Учебно-методический комплекс учебной дисциплины иностранный язык (английский язык) Часть II. Методические рекомендации и план освоения дисциплины 031200. 00 а «Педагогика и методика начального образования»
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Wedding Superstitions In England the wedding preparations, ceremony and feast have all become loaded with ritual practices to ward off evil and bless the marriage with fortune and fertility. The choice of date is important. May is traditionally unlucky for weddings and many modern couples marry between Easter and late May, the practice much encouraged by tax rebates. The tradition that the bride's parents should pay for the wedding dates back from two or three centuries ago, when wealthy families would pay an eligible bachelor to take an unmarried daughter of their hands in exchange for а large dowry. At most formal weddings brides still get married in virginal white - many other colours are considered unlucky. А bride will also ensure that her wedding outfit includes "something old, something new; something borrowed, something blue". "Old" maintains her link with the past; "new" symbolizes the future; "borrowed" gives her а link with the present; and "blue" symbolizes her purity. Even а modern bride will observe the taboos about wearing her dress before the ceremony. The groom mustn't see her in it until she enters the church. The veil should be put on for the first time as she leaves for the church. It's а lucky omen if the bribe should see а chimney sweep on her way to church. Sometimes а sweep is paid to attend the ceremony and kiss the bribe - а relic of the idea that soot and ashes are symbols of fertility. One old custom was for the bride and sometimes the groom to negotiate some obstacle as they left the church - guests would impede them with ropes of flowers, for example, or with sticks that had to be jumped over. After that the bride is faced with the feast. The most important item is the wedding cake, whose richness symbolizes fertility, just as it has done since Roman times. Today, the first slice is cut by the bride to ensure а fruitful marriage. Favourite Story George Robinson was ambitious but not very clever when he was at school, and he left when he was sixteen. At first he did not know what to do, but when he tried selling cheap toys in the street, and it quickly became clear that he was a clever businessman. Soon, without much struggle, he had а small shop of his own, and it was not before long he owned three big shops in his town, in which he employed over sixty people. Before he was thirty he also had quite а big factory for making toys, and had succeeded in making а considerable fortune. George had always been interested in local polities. He was elected to the town council when he was thirty-two, and was such а busy and useful member of it that he rapidly became mayor. Although he was very successful in international industry as well as in local government, George was still not а very well-educated man, and as he was also а very busy one, he began to have the speeches he had to make written for him by а special speechwriter. Usually he did not have much time to go through а speech before giving it, but the speechwriter was good at thinking up clever things for George to say, so George never had any difficulties with him and got quite used to trusting him. In the end he didn't even troubled to look at what he was given until it was time to make the speech. Then one day George had to make an important speech at а formal official ceremony marking the opening of а new library which he had persuaded the other distinguished businessmen in the town to help him to pay for. He had been away on urgent business for а week before this occasion, so he had had no time to read through his speech at all. When it was his turn to speak to the audience, he stood up on the stage, took his speech out of his pocket and began to read it. He enjoyed jokes, and always asked his speechwriter to put а few good ones in each speech he wrote for him, to put his audience in а good temper. This time, sure enough, he came to the words «And that reminds me of one of my favourite stories». George had actually never heard that story before, and when he looked at it before reading it aloud, he burst out laughing and laughed so much that he fell off the platform on which he was standing and broke his arm. Holydays And Customs Morris Dancers. Punch, Judy and Toby. Maypoles' Decorations. Three Weeks Paid Holidays per Year. Bank Holidays. The Patron Saints Days Imagine you are in а medium-sized English town. It is Saturday morning in April and the market place is full of noise. You hear the sound of music, at least one accordion, а drum, tin whistle and fiddle. As you come closer you see an interesting sight. There are some men dressed in white clothes but decorated in the strangest way with bright ribbons, flowers and small bells. They dance, leaping into the air, stamping their feet, and perform the most complicated pattern of movements. They perform а Morris dance and what they are doing is anything up to eight hundred years old. Now you are at the seaside. It is the end of July and the school holidays have just begun. There is а strange little red and white stripped tent, and sitting in front of it on the sand, а whole crowd of little children laughing and shouting. They are watching а puppet theatre, Punch and Judy. Mr. Punch in his bright red clothes is, as usual, hitting Judy over the head with а stick, while Toby, the dog, patiently watches. These are just two examples of customs which, despite television and other social changes, are alive and well in England. There are many, many more, some of them so local that they are only known in the villages where they take place. Many villages have maypoles which are decorated in early summer and around which children dance. In the matter of holidays the British are less well-off than other Europeans. Most people have only three weeks paid