Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
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YouNotThriftyIn the short term the fiscal burden imposed by illegal immigrants may outweigh the economic gains they bring. In other words, the average native-born American has a higher pre-tax income thanks to the country's “broken” border, but his post-tax income may be slightly lower. All told, Mr Hanson thinks that illegal immigration might cost native-born residents some 0.07% of GDP. But that net cost, if it exists at all, is clearly less than the price of keeping illegal workers out. Since 2001 Congress has more than doubled the amount of money spent on securing the borders and enforcing immigration laws. Mr Bush's 2008 budget proposes spending $13 billion, or 0.1% of GDP. The senators' plans would be even more expensive. A needlessly cumbersome guest-worker plan and a costly war on gatecrashers are bad ideas—even if you don't give a fig for the welfare of would-be migrants. UNIT 5. VISUAL SUMMARIES READING/SPEAKING Text 1. Basic visual reporting rules 1 Statistics is extremely valuable in your company. Many decisions are made just on the basis of the numbers that you report. But numbers by themselves are difficult to comprehend, notably so when the variety and significance of trends are complex. When you express statistics visually in a report, it helps the reader to grasp significance, comprehend an idea quickly, and relate your message more readily to the decision-making process. 2 Imagine the task of communicating the relative meaning of numbers, using words alone. It's not easy to explain how one conclusive figure is significant when compared with another unless you can also show it. That means the numbers have to be shown next to other, related numbers—from the past, from other divisions or departments, or from an acceptable norm. 3 Remember that the purpose of graphs is to express statistical information efficiently. Visual summaries give meaning to what would otherwise be flat and uninteresting as well as hard to understand. Your graph should be only as complex as it needs to be, which means that it should contain as little information as needed and should be appropriate to the type of information being reported. 4 Remember these rules for the preparation and reporting of statistical information in visual form: 5 Keep it simple. An overly complicated graph is hard to compre hend and may confuse an issue rather than clarify it. The less complex the graph, the better. Example: You are preparing a report on your department's budget, and you want to explain some variances in graph form. Trying to combine all the variances on one graph will make it extremely complex; so you choose only the largest ones and prepare a graph for each. You report only two forms of information: actual expenses and budgeted expenses. These are shown for each of the months in your reporting period. 6 Start by identifying time and value. Most graphs express informa tion by reducing a series of values (dollars, units, people, hours). These values are shown over a period of time, or in comparison to past periods or other divisions or departments. Thus, your graph should contain two distinct measurements. First is the value side, which is usually the vertical line of the graph. Second is the comparative, or horizontal, side. Here you show the time periods or comparisons between related factors. 7 Balance the graph. Try to keep the shape of your illustration as close as possible to a square. If your graph is six inches wide but only one inch high, it will not be as clear as one that is four inches wide and three inches high. This will require selecting a scale appropriate to the information. Example: Your report explains expense trends over the last six months for accounts containing the greatest degree of variance. The dollar range is between $20,000 and $110,000 per month. A balanced graph should be as close as possible to a square shape. If it cannot be perfectly square, the length should be slightly greater than the height. You have six periods to report, but the range of values is much greater. Your graph should be set up so that the horizontal side is broken down into six or fewer segments. The closest breakdown involves divisions of $25,000—0, 25, 50, 75, 100, and 125. With these divisions, you will have six horizontal segments and six vertical segments. 8 If the desirable reporting format makes squaring difficult, you can adjust by extending one side or the other to a greater spacing of divisions. For example, you want to break down your values into ten groups, but will report changes over six months. Make the graph square by allowing more space between months than you allow between values. 9 Keep your scaling consistent. Once you identify the best possible scale for your graph, set it up so that each segment has equal value. That's the only way to accurately report your information. If scaling is not consistent, the visual summary of your numbers will be inaccurate. 10 In addition to maintaining the same paper size for each value, also be sure that your graphs start from a zero value. The relative change in values from one period to another is only apparent when this rule is followed. Example: Your graph shows a change in one account from $65,000 to $85,000. This is best visualized on a graph starting at zero. If your graph starts at $60,000, the change will not appear to have the same degree of significance. 11 Use the same scale for related graphs. Whenever your report will contain a series of related graphs, use the same scaling. This helps the reader to understand how one trend is more or less meaningful than another related trend. Example: You prepare a series of graphs showing actual and budgeted expenses for a number of accounts. By expressing each one on a graph of the same scale, you help your reader to understand the relative degree of variance and dollar amount. EXERCISES 1. Read the following words paying attention to the proper pronunciation of the underlined vowels/consonants. appropriate, overly, variances, series, square, slightly, length, height, segment, desirable, expenses, readily 2. Answer the following questions.
