Минспорта Чувашии Разговорные темы Подготовка к экзаменам Издание второе, переработанное и дополненное
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Words and expressions: genre – жанр in charge of – в честь to produce harmony – создавать гармонию to perform – представлять, показывать to define – определять; давать характеристику for centuries – веками spectator – зрелищный rich – богатый poor – бедный puppet theatre – кукольный театр to date – назначать свидание; встречаться noble – благородный; титулованный, знатный reason – причина magic – магия, волшебство to draw (drew, drawn) - рисовать shade – тень to appear – появиться silent – немой to shoot a film – снимать фильм to develop – развивать Answer the questions:
Museums and Picture Galleries. Museum is a building where objects illustrating art, history or science are displayed. Museums collect different items. They not only collect but also store, study, systematize and popularize arts, history and other subjects. So museums are divided into museums of Natural History (Zoology Museum in St. Petersburg, Museum of Natural History in London), museums of history (National Museum of American History in Washington, D. C., the Bath Museum in Bath in England, Ethnography Museum in St. Petersburg, History Museum in Moscow), museums of Science (Polytechnical Museum in Moscow, the Franklin Institute Science Museum in Washington) and art museums. The most popular museums are museums of art. There are many art museums in Moscow, St. Petersburg and other Russian cities. The most popular art museum in Moscow is the State Tretyakov Gallery, in St. Petersburg it is the State Hermitage. The Tretyakov Gallery was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a Russian merchant. In 1892 he granted his collection of Russian painting to the city of Moscow, but the date of the foundation is 1856, when Pavel bought the first works. Now the museum has 7 departments. The Hermitage is one of the largest museums of the world. It hosts many permanent and temporary exhibitions in more than 400 halls. The Hermitage is a complex of 6 buildings (Winter Palace, Small Hermitage, Old Hermitage, New Hermitage, the Hermitage Theatre and the First Palace of Peter I). Many architects took part in constructing and reconstructing these buildings. But the most famous are museums situated in London, this greatest attraction for tourists all over the world. One of the most popular museums is the Tower of London which used to be a stronghold, a treasure- house, an arsenal, a prison, a mint, an observatory, a zoo and a royal residence. The Tower consists now of several buildings The British Museum was founded in 1753 on the basis of Sir Hans Sloane’s collection. It consists of two Departments – the Museum of Mankind and the Natural history Museum. The first of the two includes vast collection of works of art in stone, glass, bronze and gold which illustrate the cultures of the Ancient World. The other Department contains 5 principal collections on the history of animals, plants and minerals. Words and expressions: to display – выставлять, демонстрировать, показывать item – каждый отдельный предмет merchant – купец to grant – дарить; даровать department – отдел, отделение; отрасль foundation - образование to host – принимать permanent – постоянный temporary – временный exhibition – выставка to take (took, taken) part – принимать участие stronghold – крепость treasure-house – сокровищница prison – тюрьма mint – монетный двор observatory – наблюдательный пункт royal – королевский to consist – состоять to include – включать vast – огромный to contain – содержать plant – растение Answer the questions:
The United States of America. The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world after Russia, Canada and China. It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Atlantic seaboard, across the central plain, over the Rocky Mountains to the densely populated West Coast and then to the island state of Hawaii. The USA also includes Alaska in the north of the continent. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometres. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea-border with Russia. The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special Federal area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 239 million. The USA is called the “nation of immigrants”. The country was settled, built and developed by generations of immigrants and their children. If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. The United States is a land of rivers and lakes. The northern state of Minnesota is known as the land of 10 000 lakes. The largest and the deepest lakes in the USA are the fife Great Lakes on the border with Canada. America’s largest rivers are The Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has a subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that the Atlantic coast. The USA is highly developed industrial country. It is the world’s leading producer of copper and oil and the world’s second producer of iron ore and coal. Among the most important manufacturing industries are aircraft, cars, textiles, radio and television sets, armaments, furniture and paper. The largest and important cities in the USA are Washington, New York, Chicago, Boston, Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Dallas, Detroit and others. The USA is a presidential republic. Under the Constitution the federal government is divided into three branches: the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch. The legislative branch is exercised by the Congress which consists of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The executive branch is headed by the President who is elected every four years. The judicial branch is made up of Federal District Courts, 11 Federal courts and the Supreme Court. There are two main political parties in the USA: the Republicans and the Democratics. From the beginning of the twentieth century the USA became the world’s leading country. Words and expressions: to occupy – занимать the Rocky Mountains – Скалистые горы to stretch – простираться to border on – граничить to develop – развиваться generation – поколение lowland – низменность, долина, низина to vary – меняться, варьировать copper – медь iron ore – железная руда manufacturing – промышленный armament – вооружение government – правительство legislative branch of power – законодательная власть executive – исполнительный judicial – судебный highly developed – высокоразвитый Answer the questions:
