Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
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Вариант 5 1. Просмотрите текст и определите, в каких абзацах сообщается: а) о пяти принципах, составляющих основу действия современных механизмов и машин; б) об изобретениях, представленных великим древним математиком Героном. • Определите назначение основных изобретений Герона. HERO OF ALEXANDRIA About sixty years after the death of Archimedes, Hero of Alexandria was born. Nobody knows the exact date of his birth, but according to the best authorities, he lived about 150 В. С. In addition to being a great mathematician, he invented the siphon, the gearwheel, the pump, the water clock and the steam engine. His book on mechanics translated into Arabic was carefully studied by mechanics and engineers of the sixteenth century. In this remarkable book Hero lists and describes five simple ways by which an unusually heavy weight may be lifted and moved with minimum effort. These five principles form the basis of all the machinery in the world today and, though described in detail by Hero, their practical application to machinery did not come about for more than a thousand years. They are: the lever, the wheel and axle, the pulley, the wedge, the screw. While it is true that the invention of the screw is attributed to Archimedes and the wedge and the lever were known long before Hero's time, he was the man, who showed for the first time that all machinery is based on these five important principles, and how to apply these principles to machinery — such as it was in these early times. Neither he nor anyone else of his time realized the importance of these inventions. Hero's book on pneumatics, which was translated into Italian in 1549 and later into English, described more than seventy totally useless inventions, most of which embody important basic principles. Their main function was to entertain. 2. Прочитайте слова, имеющие общий корень со словами русского языка, и назовите их значения. Значения выделенных слов уточните по словарю. Найдите предложения с данными словами в тексте. Проверьте правильность найденных вами значений. mathematician, authorities, mechanics, engineer, principle, to list, to lift, pneumatics, to apply, function, minimum, practical 3. а) Выпишите из первого абзаца текста названия изобретений Герона, а из второго абзаца — названия механизмов, к которым были приложены принципы механики, открытые Героном. Расположите слова в алфавитном порядке и найдите их русские соответствия в словаре. б) Найдите в словаре значения слов: weight, effort, to attribute, to entertain, to embody. 4.Найдите предложение, которое раскрывает суть законов механики, описанных Героном; переведите это предложение на русский язык. 5. Просмотрите текст еще раз и определите, какие из функций глагола to be преобладают в тексте. Переведите сказуемые, выраженные моделью to be + N, на русский язык. 6.Образуйте причастия I и I от данных ниже глаголов, lose, reach, give, wear, sell, steal, flv. explain, touch, go. eat 7.Стоящие в скобках глаголы замените в зависимости от смысла предложения причастиями I и Я. Переведите предложения письменно. (То stand) on the bank of the river, he watched the dockers. A thermometer is an instrument (to use) for measuring temperature. A (to break) toy lay on the floor. (To know) the English language well, he can translate articles without a dictionary. She is looking at the woman (to sit) at the window. 8. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Present Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. Many houses (to build) in Moscow. Moscow's Metro (to serve) by a staff of 22.000. New material (to explain) by the teacher at every lesson. Coca-Cola (to make) in Dallas, Texas. Rice (to grow) in China. Most of the Earth's surface (to cover) by water. 9. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Past Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. Half of the telegrammes (to send off) yesterday. Many houses (to destroy) in Kiev during the war. Two hundred people (to employ) by the company. The article (to write) yesterday. 10. Переведите письменно следующие предложения. You are invited to the wedding. Many accidents are caused by careless driving., When was the telephone invented? I was offered the job but I refused it. How many babies are born every day? How is this word pronounced? Oranges are imported into Britain. 11. Переведите на английский язык. Студентов экзаменуют два раза в год. Когда был изобретен велосипед? Мы были разбужены шумом. Как это слово произносится? Мы были приглашены на свадьбу. Два человека были доставлены в больницу. Бумагу изготавливают из дерева. Эту статью напечатали вчера. 12.Стоящие в скобках глаголы поставьте в Past Progressive Passive Voice, и переведите предложения-. The article (to print) yesterday at this time. New material (to explain) by the teacher yesterday at 10 o'clock. When I returned to the town, the house (to build).
