A brief History of Time
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The theory of Inequality Talking points How far do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Men and women have different kinds of brain, so it follows naturally that men and women have different inherent skills and abilities. What are your own views on the subject? Summary skills Read the article and decide which of the four options best sums up the point the writer is making.
A Men’s Club The view was that the mind was masculine and nature feminine "A witch", wrote Thomas Vaughan in 1650, "is a rebel in physics, and a rebel is a witch in politics. The one acts against nature, the other against order, the rule of it. For both are in league with the devil." Modern science was born in the 16th and 17th centuries, and its enemy was witchcraft. Witchcraft was a force of darkness that could not be understood by experiment, theory and observation. Science was a new way of knowing that seemed to be sweeping away such old darknesses. And it was a masculine way of knowing Religious terror and male conviction resulted in the death of an estimated three million women in Europe during the 250 years of the systematic persecution of witches. “The view was that the mind was masculine and nature feminine, says Dr Jan Harding, who works with the Fawcett Society to promote women in science. "It was not thought that women were equipped to do science, but they appeared to have access to some other form of knowledge. So it was thought they must get that knowledge from the devil." The Royal Society in London was where modern science was institutionalised and codified. Dominated for years by the titanic figure of Isaac Newton, it was the exclusive club in which the scientific dream was first dreamt. And it was utterly, rigorously and unarguably a men's club. Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, was allowed entry in 1667 to see a demonstration of Boyle's celebrated air pump, but that was about it, and nobody had any doubts that neither she nor any other woman was capable of grasping the arcana of this new and staggeringly effective form of knowledge. It is worth knowing that Newton himself, having changed the universe, is thought to have died celibate. Science has remained a men's club ever since, even though the fear of witchcraft may appear to have subsided. In the 19th century, Caroline Herschel was almost as great an astronomer as her kinsmen William and John. She discovered a phenomenal eight new comets. The name Herschel is now immortalised in the textbooks, but only as the surname of two men. By then, however, the reasons for women's inadequacy in science were no longer seen as their associations with the devil. More kindly, yet equally disastrously, they were now believed to be constitutional. Augustus de Morgan wrote to the mother of his gifted pupil, Ada Lovelace. She was proving an alarmingly capable mathematician and de Morgan feared that mathematics demanded a "very great tension of mind" which would be "beyond the strength of a woman's physical power of application". Lovelace went on to work with Charles Babbage on the development of his difference engine, the precursor of the computer. A. Synonyms. Match them with an equivalent meaning on the right, according to how they are used.
B. Guessing from the context. These expressions are all in the article. Choose the meaning which best fits the expression. 1. in league with A a member of B allied to C dedicated to D an offshoot of 2. systematic persecution A efficient collapse В businesslike destruction С precise indictment D methodical victimization 3 titanic figure A tragic persona В colossal number С gigantic physique D dominating persona 4. grasping the arcana A touching the levels B understanding the mysteries C Holding the secrets D embracing the subjects 5. precursor A forerunner B Inventor C Example D embryo С. Reference devices. What do the underlined words refer to in the passage?