Washington. The beautiful city of Washington D. C. is the capital of the United States of America and the centre of its government. The capital was named after the first president George Washington and was founded in 1790. It is situated on the Potomac River in the District of Columbia. Washington is not the largest city in the USA. It has about 900000 inhabitants. Washington has a nickname – “the American Paris”. It has long wide avenues, gardens, beautiful parks and no skyscrapers at all. Washington is the residence of the President and the Congress of the USA. The White House is the President’s residence, the Capitol – the seat of the American Congress. The largest and the tallest among the buildings is the Capitol with its great House of Representatives and Senate Chamber. There are no skyscrapers because no other building must be taller than the Capitol. All American presidents except George Washington (the White House was not yet built in his time) have lived in the White House. It was built in 1799. Washington is a large scientific and cultural centre, where there are many research institutes, five universities, the National Academy of Science and the Library of Congress. There is one more well-known building in Washington – Pentagon, the residence of the US Military department. It is situated in the suburbs to the south of the Potomac. Not far from the Capitol is the Washington Monument, which looks like a very big pencil. It rises 160 metres and is hollow inside. A special lift brings visitors to the top in 70 seconds from where they can enjoy a wonderful view of the whole city. The Jefferson Memorial was built in memory of the third President of the USA, Thomas Jefferson, who was also the author of the Declaration of Independence. The memorial is surrounded by cherry-trees. The Lincoln Memorial is devoted to the memory of the 16th President of the US, the author of the Emancipation Proclamation, which gave freedom to Negro slaves in America. On the other bank of the Potomac lies the Arlington National Cemetery where President Kennedy was buried. American soldiers and officers, who died in World Wars I and II are buried there too. Words and expressions: skyscraper - небоскрёб except – за исключением suburb - пригород the House of Representatives – палата представителей was named – был назван inhabitant – житель nickname – прозвище military – военный hollow – пустота; углубление to enjoy a wonderful view of – получать удовольствие от замечательного вида in memory – в память independence – независимость to surround – окружать cherry – вишня freedom – свобода slave – раб are buried - похоронены Answer the questions:
New York. New York is the largest city in the USA and the biggest seaport. It is the business centre of the United States. New York is situated in the mouth of the Hudson river. In comparison with such historical cities as, say, Rome, London, Moscow or Paris, New York is quite young. It was founded in 1613 by Dutch settlers. There are five districts in the city: Manhattan, the Bronx, Queens, Brooklyn and Richmond. Manhattan is the central and the oldest part of the city. It is the district of business and finance. It is here in Wall Street that many business offices, banks and the world famous New York stock exchange are situated. The New York stock exchange dominates business life of many countries. The total area of New York is 365 square miles or 900 square kilometres. Its population together with the population of its suburbs amounts to 16 million people. Among the inhabitants of New York one can meet people of almost all nationalities. They settled here during the immigration in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. A traveler who visits New York for the first time wonders at the modern architecture. The Statue of Liberty, which is on Liberty Island, was a present from France in 1876 on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of American Independence. This statue and a few 18th and 19th century churches, hospitals, newspaper offices and other buildings are the only examples of “old” architecture in New York. Wherever your eyes travel, everywhere you can see sky-scrapers. New York, one of the USA leading manufacturing cities, is the home of great firms and banks. The most important branches of industry are those producing vehicles, glass, chemicals and all kinds of machinery. The city has very busy traffic. Its streets and highways are full of cars and buses. The mouth of the Hudson river makes an excellent harbour for numerous passengers and cargo ships from all over the world. Speaking about New York one can’t but mention the outstanding role, the city plays, in the cultural life of the country. New York has many museums and art galleries which have collected works of art of many peoples and of all times. Many of them are on constant display in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Whitney Museum of Art. Most of the theatres and cinemas are in or near Broadway, the longest street and the biggest shopping district in New York. The Metropolitan and Modern Arts Museums attract many visitors. Words and expressions: in comparison – по сравнению Dutch settlers – датские поселенцы Stock exchange - биржа suburbs - пригороды to amount to - составлять to wonder at – любоваться on the occasion – по случаю anniversary – годовщина independence - независимость vehicle – автомобиль, средство передвижения traffic – движение, транспорт harbour - пристань highway – автострада cargo ships – грузовые корабли to be on constant display – постоянно экспонироваться to attract – привлекать Answer the questions:
George Bush. George Bush, the present President of the USA came to power on January 20, 2001. He is the son of the former president George Bush. He was born in New Haven, Connecticut, on July 6, 1946, and grew up in Midland, Texas. He attended the Academy in Massachusetts, and graduated from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard University in 1975. During the Vietnam War Bush served (1968-1973) as a pilot in the Texas Air National Guard. He married Laura Welsh in 1977. Bush was first elected to public office relatively late in life. In 1994, at age 48, he won election as governor of Texas. Prior to winning elective office, Bush had a varied career. He spent much of the 1970s and 1980s working in the oil and gas business in Texas. He did make one attempt at elective office, running as the Republican nominee for Congress in 1978. He lost the race badly and turned his attention back to oil prospecting, where his business ran into difficulties. During the first term of his governor, Bush enjoyed growing popularity in Texas. The state enjoyed prosperity. He held firm on antidrug and anticrime measures and on the death penalty. He also gratified his voters with large tax cuts and a far-reaching welfare reform program. He substantially increased state funding for public schools. Bush clearly benefited in the election from the public’s desire for change after eight years of the Clinton-Gore administration. And in 2001, he became the 44th President of the USA. Moreover, after dramatic events of the 11th of September 2001, he was completely maintained by American society in his struggle against terrorism all over the world. |
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