Образец выполнения: They (to build) a simple boiler. They have built a simple boiler. Они построили простой котел. I (to read) the book you lent me, so you can have if back now. It (to stop) raining. The temperature (to rise). I (to see) this film. Somebody (to spill) coffee on the carpet. This method (to become) popular. I (to cut) my finger. The picture (to fall down). She (to travel) all over the world. He (never to work) at a factory. Oh, I (to burn) myself. 14. Перепишите и переведите предложения, раскрыв скобки и поставив глаголы в Present Perfect Passive Voice. Образец выполнения: Enough fuel (to supply). Enough fuel has been supplied. Доставлено достаточно горючего. The dishes (to wash). The car (to damage). Have you heard the news? The President (to shoot). Steam power (to use). I'm not going to the party, I (not to invite). My key (to steal). Вариант 6 JAMES WATT James Watt was born in Greenock, Scotland, and was taught at home. Later he went to Greenock Grammar School. His technical expertise seems to have been obtained from working in his father’s workshop and from early in life he showed academic promise. His early formal training was as an instrument maker in London and Glasgow. Watt combined the expertise of a scientist with that of a practical engineer, for later he was not only to improve the heat engine but also to devise new mechanisms. Watt was interested in making experimental models of steam engines and this marks a historical milestone in engineering development, for they were the first experimental apparatus purposely constructed for engineering research. Watt’s early interest in steam arose from experience in repairing a model steam engine in 1764, and in 1765 he invented the separate steam condenser. In 1769 he took out a patent on the condenser in which steam came into direct contact with cold water. That was a milestone by which steam engineering research its practical and usable form. In1784 he took out a patent for a reaction turbine at a time when continental engineers were only considering similar approaches. An improved centrifugal governor was to follow in 1788 and a design for a pressure gauge in 1790. In the development of the steam engine James Watt represents the perfecting of a sequence of stages beginning with the Newcomen engine and ending with the parallel motion and sun/planet gearing. The later is said to have been invented by W. Murdock but patented by Watt. In the scientific field Watt’s finest memorial, apart from steam engines, is his establishment of the unit of power – the rate of doing work. He coined the term horsepower (hp), one horse being defined as equivalent to 33,000 ft lb/mm. James Watt died in1819 in Heathfield, after a life of incomparable technical value. Later, a statue to Watt was placed in Westminster Abbey.
electrical, problem, motor, generator, dynamo, modern, starting motor, battery, electrolysis, telegraph, telephone, to start, to illuminate
Обобщить работу, привести работу в порядок, получать электрический ток, запустить двигатель, перезарядить аккумуляторную батарею, снабжать электрической энергией, открыть закон, изобрести электрическое освещение
1. Watt started engine manufacturing in 1870. 2. The scientist named his device steam governor. 3.In 1781 Watt produced a rotary – motion steam engine. 4.Watt compared his device to a horse. 5. They offered me the job. 6 The engineer showed them the new machine. 7. The U. S. Government gave him the patent for this invention. 8. This college offers students education in the field of engineering.
1. This student can (to rely on). 2. This equipment must (to take good care of). 3. The new model of Volvo always (to look at) with great interest. 4. The programm of this subject much (to work at). 5. Professor Semenov’s invention often (to refer to). 6. The whole reference book (to look through), but we couldn’t find any answer to the question. 7. Plastics (not to affect) by water.
