expectations of social forces such as parents, teachers, peers, and the media about what constitute masculinity. Men are socialized to believe in the importance of success, power, and competitiveness. БИЛЕТ № 7 Media And Race Class, race and power all play a major part in the news media, which is a large part in everyday western life. The perpetuation of racism in Australian society is blamed on the mainstream news media, as racist preconceptions are reflected and reinforced through the use of racialised messages. The news media not only perpetuates racism in society but also creates subtle notions of bias and exclusion by stereotyping certain groups. In turn the media has the power to impose particular values and beliefs, framing society’s experience of social reality. In theory the news media, is a democracy, expected to nurture an informed audience by providing balanced and impartial reporting of events and issues. However, the news media has a much larger role in shaping the way members of a society think and behave. One of the goals of the media should be to represent the prevailing differences of culture, opinion and social conditions of the populations as a whole. БИЛЕТ № 8 Racial Discrimination Racism is a clear reality in our society that affects all people. Although it’s often racism continues to shatter and destroy lives. American remains burdened by a racial chasm. Racial discrimination is an ongoing human judgment that U.S. citizens can’t really stop. The life chances and opportunities of people of color in the United States are limited as compared to whites. The legacy of historic discrimination continues to weigh on the present; and current day discrimination persists throughout American life-in access to healthcare, educational services, employment opportunities, wage levels, capital, the criminal justice system, and media employment. Racism is difference plus power. All forms of racism suppose, on George M. Frederickson’s conception, that the differences between races mean that they cannot coexist in one society on terms of equality. This information is important because it allows us to further understand the history of racial discrimination, and why it happens. Racial discrimination is a problem affecting young minority teens today. БИЛЕТ № 9 Role of Social Support in Old Age As we move through the 21st century one of the most dramatic demographic changes is the increasing population of elderly people. Loneliness, lack of social support and isolation are identified as major risk factors that combined increase the risk of stressful life events in old age. For this reason a variety of new methods of measuring stress have been developed and refined. Much research indicates that a wide availability of social resources help people cope with stressful life events. Social support refers to the perceived comfort, caring, esteem, or help a person receives from significant others or community organizations. It is of importance for people undertaking successful social support to believe they are loved and cared for, and part of a social network. However, both informal and formal systems encounter the difficult task of providing efficient emotional assistance. To foster a more effective system in the face of the increasing demand for eldercare, social workers need to better understand the extent social support in relation to the stressful life circumstances of old age. БИЛЕТ № 10 Social Problems Of Urbanization Urbanization as a Social Problem. How is urbanization negatively effecting our society? The answer to this question is not a simple one. Also when answering this question one must understand that urbanization, can not be stopped, but only contained in a manner that will help the United States to function better as a country. The more densely populated and more heterogeneous a community is, the more accentuated characteristics can be associated with urbanism. Urbanism causes decrease in per capita, and promotes urban violence, political instability, crime and aggressive behavior. Rapid population growth in urban areas also perpetuates poverty. Another major issue being created by this social problem is the breaking of the traditional family structure. Our cities are not working well! Sanitation, safety, transportation, housing, education and even electricity are failing. These are all responsibilities of the government or it is at least their job to regulate these services deemed to be monopolies. БИЛЕТ № 11 Independent Schools There is a complete, feepaying system of education, quite separate from the state one, for those who can afford to pay. The terms “primary’’ and “secondary” are not applied to the independent schools. The transfer from the lower to the higher grade is at thirteen and not eleven. The principal schools for boys (boys and girls above eight are usually educated separately in independent schools) of over thirteen are called public schools and those for younger boys - preparatory schools (colloquially «prep»). Preparatory schools prepare young gentlemen up to the age of thirteen, when they arе eligible for the public schools. Many public schools in England date from the sixteenth century, some are even older. At first they gave а basically religious education, later branching out into mathematics, philosophy and some limited natural science. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, these schools had become the private preserve of the aristocracy and then of the wealthy, commercial and industrial families - the ruling class, in fact. Most of these schools are for boys. Although the public schools are not numerically important, they event a tremendous influence on the social structure of Great Britain. Nearly all the men holding leading positions in the Government, the armed forces, the judiciary, the commercial world and the Established Church were educated at public schools. Eton and Harrow are the best known of the public schools. Most of the public schools are boarding schools. Some of the newer schools do take day-boys also. Only the richest families can afford to send their sons to these schools, but even then it is not always possible to get their children accepted because of the long waiting list. Some parents put their children's name down for a particular school at birth, often choosing «Father's School». The public schools today retain their religious, classical and academic bias. Much attention is paid to sport especially cricket and rugby. «The Battle of Waterloo», the English like to say. «was won on the playing fields of Eton». Though teaching is arranged centrally, the boys live in separate houses. A typical house has about fifty boys, and they are all under the care of the housemaster and his wife. The house appoints its prefects and House Captain . This «house» and «prefect» system has been adopted by the secondary grammar schools. «Fagging» is a well known public school custom, in which the younger boys act as fags, or servants of the older boys, and is preserved as a form of disciplinary training. For girls there are also some preparatory and public schools, which are similar to the boys' institutions. Fewer girls are sent to boarding schools and so there are many more day schools for the girls. Such schools are commonly called High Schools. However, the title «High School» is not restricted to schools of this type, some schools controlled by the local education authorities are also entitled «High Schools». The term «High School» in England has no definite meaning, and there is no single category of schools which can be called “light Schools”, as in the USA. БИЛЕТ № 12 Students’ life The popular image of student life is of young people with few responsibilities enjoying themselves and doing very little work. This is often not true. Many older people now study at college or university, sometimes on a part-time basis while having a job and looking after a family. These students are often highly motivated and work very hard. Younger students are often thought to be lazy and careless about money but this situation is changing. In Britain reduced government support for higher education means that students can no longer rely on having their expenses paid for them. Formerly, students received a grant towards their living expenses. Now most can only get a loan which has to be paid back. From 1999 they also have to pay £1 000 towards tuition fees. In the US students have to pay for tuition and room and board. Many get financial aid package which may include grants, scholarships and loans. The fear of having large debts places considerable pressure on students and many take part-time jobs during the term and work full-time in the vacations. Many students in Britain go to a university away from their home town. They usually live in a hall of residence for their first year, and then move into digs (=a rented room in a private house) or share a house with other students. They may go back home during vacations, but after they graduate most leave home for good. In the US too, many studets attend colleges some distance from where their parents live. They may live on campus in one of the dorms (=halls), or off campus in apartments and houses which they share with housemates. Some students, especially at larger universities, join a fraternity or sorority, a social group usually with its own house near the campus. Fraternities and sororities often have names which are combinations of two or three letters of the Greek alphabet. Some people do not have a good opinion of them because they think that students who are members spend too much time having parties. Many US colleges and universities encourage an atmosphere of politcal correctness to try to help students get on together. In Britain the interests of students are represented by a range of societies, clubs and social activities including sports, drama and politics. One of the highlights (=main events) of the year is rag week, a week of parties and fund-raising activities in support of various charities. Especially in their first year, US students spend a lot of time on social activities. One of the most important celebrations, especially at universities which place a lot of emphasis on sports, is homecom-ing. Many alumni (=former students) return to their alma mater (=college) for a weekend in the autumn to watch a football game. During homecoming weekend there are also parties and dances, and usually a parade. When social activities take up too much time, students skip lectures (=miss them) or cut class (AmE) and take incom-pletes (AmE), which means they have to finish their work after the vacation. In the US this has the effect of lowering their course grades, but most US universities expect this behaviour from students and do little to stop it. Students are thought to be old enough to make their own decisions about how hard they work and to accept the consequences. A few students drop out (AmE flunk out) but the majority try hard to get good grades and a good degree БИЛЕТ № 13 Youth’s problems and concerns. “Youth is the happiest time in human life” or “a really carefree existence is possible when you are young”. We hear such phrases from adults very often. But is it really true? Does the young generation always have so unclouded life? Undoubtedly, nowadays in the limits of our modern society teenagers from any country are obliged to collide with enormous amount of problems and concerns. Of course, against the background of the world problems youth’s concerns can seem unimportant and sometimes even funny, but this fact doesn’t make them less urgent both for adolescents and society as a