holiday per year, and the bank holidays put Britain at the bottom of the list of Common Market countries as far as public holidays are concerned. British 'bank holidays' are New Year's Day, Good Friday, Easter Monday, May Day, Spring Bank Holiday, Summer Bank Holiday, Christmas Day and Boxing Day. Only when the UК joined the E.E.S. did New Year's Day became а public holiday. The patron saints days are not celebrated with а holiday. They are St. David's Day (March 1st) in Wales, St. George's Day (April 23rd) in England and St. Andrew's Day (November 30) in Scotland. Only Ireland, both North and South, has а holiday on St. Patrick's Day (March 17). Climate Temperate Climate - Dry or Wet? - Winds - Changeable Weather - Rainfall The climate in the UK is generally mild and temperate due to the influence of the Gu1f Stream. The southwestern winds carry the warmth and moisture into Britain. The climate in Britain is usually described as cool, temperate and humid. The weather is so changeable that the English often say that they have no climate but only weather. Therefore it is natural for them to use the comparison "as changeable as the weather" of а person who often changes his mood or opinion about something. The weather is the favorite topic of conversation in the UK. As the weather changes with the wind, and Britain is visited by winds from different parts of the world, the most characteristic feature of Britain's weather is its variability. The English also say that they have three variants of weather: when it rains in the morning, when it rains in the afternoon or when it rains all day long. Sometimes it rains so heavily that they say "It's raining cats and dogs". Rainfall is more or less even throughout the year. In the mountains there is heavier rainfall than in the plains of the south and east. The driest period is from March to June and the wettest months are from October to January. The average range of temperature (from winter to summer) is from 5 to 23 degrees above zero. During а normal summer the temperature sometimes rises above 30 degrees in the south. Winter temperatures below 10 degrees are rare. It seldom snows heavily in winter, frost is rare. January and February are usually the coldest months, July and August the warmest. Still the wind may bring winter cold in spring or summer days. Sometimes it brings whirlwinds or hurricanes. Droughts are rare. So, we may say that the British climate has three main features: it is mild, humid and changeable. That means that it is never too hot or too cold. Winters are extremely mild. Snow may come but it melts quickly. In winter the cold is а humid cold, not dry. This humid and mild climate is good for plants. Trees and flowers begin to blossom early in spring. Lively London – а Town for All Seasons Dr. Johnson said, "There is in London all that life can afford". If he were alive today the great conversationalist would probably feel that in London there is more than life can afford, so enormous and varied is the range of entertainment available. From а sing-song in а smoke-filled pub to the glitter of а first night at the opera, there is always sometimes going on. There are more than 50 theatres in London, mostly concentrated in а part of the West End that has become known as "theatreland". They range in size from the tiny May Fair, seating 310, to the giant Coliseum with its capacity of 2 352. The oldest is Dreary Lane, which opened as the Theatre Royal in 1663, although the present building dates from 1812. The newest is the National Theatre, opened in 1976 and combining three theatres Linder one roof. Productions are diverse enough to suit all tastes: opera and ballet at the Coliseum and Covent Garden; musicals at Drury Lane and the Palace; variety at the Palladium; Shakespeare at the Old Vic. Revues are а London stage tradition, glittering ones produced in large theatres like Victoria Palace and the Piccadilly, others more modest affairs in the intimate atmospheres of the May Fair, Savoy and Fortune. Other London theatres have changed their roles, but still offer entertainment. For example, the old Hippodrome is now the Talk of the Town, а theatre restaurant where dinner and stage show are offered. The Lyceum, just off the Strand, has been а dance hall since the Second World War. One building whose designer never planned it as part of entertainment is the Round House in Chaik Farm Road. It was built as an engine shed in 1847, and in 1967 was reconstructed into an arts centre. New works and unusual productions of familiar plays are shown. The National Film Theatre on the south bank, and the institute of Contemporary Arts in the Mall feature classical, foreign and specialist films. Both are cinema clubs, and anyone can become а member at the door. Until recently London's two principal concert halls were the Royal Albert Hall and the Royal Festival Hall, which hold regular concerts including performances by symphony orchestras, brass bands and ballet companies. One musical highlight is the season of Promenade Concerts at the Albert Hall during July, August and September. Performances are by the ВВС Symphony Orchestra and visiting orchestras. The last night of the "Proms" is traditionally а festive occasion. In 1982 а new are centre- the Barbican was officially opened by Her Majesty the Queen. It is the largest art complex in Europe and is owned and funded by the Corporation of the City of London. The Barbican is the London base of Royal Shakespeare Company, whose worldwide reputation attracts record-breaking audiences. It has the largest concert hall, an art gallery, several exhibition halls and restaurants. Solo recitals and chamber music concerts are held at the Wigmore Hall, Queen Elizabeth Hall and Purcell Room. Two large concert halls in the surburbs are the Fairfield Halls at Croydon and the Wembley International Conference Centre. Sports in a pub There are many public houses in London and elsewhere, where beer, wine and spirits may be bought and drunk at certain times of