Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
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Exercise 31 Read the text below and say:
Monarchy The ancient distinction among monarchies, tyrannies, oligarchies, and constitutional governments, like other traditional classifications of political systems, is no longer descriptive of political life. A king may be a ceremonial dignitary in one of the parliamentary democracies of Western Europe, or he may be an absolute ruler in one of the merging states of North America, the Middle East, or Asia. In the first case his duties may be little different from those of an elected president in many republican parliamentary regimes; in the second his role may be much the same as that of countless dictators and strongmen in autocratic regimes throughout the less-developed areas of the world. It may be said of the reigning dynasties of modern Europe that they have survived only because they failed to retain or to acquire effective powers of government. Royal lines have been preserved only in those countries of Europe in which royal rule was severely limited prior to the 20th century or in which royal absolutism had never firmly established itself. More successful dynasties, such as the Hogenzollerns in Germany, the Habsburgs in Austria-Hungary, and the Romanovs in Russia, which continued to rule as well as to reign at the opening of the 20th centuries, have paid with the loss of their thrones. Today in countries such as Great Britain or the Netherlands or Denmark the monarch is the ceremonial head of state, an indispensable figure in all great official occasions and a symbol of national unity and of the authority of the state, but is almost entirely lacking in power. Monarchy in the parliamentary democracies of modern Europe has been reduced to the status of a dignified institutional facade behind which the functioning mechanisms of government— cabinet, parliament, ministers, and parties — go about the tasks of ruling. The 20th century has also seen the demise of most of the hereditary monarchies of the non-Western world. Thrones have toppled in Turkey, in China, in most of the Arab countries, in the prin-cipates of India, in the tribal kingdoms of Africa, and in several countries of Southeast Asia. The kings who maintain their position do so less by the claim of legitimate blood descent than by their appeal as popular leaders responsible for well-publicized programs of national economic and social reforms or as national military chieftains. In a sense, these kings are less monarchs than monocrats, and their regimes are little different from several other forms of one-man rule found in the modern world. Exercise 32 Render the text into Russian. Американская конституция основывается на доктрине разделения властей между исполнительной, законодательной и судебной ветвями власти. Управляющим структурам — Президенту и его Кабинету, Конгрессу и Суду — были даны ограниченные, четко определенные полномочия. В конституцию также был включен ряд сдержек и противовесов, при помощи которых каждая ветвь управления имела определенную власть над другой, для того чтобы не было злоупотребления этими полномочиями. Власть правительственного аппарата была также ограничена при помощи двойной системы управления. При такой системе на федеральное правительство возлагались полномочия и ответственность рассматривать только проблемы, касающиеся нации в целом, — это международные отношения, торговля, управление армией и флотом и т.д. Остальные обязанности оставались за правительством каждого штата. Согласно конституции, президент Соединенных Штатов избирается на срок в четыре года и может быть переизбран на не более чем один срок. Президент предлагает полную законодательную программу в Конгресс, хотя Президент, его Кабинет и администрация не могут быть членами Конгресса. Это подразумевает, что различные законопроекты могут быть внесены на рассмотрение Палаты представителей или Сената только их членами. Президент, следовательно, совершенно бессилен, когда сталкивается с Конгрессом, не желающим сотрудничать. Единственная реальная сила Президента— это сила убеждения. Exercise 33 Think over the following points and be ready to discuss them in class:
Exercise 34 Support or challenge one of the statements below in about 100 words in writing.
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