whole. In my opinion all teenagers’ problems can be divided into 3 large groups. The first group includes problems, which come into existence when the young generation has personal contacts with adults (generation gap) and people of the same age. The second group embraces problems, which are bound up with early love and sexual activity. And in the third group problems of leisure time, pocket money and child labor are contained. So, let’s study each group more detailed. Frequently during communication with adults teenagers meet with incomprehension or lack of attention. This problem, which is usually called “generation gap”, is typical for all adults and children in the world. Especially keenly it stands inside families where parents are under pressure of their work or too busy with their work or too busy with their own concerns. БИЛЕТ № 14 HOW TO LIVE IN PIECE WITH PARENTS? Not only the Great Russian writer Turgenev was interested in the question of “fathers and sons”, every new generation has clashed face to face over such a problem. The flash of the conflict usually takes place, when the children are teenagers; to be exact, when they’re about 13-16 years old. Worrying about their baby’s health, about what school, friends and clothes to choose, the majority of parents are really keen on looking after their kid from childhood on. But when the offspring grows up, they declare, that they wants to be independent. It is so very difficult for parents to understand, that their child has become adult and wants to make decisions him/herself, wants to get freedom, even if only partly. As for me, it infuriates me, to put it mildly, when my mummy comes straight to my room at eleven p.m. and says in a grumpy voice: “It’s time to sleep, honey!”, or when she tries to make me put on an extra sweater or a cap, refusing to understand, that I’m able to solve such a problem myself. Of course, parents wish all the best for their kids, they believe, that watching their children constantly can help avoid making mistakes (drugs, alcohol, early sex and etc.). Our mothers and fathers are sometimes not successful, when they sold us, for example, as being in infancy. They say: “Shame on you! You’re sixteen and you still don’t know what to be in the future, in what institute to pass the exams,” – and endeavor to make decisions instead of us. Children keep on trying to resist control and enforcement; they often argue and quarrel with their parents. In some cases the teenagers take extreme measures – they leave their homes, or begin telling lies and doing everything contrary to what their parents say. Well, how to find the compromise, how to have the right for freedom without making parents nervous? To my mind, it’s a mistake to be aggressive and to “fight for liberty”; the right way is to contact with the parents about new concessions day by day, but not without proving, that we, the children, are prudent and responsible. БИЛЕТ № 15 PARENTS AND CHILDREN The number of single children in Russia astonishes many British visitors, especially the old ones. “Where are the brothers and sisters?” they ask. “Isn’t that child in danger of being spoiled?” “Being spoiled” is a very British concept. Not every mother is suspicious of “too much indulgence” but it’s certainly often mentioned as a worry. Once the children are at school, most debates are essentially about rules and freedom. Both are necessary, but parents and children are in constant conflict about how much freedom, how many rules. British parents take money seriously. Children from the age of 5 or 6 are normally given weekly “pocket money” – a few pence at first, increasing as they get older. Pocket money is often related to responsibilities about the house. Teenage children are often given a clothing allowance (they must buy their own clothes) and budget accordingly. If they spend too much on a smart jacket or a fashionable dress, they will have no money for shoes. They are being taught “the value of money”. Children from the age of 13 often take part-time jobs to pay for records, electronic gadgets and so forth. They are not of course your problem. But this is a difference between Britain and Russia which is most often misunderstood by young Russian citizens. Imitating the rich West does not mean owning videos and fashionable clothes. In a market economy basically there is no “blat”. There is money or no money. What about moral attitudes? How do parents in Britain teach their children the difference between “right and wrong”? If you talk to parents of all social groups you will find there is general agreement that children should be taught to be kind, to be honest and to be unfair; and that is wrong to be cruel, to steal or destroy the happiness of other people. The other moral appeal to the British child is to “be fair”. Basic justice should be done. If there are three apples and three children, then the apples should be divided. Simple enough and world-wide perhaps. But many advantages are divided on this basis. In other western countries, different values are stressed. The Americans like to teach their children that everyone has the right to health, wealth, happiness, education, goods, ets. So it is your duty to insist on your rights and not to let other people take them away. These values are not really ours. Because most of us get worried it seems that people aren’t somehow trying to make things more fair. It is easy to find Americans, for example, who are absolutely certain that they know what is right because it is the world of God or an inalienable part of the American constitution. But the English are hesitant, muddled, but content to live with the muddle, trying to do the right thing but persuaded that a different approach might be all right if it sounded fair. |
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