D. Match one of the headings to each of the six paragraphs of the article.
E. In support of his argument the writer mentions the following women: Margaret Cavendish Caroline Herschel Ada Lovelace Which of the above:
F. Linking sentences. Look at these two sentences. 1. Mary was never able to achieve the success she craved on account of the fact that she studied so hard. 2. Mary was able to achieve the success she craved despite the fact that she studied so hard. Do they sound logical? If not, how would you change them so that they do? Now combine the appropriate information to write one sentence about each of the women in the text using the information in E. Change the wording or add details as you think necessary and use either despite the fact that or on account of the fact that in each sentence. G. Vocabulary practice. Translate into Russian
H. Vocabulary practice. Translate into English
10 Listening two A. Listen to the speech once and sum up the main points of the speaker. B. Listen again while reading through the outline of the argument, fill in the missing words The argument: key words
8. Does not conceal real contempt; but ………… disprove their claims. 9. Take driving: women: fewer accidents; ………… drivers, not maniacs. 10. Success in any job: politicians, etc. - bear and rear ………… as well. 11. Men maintain fiction; women can't do certain jobs. 12. E.g. top-level political ……………, banking, no vote in certain countries. Why? Familiar arguments: women unreliable, …………., depend on instinct, ………..….. Men refuse to acknowledge proven ability. Clear thinking? Men cling to supremacy: inferiority …………... Shun ……………….; may be beaten. Most important task: world peace. Success if negotiations by women; some things too important to be done by men. The counter-argument: key words
4. Women: different ………….. function; physically weaker; different, not inferior intellectually. 5. Impossible to be wives, mothers and successful ……….. women. 6. Really are unreliable: employers can't trust them. Not their ………: leave jobs to get married, have children. 7. Great deal of truth in light-hearted jokes: e.g. women drivers. Women: less practical, less mechanically-…………. 8. Most women glad to let men look after important ………... 9. They know that bearing and rearing children are more important. 10. That's why there are few women in politics, etc. They are not ……………………; they exclude themselves. 11. Anyway, we live in woman-…………….. societies: e.g. USA, Western Europe. 12. Who is the real boss in the ……………… household? Certainly not father! 13. Men are second-class citizens and women should grant them equal status! C. Pair work. Act out dialogs using the key arguments and your own ideas. Let one of you voice the views of a hostile feminist and the other of a confirmed traditionalist. 11 Discussion How did male superstition to women change beginning with the 16th century up till now? Think through your arguments. Give examples. Use active vocabulary! 12 Reading and speaking Appearance and Character. A. Read the text. Make a list of character adjectives and find their Russian equivalents There are experimental ways of investigating stereotypes. One of the most obvious is to ask a group of people what traits characterize the Germans, the Italians, the Americans and so forth. Results of such studies on the whole agree fairly well with what might have been expected; there is considerable agreement between different people in any nation regarding the most characteristic traits of other nations. There is even agreement between different nations; for instance, the Americans and English agree with respect to other groups, and even, though less markedly, themselves. The German, for instance, are regarded as scientifically minded and industrious by English and Americans, alike; they arc also considered solid, intelligent, mathematical, extremely nationalistic, efficient and musical by the Americans, and arrogant, aggressive and over-nationalistic by the English. Italians are regarded as artistic, impulsive, passionate, quick-tempered, musical, religious, talkative, revengeful, lazy, unreliable and dirty by both. Negroes fare even worse. They are considered to be superstitious, lazy, happy-go-lucky, ignorant, ostentatious, musical, slovenly, unreliable, dirty and religious by both Americans and English. The Irish do rather better. While they too are religious and happy-go-lucky, they are also supposed to be quick-tempered, winy, industrious, nationalistic, quarrelsome, aggressive and pugnacious. Jews are believed to be shrewd, mercenary, industrious, intelligent, loyal to family, grasping, ambitious, sly and persistent. They are also credited with being very religious. The Chinese, as one would have expected, arc looked upon with more favour by the English, who consider them industrious, courteous, meditative, intelligent and loyal to their families, than by the Americans, who consider them superstitious, sly, conservative, ignorant and deceitful. The Japanese stereotype seems to have altered considerably as a result of the war. Where prewar they were considered intelligent, progressive, industrious, shrewd and meditative, they arc now considered cruel, fanatic, treacherous, though still imitative and industrious. Perhaps a few more years will serve to restore them to their previous status. Turks do rather badly; apparently they are cruel, treacherous, sensual, dirty, deceitful, sly, quarrelsome, revengeful and superstitious. They make up for his by being very religious. The French, needless to say, are sophisticated, talkative, artistic, passionate and witty, whereas the Russians are industrious, tough, suspicious, brave and progressive. The English consider themselves sportsmanlike, reserved, tradition loving, conventional and intelligent; astonishingly enough, Americans agree, adding however, that the English are also sophisticated, courteous, honest, industrious, extremely nationalistic, and, I hardly dare put this thing down, humourless! The Americans consider themselves industrious, intelligent, materialistic, ambitious, progressive, pleasure-loving, alert, efficient, straightforward, practical and sportsmanlike; the English agree that Americans are materialistic and pleasure-loving, but also consider them generous, talkative and, most widely used adjective of all, boastful. |
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