Минспорта Чувашии Разговорные темы Подготовка к экзаменам Издание второе, переработанное и дополненное
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Books. Books play a very important part in our life. There is practically no family that does not have books. We can learn many things from books. They help us in self- education and deciding problems of life. Books appeared ages ago and took different forms. The oldest form is probably the roll. It appeared in Ancient Egypt, and was as well used in Ancient Greece. The fist books were written on papyrus, on different materials, mostly skins of animals. The books were copied by hand and cost a whole fortune. Later the printing press was invented so the books became popular and rather cheap. The first printed book was produced in Korea in the 8th century. In Europe the printing press began to work in the 15th century. There are many genres of books around us. They can be divided into fiction and non- fiction books. Non- fiction books contain real information and are used for education and work. They are reference books, dictionaries, atlases, biographies and autobiographies, scientific reports, textbooks and encyclopedias. Fiction books are written to give pleasure. They are also called belles-lettres. This word is mostly used when we speak about stories, novels and romances. “War and Peace” by Leo Tolstoy is an example of fiction. But the young usually prefer fantasy books and science fiction. Fantasy books usually describe the events and the countries in the form of the legend and narrate about the past. Science fiction books describe events in the future, the characters and places are given as imaginary and usually take place in the future. My favourite fiction book is “Gone with the Wind”. It was written be Margaret Mitchel. The book was published for the first time in 1936. It had a great success. In 1939 the film was filmed. The book is about the events of the Civil War between the North and the South, and of course about love. The main character, Scarlett O’Hara, loves Ashley Wilkes, but marries for money another man, Rhett Butler. By the end of the book she understands that she and Rhett are alike and have much in common, that she loves Rhett. But Rhett leaves her, and we can only guess if she can get him back. Words and expressions: self-education – самообразование to appear – появиться roll – свиток Ancient Egypt – Древний Египет Ancient Greece – Древняя Греция papyrus – папирус to invent – изобретать to cost a whole fortune – стоить целое состояние genre – жанр can be divided into – могут быть разделены fiction – художественная литература non-fiction – документальная литература to contain – содержать are used for – используются для reference book – справочник dictionary – словарь scientific report – научный доклад pleasure – удовольствие to prefer - предпочитать belles-lettres – беллетристика romance – рыцарский роман; любовная история to narrate – повествовать science fiction – научная фантастика great success – огромный успех imaginary – выдуманный to have much in common – иметь много общего to guess – предполагать Answer the question:
Protection of the environment. Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase. Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises appear all over the world today. The by- products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables. Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1,000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up. The pollution of air and the world’s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man’s careless interaction with nature, a sign of ecological crises. The most terrible ecological disaster was the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. The land was polluted by radioactive substances. A great damage has been done not only to forests, animals, fish but also to people’s health. Environmental protection is a universal concern. It seems that to stop pollution is very difficult and all countries must work together to solve this problem. Every one can help nature. Serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken. I think there should be an environmental programme at schools. This programme should include lessons about pollution and how children can help the Earth. We simply shouldn’t cut trees and other plants, we should help animals. We must collect wastes properly so it does not get into water or soil. We must do everything to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generation. Words and expressions: protection of the environment – защита окружающей среды nature – природа to serve – служить source of life – источник жизни to seem – казаться development – развитие interference – вмешательство to increase - увеличиваться natural riches – природные богатства enterprise – промышленное предприятие by-product – побочный продукт to pollute – загрязнять air – воздух to breathe – дышать grain – зерно; хлебные злаки to suffer – страдать smog – густой туман с дымом и копотью; смог dust – пыль harmful substances – вредные вещества their disappearance upsets oxygen balance – их исчезновение нарушает кислородный баланс some rare species – некоторые редкие виды destruction of the ozone layer – разрушение озонного слоя the most terrible ecological disaster – самая ужасная экологическая катастрофа damage – вред, ущерб should – следует, должен wastes – отходы to save life – спасать жизнь for the sake of – ради future generation – будущее поколение Answer the questions:
