A brief History of Time

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B. Speaking. Answer the questions using the above article and your own experience.

Define the notion “national stereotype”. How accurate are the stereotypes? Give examples from your own experience.
Characterize a typical Russian from the point of view of a Russian person.
How do foreigners perceive us now? Be argumentative!
What traits do you share with a typical Russian and what makes you a non-typical Russian?

13 Vocabulary brush up
Fill the gap with a suitable word

The disease caused a slow, but serious deterioration... the body.
He is a highly moral man ... strong convictions.
When the director emerged ... the meeting he was shaking ... anger.
He wishes his parents were not so pressed ... time.
She has devoted most ... her married life ... the welfare ... her family.
I lie only means ... access ... the buildings is along a muddy road.
The Queen's visit has been planned ... coincide ... the school's 200th anniversary.
No one is allowed ... the director's office when he is not there.
The book is written ... non - technical language, making it highly accessible ... the layman.
The mind ... one ... the greatest thinkers is imprisoned ... a profoundly disabled body.
She was raised ... a devout Catholic family.
They arrived ... the station just... the nick ... time.
He has promised to turn ... a new leaf... his life.
Einstein's theory ... relativity is difficult... most people to grasp.
I hear John is not ... Mary's good books these days ... account ... all the traveling he has been doing for his job.
When he is ... town, they argue ... everything. Frankly, I am worried ... them.
I got lost so I attached myself... another party ... tourists.
We tried to find out the Senator's opinion ... the matter, but he was not available comment.
The value ... the painting was estimated ... several thousand pounds.
Those ... slimming diets should substitute saccharin ... the sugar.
A light meal will not sustain us ... the day.
The house is unsafe since the foundations were undermined ... floods.
We must start early, to allow ... finding their house.
The accident resulted ... the death ... two passengers.
The city's water supply is no longer adequate ... its needs.
Let s try not to get too bogged these detailed points.
The young army officer was promoted ... the rank ... captain.
This document is comprehensible only ... lawyers.
She was reduced ...begging ... a living.
The President has emerged ... this incident... his reputation intact.
Try to project your mind ... the future and imagine what life will be like then.

14 Introduction to Writing a descriptive composition
A. Read passages 1-3. Which one was probably spoken by:

a. an interviewer?

b. someone talking about an acquaintance’s new boyfriend?

c. someone talking about a person they have forgotten?

… I didn’t think much of him to be honest. He struck me as being rather shy and reserved, and he looked a bit timid. He’s probably very sensitive and all the rest of it but he gave me the impression of being a bit dull for her.
… I must say, I felt he didn’t come across very well; his reasons for wanting to join the firm were very vague, and he certainly didn’t seem very bright. He looked much too casual, and actually he reminded me a bit of my Mr. Jenkins, who lost us a lot of clients because he simply didn’t look like a professional.
… I’m not even sure, which one you are talking about… you’re sure I met him, are you? Well, I suppose it just goes to show that he didn’t exactly make a big impression on me.

B. Read these two extracts. Which of them contains the most information and what kind of information is it?

Passage A She is 71 years old. She has an oval face, a straight nose, blue eyes and a wrinkled face. She has wavy grey hair which she keeps in a bun.

Passage В When she laughs, her sparkling blue eyes flash with youthful delight and shine brightly from behind the mask of her wrinkled face.
C. Practice. Write two similar sentences about someone you know, the first with purely factual information and the second with some indications of the person's character.

D. Character adjectives. Character adjectives, when used in moderation, can help to bring a description of a person into focus. Work with a partner, using a dictionary if necessary, and match the words on the left with words of similar meaning on the right. Do any of the words describe you?

callous
placid
sullen
vivacious
listless
irksome
boorish

self-effacing
retiring

frivolous
condescending
gregarious
petulant
frank

a lacking energy

b irritating

с loutish

d unfeeling

e moody

f calm

g lively

h arrogant

i honest

j sociable

к bad-tempered

l modest

m superficial

n shy

E. Features. In addition to character adjectives, almost any item or object can be used to help to delineate a character. Look at the following example.

