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 Образовательное учреждение профсоюзоввысшего образования АКАДЕМИЯ ТРУДА И СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ Кафедра профессиональных иностранных языков РЕФЕРАТ По дисциплине «Иностранный язык» По публикации «Trade unions and the global crisis. Labour’s visions, strategies and responses» by Melisa Serrano, Edlira Xhafa and Michael Fichter («Профсоюзы о глобальном кризисе. Видения, стратегии и пути решения проблем») Выполнил: аспирант кафедры философии и политологии 1-го года обучения Аветисов Э.К. Проверил: профессор кафедры профессиональных иностранных языков к. пед.н., Матвеева И.В. Москва – 2015 г. Contents Summary…………..................................................................................3 Original text ………………………………………………………….. 13 Translation ………………………………………………………….....21 Glossary………………………………………………………….……. 32 References………………………………………………………………38 Summary The magazine «World of Work» is published four times a year in printed form by the Department of Communication and Public. ILO Publications produces and distributes material on major social and economic trends. The publication «Trade unions and the global crisis. Labour’s visions, strategies and responses» by Melisa Serrano, Edlira Xhafa and Michael Fichter was published in Switzerland by The International Labour Office, Geneva in 2011. ILO Publications are the most popular and expected scientific publications about the participation of Trade Unions of over the World. Melisa Serrano, Edlira Xhafa and Michael Fichter examines looks at both: alternative ideas as well as strategies of mobilization and resistance against employer unilateralism and market-driven fundamentalism. While the volume does not claim to provide all the answers, it rejects self-defeating pessimism and nostalgic reminiscences of a golden age of post-war capitalism. The magazine is intended for scholars and scientist and it includes researches and articles gathered from greatest labour specialists. It gives a wider overview of problems and reveals them from different angles. This magazine consists of «Introduction», three chapters headlined: «Advancing alternative narratives and challenging mainstream discourses»; «Responses to the crisis: developing international strategies»; «Responses to the crisis: national and local perspectives». In addition are given «List of tables» and «List of figures». Also included «List of abbreviations» to define a few key terms that recur throughout the chapters. At first the authors give some words about the outbreak of the latest global financial crisis. They talk about the involvement of the massive bail-outs from state coffers, the big banks and financial institutions: «Moreover the political response has produced regimes of austerity characterized by such measures as cuts in public spending on social welfare and health care, reductions in pensions, freezing of the minimum wage, capping or holding back wage increases covered by bargaining agreements in the public sector and laying off workers in the public sector. Trade union rights, particularly in the public sector, have also been targeted as part of the austerity measures». Globally it means the greatest difficulty for trade unions. The authors noted that international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) have a destructive influence. They have called for a further weakening of protective labour legislation and decentralization of collective bargaining in order to facilitate flexibility – measures which in turn place downward pressure on wages. Therefore, the conclusion is not reassuring. Extreme inequalities and global imbalances have remained intact if not entrenched in the aftermath of the crisis. The first chapter «Advancing alternative narratives and challenging mainstream discourses» is designed primarily to do two things: explain why the authors wrote this publication and describe data and methods. In this part of the magazine, five chapters provide alternative narratives (Webster, Serrano and Xhafa) or challenge mainstream discourses on the nature of the crisis and its impact on labour (Pillay, Cradden and Dunn). The authors stressed, that «These essays point to the basic structural deficits of the dominant economic order and explore fundamentally different options built on equality and solidarity, work - place democracy, socio-ecological sustainability, and the mobilization of movements, alliances and coalitions for emancipatory transformation». At the core of this effort were four main questions: • What caused the crisis? • What can and needs to be done as an immediate policy response? • What are the medium and long-term policies and visions for a fairer and more inclusive global society? • How can a recovery be organized which also helps to address the ecological challenges currently faced by the world? The first part of the book, five chapters, provide alternative narratives (Webster, Serrano and Xhafa) or challenge mainstream discourses on the nature of the crisis and its impact on labour (Pillay, Cradden and Dunn). Edward Webster argues: «The growing recognition of what may be called “decent work deficit logic” arises from the nature of capital accumulation in the age of globalization. This type of accumulation is eroding decent work globally». He also stressed that the dismantling of barriers to trade and capital allows employers to bypass labour laws. Webster suggests, that a new labour paradigm is emerging in the global South that integrates decent work into an alternative development path. The publication’s authors Melisa Serrano and Edlira Xhafa construct a “dialogue” between theoretical debates on alternatives to capitalism and case studies of meso- and micro-social experiments and initiatives that challenge the capitalist canon. The other three chapters in this group challenge mainstream discourses, each in its own way. Devan Pillay is an associate professor in the Department of Sociology, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa. He takes note of the variety of responses to the current capitalist crisis and argues in favour of a more holistic view of the impending “polycrisis” – the interconnected economic, ecological and sociopolitical crises – at the global level. For Conor Cradden, research fellow from Geneva prioritizing the political struggle alone is not enough if the labour movement remains fixated in its response to the crisis on the traditional strategies of organizing, bargaining and regulation. It is important to note that in his critique of the “corporate theory of society”, he argues that this theory’s idea of a conflict free economy provides the “rational” justification for the power that corporate executives wield in public policy-making with regard to the economy, to employment and to industrial relations. The final part of this chapter is devoted to the idea that