3 Decide whether you agree or disagree with the following statements.
4 Complete the following sentences using your own ideas
5. Find English equivalents in Text 1.
6. Find partners among the following words to make up a collocation.
7 Find the correspondence between the graph (1-8), its name, and description (a-h).
8. Fill in the gaps using words from the box execution rapid information volume suffice flat graphing emphasize ELABORATED GRAPHS The circle graph is more involved, and perhaps more dramatic, than other forms of __1__. It expresses __2__ in a way that enables the reader to see its significance. If you will be preparing graphs without professional design help, the line, bar, and circle graphs will __3__ in most situations. But when you want to dramatize or __4__ infor mation to a greater degree, you can add a three-dimensional effect to the graphs you prepare. A simple line graph can be made much more interesting than a __5__ rectangle and line by drawing a few extra lines. The resulting 3-D effect does require greater planning and __6__ time than the simpler, more common forms; but in some circumstances, the extra work is worth the effort, if only because it brings flat statistics to life. For example the growth in sales __7__ and profits for the first of four divisions in your company has been substantial. A section of your report dealing with the __8__ and successful expansion of this division would be enhanced with a three-dimensional summary of sales, direct costs, and expenses over the last six years. 9. Choose the correct word 1 The UN headquarters ______ in New York. a) is b) are 2 Police headquarters _____ all around the city. a) is b) are 3 His series of lectures on Economics _____ very informative. a) was b) were 4 These series of news ______ reported on TV repeatedly. a) was b) were 5 The works where he used to work ______ closed down two years ago. a) was b) were 6 Some works in this area _______ shut down for a long period of time. a) was b) were 7 All means _____ been used to help the country out of the crisis. a) has b) have 8 The only means ______ to sell company's shares. a) is b) are 9 This graph is seven ______ high and six ______ wide. a) inches / inches b) inch / inch 10 It is a seven ______ segment of the graph. a) inches / inches b) inch / inch 11 Petrol is twice as _______ as it was 2 years ago. a) more expensive b) expensive 12 The prices are about three times as ______ as they were last week. a) higher b) high 13 The secretary gets the same salary ______ me. a) as b) like 14 This graph is of the same format ____ that one. a) as b) like 10. Choose the correct preposition
11. Choose the proper form of the word to complete the sentence variable
relative
comparative
12 Look at the following pair of words, spot the difference and do the task. issue ≠ problem
Insert the proper word issue or problem
13. Look at the graph and describe the trends in time limits given in the task. 
Text 2. Графики в системе представления статистической информации В современном обществе статистика стала одним из важнейших инструментов управления народным хозяйством. Она собирает информацию, характеризующую развитие экономики страны, культуры и жизненного уровня народа. С помощью статистической методологии вся полученная информация обобщается, анализируется и в результате дает возможность увидеть стройную систему взаимосвязей в экономике, яркую картину и динамику развития, позволяет делать международные сопоставления. Современную статистическую науку невозможно представить без применения графиков. Они стали средством научного обобщения. Выразительность, доходчивость, лаконичность, универсальность, обозримость графических изображений сделали их незаменимыми в исследовательской работе и в международных сравнениях и сопоставления социально-экономических явлений. Впервые о технике составления статистических графиков упоминается в работе английского экономиста У.Плейфейра “Коммерческий и политический атлас”, опубликованной в 1786 году и положившей начало развитию приемов графического изображения статистических данных. Значение графического метода в анализе и обобщении данных велико. Графическое изображение, прежде всего, позволяет осуществить контроль достоверности статистических показателей, так как, представленные на графике, они более ярко показывают имеющиеся неточности, связанные либо с наличием ошибок наблюдения, либо с сущностью изучаемого явления. С помощью графического изображения возможны изучение закономерностей развития явления, установление существующих взаимосвязей. Простое сопоставление данных не всегда дает возможность уловить наличие причинных зависимостей, в то же время их графическое изображение способствует выявлению причинных связей, в особенности в случаях установления первоначальных гипотез, подлежащих затем дальнейшей разработке. Графики также широко используются для изучения структуры влияний, их изменения во времени и размещения в пространстве. В них более выразительно проявляются сравниваемые характеристики и отчетливо видны основные тенденции развития и взаимосвязи, присущие изучаемому явлению или процессу. 1 Translate the underlined words and word combinations in the text. 2 Translate the following words and phrases without looking back to the text of the interview. народное хозяйство – standard of living – собирать информацию – стройная система взаимосвязей - international comparisons – динамика развития - succinct – обозримость - to control accuracy – неточность - phenomenon – закономерности развития - causal relations – изменения во времени - original hypothesis – структуры влияния - comparative characteristics – размещение в пространстве - peculiar 3 Write a short summary of the text (80-100 words). Listening “A census” (part 2) 1 You will hear the second part of the interview with Vladimir Leonidovich Sokolin, Head of the State Statistical. As you listen, find English equivalents of the following words and phrases. Question #8 национальный состав населения, в ходе подготовки переписи, имеем представление о ситуации в этом регионе Question #9 выражать сомнения, по стечению обстоятельств, статистическая погрешность, сложный состав населения, в условиях полной добровольности, незначительное число отказов, перепись имеет обязательный характер, закрывают глаза на Венскую конвенцию Question #10 сделать перепись обязательной, юристы, Question #11 послужить основанием, серьезный пересмотр, правительственная программа социально-экономического развития, проект (программы) Question #12 социальная, градостроительная политика, трудовые ресурсы, пенсионеры, дорогостоящая операция 2 Listen to the interview once again and complete the sentences using a word or a number of words. Question #8 1 There is no point talking about Chinese _____________________ into Russia. 2 The Chinese are selling their goods everywhere, they are very _________________. Question #9 1 According to their conclusions only a few _________________ _________________ did not make it into Russian history. 2 Those who refused to answer census questions account to _______________. 3 Our people are very census active and have a good sense of ___________ ____________. 4 Despite international conventions some countries choose to include _______________ ________________ in their census. Question #10 1 Nowadays a mandatory census is not legal according to _________________________. Question #11 1 The government development programme is being created by ______________ ______________. Question #12 1 A census will help the government to take ____________________ of their projects. Reading File Text 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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