the day. These are suitable for all classes of the community and provide а place where people may meet together and talk, and perhaps play darts or other games, as well as drink. In the bar of every English "pub" there is а dart-board, and on most evenings the game of darts is being played. This is а traditional English game, and it developed from archery, which was much encouraged for military reasons during the Middle Ages. The first record of something like the modem game appears in а sixteenth century description of а tournament where people threw missiles at а target by hand, instead of using а bow. The Pilgrim Fathers who sailed to America in 1620 in search of greater freedom, played darts during the voyage. The dart-board has numbered sections and the score depends on the section in which the dart lands. The darts are small, about 12сm long, and have а steel point, а metal body and three feathers. А set of three darts is used and each player throws them in turns. Expert players usually have their own private set of darts, but pubs always provide а set for occasional players. If you hit the very middle - you hit the bull's eye, which gives you the highest score. Pubs are really an essential part of English life. Most customers in the smaller ones play games such as dominoes, darts and snooker, which is а variatiol1 of bi1liards played with 15 red balls and 6 variously coloured ones. In many local pubs there are teams of players of these indoor games who play matches against teams from other public houses all organized in local leagues, and the idea has developed so far that there are even national champiol1ships in snooker and darts, all arising from these innocent indoor games of England's pubs. Artistic and Cultural Life in Britain The Main Stages - Traces of Past Greatness - What the British Are Proud of - The British Council. Artistic and cultural life in Britain is rather rich. It passed several main stages in its development. The Saxon King Alfred encouraged the arts and culture. The chief debt owed to him by English literature is for his translations of any commentaries on Latin works. Art, culture and literature f1owered during the Elizabethan age, during the reign of Elizabeth I; it was the period of English domination of the seas. It was at this time that William Shakespeare lived. The empire, which was very powerful under Queen Victoria, saw another cultural and artistic heyday as а result of industrialization and the expansion of international trade. But German air raids caused much damage in the First World War and then during the Second World War. The madness of the wars briefly interrupted the development of culture. Immigrants who have arrived from all parts of the Commonwealth since 1945 have not only created а mixture of nations, but have also brought their cultures and habits with them. Monuments and traces of past greatness are everywhere. There are buildings of all styles and periods. А great number of museums and galleries display precious and interesting finds from all parts of the world and from all stages in the development of nature, man and art. The British Council promotes knowledge of British culture and literature overseas. It organizes British participation in international exhibition and encourages professional interchange in all cultural fields between Britain and other countries. References 1. Alfred - саксонский король Альфред (849 - 901) 2. Elizabethan - елизаветинский (обыкн. об архитектурном стиле, литературе, музыке) 3. Elizabeth I - королева Елизавета I (правившая Англией с 1558 по 1603 г.) 4. Queen Victoria - королева Виктория (правившая Англией с 1837 по 1901 г.) 5. British Council - Британский совет (независимая организация по развитию культурных связей с зарубежными странами. Создана в 1934 г.) Christmas Christmas Day, 25, December . Most Families Decorate Christmas Tree . The Tradition of Giving Gifts. Children Leave а Long Sock or Stocking for Presents. Fruits and Nuts . Boxing Day. 26 December If you try to catch а train on 24th of December you may have difficulty in finding а seat. This is the day when many people are traveling home to be with their families on Christmas day, 25th of December. For most British families, this is the most important festival of the year, it combines the Christian celebration of the birth of Christ with the traditional festivities of winter. On the Sunday before Christmas many churches hold а carol service where special hymns are sung. Sometimes carol singers can be heard on the streets as they collect money for charity. People are reminded of Charles Dickens' story 'Christmas Carol'. Most families decorate their houses with brightly-coloured paper or holly, and they usually have а Christmas tree in the comer of the front room, glittering with coloured lights and decorations. There are а lot of traditions connected with Christmas but perhaps the most important one is the giving of presents. Family members wrap up their gifts and leave them at the bottom of the Christmas tree to be found on Christmas morning. Children leave а long sock or stocking at the end of their beds on Christmas Eve, 24th of December, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney and bring them small presents, fruits and nuts. They are usually not disappointed! At some time on Christmas Day the family will sit down to а big turkey dinner followed by Christmas pudding. They will probably pull а cracker with another member of the family. It will make а loud crack and а coloured hat, small toy and joke will fall out! Later in the afternoon they may watch the Queen on television as she delivers her traditional Christmas message to the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth. If they have room for even more food they may enjoy а piece of Christmas cake or eat а hot mince pie. 26th of December is also а public holiday, Boxing Day, and this is the time to visit friends and relatives or watch football. |
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