another one finding is that the unbridled capitalist development of recent decades has put labour on the defensive and even threatened its organizational survival. Bill Dunn argues against such claims. It should be stressed that he used statistical data for the United States and he found no evidence that there is an economic basis for a weakening of labour, at least not in connection with the rise of the new economy. Labour needs to focus more on the political causes of its weakness, for example the assaults it experienced under the Governments of Thatcher in the United Kingdom and Reagan in the United States, and the impositions it is currently suffering in the course of labour market “reforms”. The second chapter headlined «Responses to the crisis: developing international strategies». The next group of four chapters critically examines labour’s response at the international level to some of the pressing problems generated by the current model of globalization, particularly the deregulation of labour and financial markets. Mark P. Thomas is an associate professor in the Department of Sociology and co-director of the Centre for Research on Work and Society at York University, Toronto, Canada. The essay of this researcher adopts a multi-scalar approach in analysing labour rights strategy for maritime workers of the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF), which involves transnational collective bargaining at a global level and local inspections at the worksite level. He argues that the ITF case study illustrates how international standards may be combined with localized mechanisms of implementation and enforcement in challenging the power of transnational capital. The next part of chapter is another case study of a multi-level approach that used by several Global Union federations, José Ricardo Barbosa Gonçalves and Maria Alejandra Caporale Madi point to the growing concern among Global Unions on the impact of private equity investment and exit deals on working conditions and workers’ rights. Against this backdrop, and using a similar multi-scalar approach to that adopted by Thomas in his case study of the ITF, the authors show how Global Unions have cooperated in mobilizing efforts to reregulate private equity funds at various levels. The author of next study is Laura Horn. She is a post-doctoral researcher at the Department of Political Science, VU University, and Amsterdam. Laura Horn focuses on the politics of corporate control and corporate governance in the European Union (EU) and the role of labour in influencing EU policies. It should be stressed that she is critical of labour’s defensiveness and its failure to advance an alternative to neoliberal restructuring. The author’s analysis of the evolution of corporate governance in the EU shows that labour regulations and provisions for workers’ rights with regard to corporate control are increasingly marginalized. This conclusion calls into question the extent to which the goal of a social Europe is still achievable. To keep this possibility open, the post-doctoral researcher argues, trade unions are increasingly using the European level – sometimes as an alternative to the national level – as a space for mobilization and for voicing their criticisms of European governance. What is required now is that they start articulating and indeed participating in a counter-hegemonic project «to overcome the neoliberal bias of European state formation». A complementary perspective on European developments is provided by Isabelle Schömann’s chapter, focusing on transnational framework agreements (TFAs) in Europe. The author of research taking a multi-scalar approach, Schömann highlights the contribution of TFAs in promoting labour rights absent from the global regulatory context and weakly enforced at national level. Schömann argues that these supranational instruments, inspired by national collective bargaining traditions, social dialogue and European legal structures providing for workers’ information and consultation, are contributing to the Europeanization (if not internationalization) of industrial relations. She points to the potential such agreements have for facilitating the organizing of workers and exerting pressure on corporations to observe ethical approaches to the employment relationship. The third chapter headlined «Responses to the crisis: national and local perspectives». The authors of this publication notes that chapters in the third part of the volume examine how labour at the national level is responding to the crisis in particular and to the prevailing political economy in general. In doing so, they turn a spotlight on the various factors and forces that influence the variety of responses undertaken by labour. Taken together, they clearly show that there is no single set of strategies used by labour in taking on the challenges posed by the crisis and the prevailing politico-economic model. Lin Yanling and Ju Wenhui are professor and an associate professor in the Department of Public Management, China Institute of Industrial Relations, and Beijing. Their part of chapter relates how the 2010 workers’ strikes in China catapulted trade unions and the state into grappling with the conundrum of state–labour relations in the country, giving impetus to reforms of the industrial relations system in China and inside the All-China Federation of Trade Unions (ACFTU) as well. The authors commonly stressed that «Trade union reform in China is closely related to the whole question of wider political reform», calling into question the double role of trade unions as an instrument of the Party on the one hand and as representatives of the workers’ interests on the other. The author of the next part of chapter is Chandra D. Bhatta. His areas of expertise include state building, civil society, civic service and citizenship building. The authors of publication stressed, that a context of broader national change also underpins his chapter, in which the author sets out to redefine labour–capital relations in Nepal in the light of multiple transitions going on in the country. Chandra D. Bhatta argues in favour of a more constructive, dialogue-oriented labour–capital relationship within an inclusive socio-economic development framework, which envisages the State as active but neutral between the market and labour. The role of the trade unions, as the representatives of labour, is to mediate between State and capital and engage actively in the formulation of labour friendly policies. Considering the current political and economic difficulties facing Nepal, the author as a specialist in civil society, civic service and citizenship building defines the foremost objective of the unions as the creation of an environment for “decent work”, to be pursued by supporting the establishment of a legal framework towards this end. Equally, she emphasizes the need for transparency in