Outstanding people. The world knows the names of many great people: scientists, writers, actors, musicians and composers, politicians, historians, etc. A lot of discoveries have been made by them in different fields of science, history, culture, politics, etc. But the greatest event of the 20th century was the flight of Man into space. Special merit here belongs to Russian scientists. Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is one of them. K. Tsiolkovsky was born in 1879 in a small Russian village near Ryazan. Through all his life he had been working on the problem of interplanetary travel. He worked out the theory of cosmic flights. Tsiolkovsky believed that “mankind will not remain on Earth forever”, and he dreamt to see that day. But he died in 1935. The man who was standing behind Soviet space strategy from the 1930s was Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. An outstanding scientist, he devoted all his life to rocket research, constructing artificial satellites. The first artificial sputnik was launched on the 4th of October, in 1957. The Russians have every right to be proud of it. Some years later the most remarkable event in the history of cosmonautics took place. On the 12th of April, in 1961 the spaceship “Vostok”, piloted by Yuri Gagarin, went up. It is due to Korolev’s genius and some other top engineers’ talent that Russia became the world leader in conquering space. Yuri Gagarin was the first man who made his historic flight into space. The whole world applauded to this handsome young man. He orbited the earth once, staying in space for only 108 minutes, but he was the first to fly to stars. Mankind will always remember him. In commemoration of Gagarin’s flight April 12th has been made the International Day of Cosmonautics. Words and expressions: discovery – открытие field of science – область науки through of his life – всю свою жизнь cosmic flights – космические полёты to remain – оставаться to believe – верить to dream – мечтать outstanding – выдающийся to devote – посвящать research – исследование artificial satellite – искусственный спутник to launch – запускать remarkable event – памятное событие conquering space – завоевание космоса due to – благодаря in commemoration of – в память о Answer the questions:
Fashion in the USA and Britain. Many British people don’t think about clothes very much. In Britain, as well as in the USA, men in offices usually wear suits and ties and women wear dresses or skirts (not trousers). Doctors, lawyers and business people wear quite formal clothes. And in some hotels and restaurants men have to wear ties and women wear smart dresses. Jeans and open shirts are sometimes not allowed. It is difficult to say exactly what people wear in Britain and the States because everyone is different. If you are not sure what to wear watch what other people do and then do the same. Or ask the advice of a friend or your host. You’ll feel relaxed if you don’t look too different from everyone else. British people just like to be comfortable. When they go out to enjoy themselves, they can wear almost everything. At theatres, cinemas and concerts you can put on what you like – from elegant suits and dresses to jeans and sweaters. In many ways, Americans are more relaxed than British people, but they are more careful with their clothes. But when they go out in the evening, they like to look elegant. In good hotels and restaurants men have to wear jackets and ties and women wear pretty clothes and smart hairstyles. But these days most people in Britain and the USA do not wear very formal clothes. But sometimes it is important to wear the right thing. Words and expressions: clothes – одежда as well as – как и have to – следует to wear – носить (одежду), надевать skirt – юбка trousers – брюки lawyer – юрист are not allowed – нельзя; не позволительно tie – галстук it is difficult to say exactly – трудно сказать точно advice – совет comfortable – удобный the right thing – нужная вещь Answer the questions:
Music in our life. I think, music plays a great and important part in our life. And I’m sure, people can not live without music. We can hear music everywhere: in the streets, in the shops, on TV, over the radio, in the cars, in the parks or in the forest. But in the forest, of course, it is better to listen to birds singing and other natural sounds like the wind in the trees. I think it’s really doesn’t matter what kind of music you prefer: rock, pop, classical, jazz. A lot of people are fond of music. Some styles of music are popular among the young people. Others are popular with grown-ups. I think we like music because music expresses some ideas which are important for us. People buy tapes, go to the concerts, visit Concert Halls and Opera Theatres. As for me, I enjoy listening to music because it reflects my feelings and emotions. Very often when I’m in a bad mood, I listen to my favourite merry songs and I feel much better. I like either pop or classical music. Sometimes I attend music halls and the concerts, when popular groups and singers are there. I like watching music programs on TV. I like to know more and more about popular talented groups and singers. One of my favourite composers of classical music is Ludwig van Beethoven. He is one of the greatest composers in the world. I admire him. At the peak of his career he began to loose his hearing . But it didn’t interfere with his ability to compose. He wrote one of the most powerful compositions – “the Ninth Symphony”, after that he became completely deaf. His music is appealing, attractive, very impressive and breathtaking. I’m always delighted with such talented people. Words and expression: to hear - слышать natural sounds – естественные звуки it doesn’t matter – не имеет значения to be fond of – увлекаться; любить grown-up – взрослый to express – выражать to enjoy – получать удовольствие it reflects my feelings and emotions – она выражает мои чувства и эмоции to be in a bad mood – быть в плохом настроении merry – весёлый to admire - восхищаться to loose hearing – терять слух it didn’t interfere with his ability – не помешало его способности deaf – глухой to be delighted – восхищаться Answer the questions:
Bad habits. Smoking, drinking alcohol, taking drugs are bad habits. They cause different diseases. For example, one of the worst and harmful habits is taking drugs. It causes cancer, blood, heart and brain diseases, slow reactions and loss of memory. Taking drugs makes skin unhealthy, speech unclear and brain centres sleep. I think taking drugs affects the whole family. Of course it is a big problem for the family. If there is a drug user in the family everybody in the family suffers from it. I think the Government must put into prison for selling and taking drugs. Another bad habits are smoking and drinking alcohol. Smoking causes a cough, headache, pneumonia, cancer. It makes teeth yellow, skin unhealthy, clothes and hair smell. Drinking alcohol also causes different diseases. Unfortunately many young people begin to drink alcohol. According to the statistical data many teenagers have drug or alcohol addiction. And they almost never believe that they are dependent. If I were a president I would ban to advertise cigarettes and alcohol on TV. And in conclusion I’d like to advise everybody to go in for sport and lead a healthy way of life. |
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