9. Образуйте причастия I и I от данных ниже глаголов. correct give, watch, put, discuss, rise, supply, read, write, move, think 10. Стоящие в скобках глаголы замените в зависимости от смысла предложения причастиями I и II. Переведите предложения письменно. The boy (to play) in the garden is my son. (To come) back hom« I was very happy. The teacher asked the students to read the sentences (to write) on the blackboard. He looked at the (to smile) children. (To hear) the news I phoned Peter. 11. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголи в Present Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. The waiting-room (to clean) by Tom. This article (to translate). The tickets (to collect). Eggs (to sell) by the grocer. The room (to warm) by an electric fire. English (to speak) all over the world. 12. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголь! в Past Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. Our family (to invite) for tea. She (to give) a cheque. The letters (to bring) by the postman. The book (to use) in the class. 13. Переведите письменно следующие предложения. I was given two hours to make my decision. Have you been shown the new machine? I remember being given a toy drum on my fifth birthday. You w^' be asked a lot of questions at the interview. Will the translation be completed tomorrow? The Smiths are invited to the farewell dinner party. When wes America discovered? 14. Переведите на английский язык. Когда мы приехали в этот город, завод ещё только строился. Я разбила чашку. Просмотрены ли эти документы? Меня пригласили на вечеринку. Следует решить эту проблему сегодня. Эти учебники также могут быть использованы. Когда будет опубликована его новая книга? Это письмо было отправлено вчера. 15. Проспрягайте письменно глагол to wash в Present Progressive Ас. Voice. 16. Стоящие в скобках глаголы поставьте в Past Progressive Passive Voice, и переведите предложения. His books (to discuss) by everyone. A new ring-road (to build) round the lot of cars (to produce) in this factory.
Образец выполнения: They.(to build) a simple boiler. They have built * 5'mP e boiler. Они построили простой котел. Our family (to sell) our house. We (to report) on the results of the exterment Peter (to pack) his suitcase. Mr. Fox (to discuss) the plan with the chief в She (to write) a report for her manager. Alice (to find) her umbrella. The arrive) at the station. She (to write) to her parents. We (to change) our flat recently, I (to find) my documents. I think, she (to get) home. б) Перепишите и переведите предложения, раскрыв скобки и поставив глаголы в Present Perfect Passive Voice. Образец выполнения: Enough fuel (to supply). Enough fuel has been supplied. ' Доставлено достаточно горючего. She (to bite) by a dog. The windows (to clean) lately. Her book (to translate) into a number of foreign languages. The congress (to hold) in San Francisco. My car (to steal) by somebody. Many complaints (to send) to the head office Вариант 7 FARADAY PUTS ELECTRICITY TO WORK Michael Faraday, who was born in 1791 and died in 1867, gathered together and set in order all the work of the scientists who had worked on electrical problems before him. In 1823, he discovered how to make an electrical motor. In 1831, he built the first generator, then called dynamo. The modern car has both a starting motor and a generator. The starting motor draws electric current from the car battery to start engine. The generator is driven by the engine to recharge the battery and to furnish electric power for all the electrical conveniences in the car. In 1833, Faraday discovered the laws of electrolysis. The works of many other scientists were influenced by the discoveries made by Faraday. As a result of faraday’s work Morse was able to invent the electromagnetic telegraph, Bell, the telephone and Edison, the electric light. Their inventions have profoundly changed the lives of nearly everyone in the world. Thus, Edison’s Congressional Medal of Honor certificate declared: “He illuminated the path of progress by his invention”
обобщить работу, привести работу в порядок, получать электрический ток, запустить двигатель, перезарядить аккумуляторную батарею, снабжать электрической энергией, открыть закон, изобрести электрическое освещение
б) Преобразуйте следующие предложения со сказуемыми в страдательном залоге. Переведите 1. Watt started engine manufacturing in 1870. 2. The scientist named his device steam governor. 3.In 1781 Watt produced a rotary – motion steam engine. 4.Watt compared his device to a horse. 5. They offered me the job. 6 The engineer showed them the new machine. 7. The U. S. Government gave him the patent for this invention. 8. This college offers students education in the field of engineering.