Jacket
Hair
Voice

One of the students in the class is painfully shy. She always wears an extra-large waxed cotton jacket that envelopes her almost completely, and which comes up to her chin; with a shake of the head, most of the rest of her face can be hidden behind her long black hair. All this, together with a voice that is never raised above a whisper, makes you wonder sometimes whether she is there at all.

F. Practice. Write short sketches of people (real or imaginary) incorporating the following items.

1. boots

a dog

hands

2. a posture

a tone of voice

a fire

3. eyes

a pencil

a room

G. Significance. Think of a friend or member of your family. If you were writing a creative description of them, which of the following items might you find useful?

their hair
their facial features
their problems
things they have done
things they like to do
things they have said
their hands
their attitudes and beliefs
their relationships
their shoes
their gestures and reactions
their furniture
the walls in their room
their clothes
their skin
their possessions
their age
their habits
their hobbies
their build
their occupation

H. Practice. Read the following extract from a description of an orphan. Indicate which of the items from the list above have been used and compare your answers with a partner.
He was brought to the asylum at the age of three, when the staff at the orphanage could no longer cope with his unruly behaviour, and he has been here for the last eight years. He is surrounded by the despairing cries of the other fifteen or so children who share the room, which is illuminated by a single electric bulb hanging from the ceiling, just out of reach.

There is no warmth surrounding him, so for much of the day he sits on the stone floor in his ragged, threadbare clothes, clasping his knees tightly to his thin body and burying his head; there are moments of fury as well, when he batters his pale, scarred face with his fists or beats his head against one of the walls. At other times he simply sits there, rocking relentlessly backwards and forwards, his wide open, jet-black eyes staring feverishly at the grey concrete walls and at a terrifying, endless future as bleak as despair itself.
14 Writing
A. Character descriptions

Write three short character sketches based on the information below. For each one write:

a first paragraph, using the three adjectives given.

b second paragraph, including more details about the person using the prompts given.
EXAMPLE:

use these adjectives: dull, pedestrian, conventional
talk about: the person’s hobbies and interests

Mr. Jenkins, my old neighbour, was a very dull person who held only conventional ideas and led an extremely pedestrian life.
It came as no great surprise when I discovered that his hobby was memorizing bus timetables; his knowledge of the subject was encyclopaedic. When asked, for example, how to get from one obscure part of the country to another on a wet Wednesday afternoon, he could detail precisely which buses one would have to take, where to change, and how long the journey would last, but he could never conceal the frisson of excitement that overcame him when he had met such a challenge.

1. a. frivolous, gregarious, vivacious

b. their gestures and reactions
2. a. boorish, moody, aggressive

b. their habits
3. a. condescending, arrogant, snobbish

b. their attitudes and beliefs
B. Writing a descriptive composition

Write a description of the person whom you would most like to see again.

Stage 1	General approach. Take care in the planning stage to pay full attention to the implications of the title and the possible ways of interpreting it.
Stage 2	Brainstorming. Think of the most significant features about the person. Consider whether you will use “character adjectives” or external items to help you.
Stage 3	Organization. Arrange your thoughts into several clearly defined paragraphs. You could begin with some general information about the person, where you met, and explain why you have not seen them recently; then you could take one or two paragraphs to describe their personality in some detail and give examples; then you could finish by talking about the likelihood of seeing them again.
Stage 4	Write a composition of about 350 words. Time how long it takes you just to write – do not include the time for planning.
Stage 5	Check you work carefully.

UNIT 2 VOCABULARY LIST

A brief history of time

chase (v.)

relate (v.)

bare (adj.)

to lay bare the secrets of nature

profound (adj.), profound invalid/knowledge/interest etc.

attach (v.)

to attach a message to the flowers
to attach a colour printer to the computer
to attach importance to smth
to be attached to smb

coincide (v.), coincidence (n.), by coincidence

project (v.)

to project an image to the screen
two tusks projected from the upper jaw

emerge (v.)

rumors began to emerge
the caterpillar emerged from its cocoon

baffle (n.)

gadget (n.)

gimmick (n.)