collective bargaining and the elimination of partisan interests in the trade unions. The third author of this part of chapter is Bill Rosenberg which has published widely on globalization and trade. He discusses a polarizing situation, presenting the interesting case of how New Zealand’s Council of Trade Unions (CTU) handled the complex pressures on labour resulting from the aggressive neoliberal policies pursued by the Government over a long period of time. The author shows that such policies not only failed to improve the economic performance of New Zealand but caused significant deterioration of social conditions and weakened the unions. According to Rosenberg, these policies triggered an open debate among the broader labour movement which led to the development of an evidence-based Alternative Economic Strategy within the unions in 2009–10. The authors of Yasemin Özgün and Özgür Müftüo˘glu argue that oppressive economic and labour policies following the military coup of 1980 in Turkey enabled the country to become integrated into the global market economy over the following years but also considerably weakened and fragmented the unions. As they said : «In the crisis of 2008 the union movement was unable to prevent further deregulation and marketization, which resulted in employment for many becoming even more precarious». The authors suggest that this inability to mount a counter-strategy may be in part attributable to the response of the global union movement to the crisis, which was based on reregulating the economy through social dialogue. Nonetheless, the authors conclude that, despite the marginalization of the unions, there is still evidence of a class-based struggle by labour in Turkey. However, they conclude that it remains an open question to what extent unions will take an active part in this struggle on the side of the working class. As Maya Bhullar shows in her part of chapter, the political dimension of union strategy is a primary concern in Canada. In this connection the growth of precarious work has become a major challenge for unions in their attempts to organize labour. If the deterioration of union representation is to be prevented, circumvention by employers of highly regulated working environments for core workers must be resisted; and, as the author shows in her case studies, this is a struggle which must be waged on both a micro and a macro level. The author notes that mobilizing at the workplace is a factor in holding the line on outsourcing and flexibilization, but it needs to be flanked by strategies which address the macroeconomic dynamics of heightened market competition in a neoliberal, deregulated economy. Bhullar finds examples of such an approach in both workplace and community campaigns, which she uses to analyze union strategies in pursuit of the goal of raising standards and transforming “jobs into good jobs”. In addition to the above the authors of publication stressed that in the United States, industrial unions have been in decline for a number of years, while in the private and public service sectors unions have had some success in holding the line – even organizing significant segments of the precarious workforce, such as janitors and security guards, whose jobs had been among the first to be outsourced and privatized, stripping away any job protection and union benefits they may have had previously. At the same time as they said the upsurge of the political right in the wake of the economic and financial crisis in the United States, in particular the rise of the demagogical and populist Tea Party, has led to widespread attacks in particular on public service unions, as the recent conflict in Wisconsin has shown. Jason Russell is an assistant professor at Empire State College, State University of New York. He picks up on such developments in a chapter that encom - passes both public and private sector unions in the United States. In his examination of recent developments in the states of New York, Michigan and – in very timely fashion – Wisconsin, Russell shows how diverse the responses to the economic and fiscal crisis of 2008 have been, and examines the reasons why. Taking as his starting point national political developments arising from the congressional elections of 2010, he concludes from the three cases he analyses that, in the face of continuing right-wing pressure, unions will continue to decline if they are unable to develop comprehensive long-term political strategies grounded in building broadly based coalitions and social movements that reach beyond the workplace. The author of the final part of third chapter is Lee Adler. In his case study of the response of one union, the United Federation of Teachers in New York City, he provides an incisive narrative of the opportunities and challenges involved in building local (and global) solidarity. Adler seeks to show how this union has parried right-wing attacks and faced problems in developing a proactive strategy which recognizes and integrates the needs of the many minority communities in New York City. As he argues, without realignment towards the needs of those communities the attempt to protect union standards and renew union organizational strength will fail. On this note the authors come full circle in their summaries of the contributions to this volume. Starting with Webster’s new paradigm for local responses in a global context, contributors pursuing all three of their threads have addressed the need to reconceptualize “trade unionism” in order to counter the attacks being made on working people. They stressed that building solidarity locally, both to protect and improve existing working conditions and to define new, cooperative and self determined approaches, is a crucial focus of the necessary response, as is linking the local to the national and global dimensions in the context of political, economic and environmental strategies. Melisa Serrano, Edlira Xhafa and Michael Fichter note that as a collection of ideas, analyses and information, this volume does not represent a manifesto for a global union response to the economic and fiscal crisis of 2008 or even in a more general way to the recurring crises of capitalism. But the authors do regard it as a possible point of orientation and a contribution to stimulating debate, both within the labour movement and beyond. The publication «Trade unions and the global crisis. Labour’s visions, strategies and responses» by Melisa Serrano, Edlira Xhafa and Michael Fichter seems to me a useful source of information about participation of trade unions. The authors describes their experience and results, which are considered the most effective and qualified. I am interested particularly in political stabilization and ideas , described by the author. Sure, I'll use some results of their author’s resurge writing my dissertation. |
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