1. This student can (to rely on). 2. This equipment must (to take good care of). 3. The new model of Volvo always (to look at) with great interest. 4. The programme of this subject much (to work at). 5. Professor Semenov’s invention often (to refer to). 6. The whole reference book (to look through), but we couldn’t find any answer to the question. 7. Plastics (not to affect) by water
battery   engine electrical conveniences    Прочитайте текст и определите, в каком абзаце обобщается значение работ Фарадея и каким образом оценивается значение его работ. . 7. а) Найдите в тексте предложения со сказуемым в страдательном залоге и переведите их на русский язык. б) Преобразуйте следующие предложения в предложения со сказуемым в страдательном залоге. 1. Watt started engine manufacturing in 1870. 2. The scientist named' his device steam governor, 3. In 1781 Watt produced a rotary-motion steam engine. 4. Watt compared his device to a horse. в) Английскому предложению в действительном залоге с прямым и косвенным дополнением могут соответствовать два предложения в страдательном залоге, Например: Предложению Не gave me a book, соответствуют два предложения в страдательном залоге: The book was given to те к I was given a hook. Другие глаголы, выступающие в аналогичных конструкциях: ask, offer, pay, show, leach, tell. Преобразуйте следующие предложения в предложения со сказуемым в страдательном залоге (два варианта): 1. They offered me the job. 2. The engineer showed them the new machine. 3. The U.S. Government gave him the patent for this invention. 4. This college offers students education in the field of engineering. •8. Образуйте причастия I и I от данных ниже глаголов. work, spend, shine, help, break, hide, listen, catch, travel touch, use 9. Стоящие в скобках глаголы замените в зависимости от смысла предложения причастиями I и П. Переведите предложения письменно. The man (to sit) at the window came from Moscow. She mended the (to tear) sleeve of her dress. He sat in the aim-chair (to read) a newspaper. AH books (to take) from the library must be returned next week. The man (to smoke) a cigarette is my brother. 10. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Present Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. The students (to examine) twice a year. The interior (to decorate) with marble and malachite. Coca-Cola (to enjoy) all over the world. Nylon (to find) in carpets, ropes and furniture. Cheese (to make) from milk. This room (to clean) every day. 11. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Past Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. We (to advise) not to go out alone. Two pictures (to steal) from the museum last night. Originally the book (to write) in Spanish. The letter (to post) a week ago. 12. Переведите письменно следующие предложения. How is glass made? When was Australia discovered? This road isn't used very often. While I was on holiday, my camera was stolen from my hotol room. The information was given to the police. English is spoken all over the world. He wasn't injured in the accident. 13. Переведите на английский язык. Эти дома были построены 100 лет назад. Когда был изобретен телефон? Масло делают из молока. Как это слово произносится? Два человека были доставлены в больницу. Когда был построен этот театр? Мы были приглашены на свадьбу. Молоко нужно хранить в холодильнике. 14. Стоящие в скобках глаголы поставьте в Past Progressive Passive Voice, и переведите предложения. The letters (to send) at this time yesterday. The new building of Moscow University (to build) when I entered the History Faculty. The room (to clean) when I arrived, 15. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки и поставив глаголы в Present Perfect Active Voice. Переведите. Образец выполнения: They (to build) a simple boiler. They have built a simple boiler. Они построили простой котел. Не (to lose) his key. She told me her name but I (to forget) it. Oh, I (to cut) my finger. Jim is on holiday, he (to go) to Italy. I (to see) this film. She (to eat) Chinese food a few times. My father (to start) a new job. Somebody (to spill) coffee on the carpet. He (to pass) his exam in history. She (to be) to New York twice. 