estimate (n.), estimate (n.) by early/rough

substitute (v.), substitute (n.)

to substitute a copy for the original
to substitute for an injured player

sustain (v.)

to sustain life on the planet
hope sustained her

deteriorate (v.), deterioration (n.)

equation (n.)

comprehend (v.), comprehension (n.), (in)comprehensible (adj.) to smb., comprehensive (adj.), comprehensive school / victory / review / layman (n.)
The Hawking Story

conceal (v.)

undermine (v.), to undermine foundation/religions convictions etc./ belief

reduce (v.)

to reduce smth to smth

to reduce fruit to a pulp

to allow for (v.)

devout (adj.)

Best sellers (listening 1)

anticipate (v.) success

to be beyond wildest dreams

nagging (adj.) questions)

to get bogged down in details

to take smb’s word for something
A men’s club

rebel (v.), rebel (n.), rebellion (n.)

witch (n.), witchcraft

persecute (v.), persecution (n.)

promote (v.), to promote development and use of public transport

access (n.), to have/gain access to sth

exclusive (adj.)

an exclusive club/shop/restaurant
exclusive rights

celebrity (n.), celebrated (adj.)

staggering (adj.)

(in)adequacy (n.), (in)adequate (adj.)

immortalize (v.)

masculinity (n.), masculine (adj.)

femininity (n.), feminine (adj.)
Expressions with time

now’s a fine time

all in good time

(be / come / leave) on time

time and time again

a bit pressed for time

at the best of times

to kill time

to buy lime

just in the nick of time

for the time being
Expressions with books

to throw the book at someone

to turn over a new leaf

to do something by the book

to be in someone's good books

to speak volumes about someone

to take a leaf out of someone's book
Unit 2 Vocabulary combinatory guide

Chase (n.)	- to abandon, to give up the ~; in ~ of.
chase (v.)	-to ~ after ( fame); to~ from/ out of (~ the dog out of our yard).
relate(v.)	to ~ to (this law does not ~ to your case; how do they ~ to each other)
relation (n.)	a ~ between, in ~ to.
related (adj.)	I am ~ to him by marriage
bare (adj.)	The hills were ~ of vegetation, to lay something ~ (to lay bare the secrets of nature).
profound (adj.)	profound invalid/knowledge/interest etc.
attach (v.)	to attach a colour printer to the computer, to attach importance/significance to smth, to be deeply/ strongly attached to smb,
attachment (n.)	To feel/ form an ~, a strong, lasting, sentimental ~.
coincide (v.)	To ~ with.
coincidence (n.)	by mere/pure/sere coincidence, a happy/odd/strange/remarkable ~.
project (v.)	to ~ an image to the screen, two tusks ~ from the upper jaw.
projection (n.)	To make a ~, a computer ~.
emerge (v.)	rumors began to ~, the caterpillar ~ from its cocoon, he ~ as a leading contender.
baffle (n.)	To ~ completely, it ~ed me that they rejected our offer.
gadget (n.)	a small object or device that performs or aids a simple task, it appears useful but is often unnecessary or superfluous A ~ for (they have ~s for everything), a ~ to clean windows.
gimmick (n.)	1.a piece of trickery or manipulation intended to achieve a result dishonestly 2.a piece of concealed information that, if known, would make an offer or opportunity less attractive 3.something such as a new technique or device that attracts attention or publicity 4.an ingenious device, mechanism, or ploy, especially one that works in a concealed way An advertising/ promotional ~.
estimate (n.)	by early/rough ~.
substitute (v.),	to ~ a copy for the original, to ~ for an injured player
substitute (n.)	A poor ~ for something.
sustain (v.)	to ~ life on the planet, hope ~ her.
deteriorate (v.)	Leather quickly ~s in a hot, wet climate.
deterioration (n.)
equation (n.)	To formulate/state an ~, to solve/work an ~, an ~ in one unknown/ in two unknowns.
comprehend (v.)
comprehension(n.)	To defy/ elude ~, beyond ~.
(in)comprehensible (adj.)	~ to smb.
comprehensive (adj.)	comprehensive school / victory / review / layman (n.)

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