16. Перепишите и переведите предложения, раскрыв скобки и поставив глаголы в Present Perfect Passive Voice. Образец выполнения: Enough fuel (to supply). Enough fuel has been supplied. Доставлено достаточно горючего. The concert (to postpone). A new hospital (to build) near the airport. Light (to transform) into heat. My key (to steal). Have you heard the news? The President (to shoot). The supper (to cook). Вариант 8 THE PIONEERS Karl Benz (1844—1929), the son of a railway engine-driver who died when Karl was two, studied engineering at the Karlsruhe Polytechnic. After various jobs he set up business, with successive partners in a very small way making two-stroke gas engines of his own design in 1880. Although he is entitled to be called the "inventor of the petrol car" he was reluctant to depart from his original design of belt-driven horseless carriage which sold well in 1890s. Other designers were called in, and after 1902 Benz had little influence on the development of the motor car. Frederick William Lanchester (1868—1946), the son of an architect, made Britain's first four-wheeled petrol car of wholly native design in 1895 with the help of his brother George. A small company was formed and production was begun late in 1899. Lanchester's designs were always unique and ahead of their time; he was responsible for many innovations which became accepted some years later. Those include a vibration less, fully balanced engine, splined shafts, full-pressure lubrication, lightweight pistons, disk brakes and more. "Doctor Fred" was also a pioneer authority and writer on aerodynamics, and for many years Consultant Engineer to the Daimler Co. Henry Ford is usually credited with "inventing" mass-production, yet the idea originated many years earlier in the Connecticut clock trade and was developed in the America's small-arms industry. 1. В первом абзаце текста вы встретились с терминологическими сочетаниями two-stroke gas engine, petrol car, motorcar, bell-driven. Используя словарь, переведите их на русский язык; в связи с чем упомянут каждый из этих терминов? Переведите текст. 2. Назовите значения интернациональных слов во втором и третьем абзацах текста: native, petrol, mass-production, design, vibration, balance pressure, aerodynamics, industry
4. Образуйте причастия I и 1 от данных ниже глаголов. drop, go. reach. helpt shine, listen, sit, rise, eat, sell, carry 5.Стоящие в скобках глаголы замените в зависимости от смысла предложения причастиями I и II. Переведите предложения письменно. A (to break) cup lay on the table. He sat at the table (to think). (To have) plenty of time we decided to walk to the station. All books (to take) from the library must be returned next week. My pencil is (to break). 6. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Present Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. A cinema is a place where films (to show). In the United States, elections (to hold) every four year. The park gates (to lock) at 6.30 p.m. Butter (to make) from milk. Many American programmes (to show) on British Television. Stamps (to sell) in a post office. 7. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Past Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. This room (to clean) yesterday. How much money (to steal)? Coca-Cola (to invent) in 1886. The roof of the building (to damage) in a storm. 8. Переведите письменно следующие предложения. Glass is made from sand. When was television invented? The children were (lightened by a Joud noise. Oranges are imported into Britain. How is this word pronounced? He wasn't injured in the accident. Were you invited to the wedding? 9. Переведите на английский язык. Статью напечатали вчера. Они были воспитаны бабушкой и дедушкой. Когда было построено новое здание Университета? Бумага была разрезана ножом. Когда был изобретен велосипед? Мы были разбужены громким шумом, Бумагу изготавливают из дерева. Ежегодно в Москве строятся новые линии метро. 10. Стоящие в скобках глаголы поставьте в Past Progressive Passive Voice, и переведите предложения. The room (to clean) when I arrived. They (to disturb) by noise all night. I didn't know that our conversation (to record). 11. Проспрягайте глагол to find в Present Perfect Active Voice, а глагол to write в Present Perfect Passive Voice (оба глагола нестандартные).
Образец выполнения: They (to build) a simple boiler. They have built a simple boiler. Они построили простой котел. I (to be) here since 5 o'clock. She (to break) her leg. I saw Tom yesterday but I (not to see) him today. They (to go out). It (to stop raining). My hair is wot, I (to wash) it. She (to travel) all over the world. Somebody (to break) that window. The temperature (to rise). This method (to beepme) popular. I (to know) her for many years. 13. Перепишите и переведите предложения, раскрыв скобки и поставив глаголы в Present Perfect Passive Voice. Образец выполнения: Enough fuel (to supply). Enough fuel has been supplied. Доставлено достаточно горючего. The shirts (to iron). The window (to break) by Peter. New grammar rules (to explain) this week. A lot of beautiful buildings (to build) in Moscow lately. Enough water (to boil). Light (to transform) into heat. Вариант 9 1.• Прочитайте текст и определите, за счет чего Генри Форду удалось снизить цену известного автомобиля "Model Т" с $850 (1908) до $290 (1915). TEXT HENRY FORD (1863-1947) Most people credit Henry Ford with inventing the automobile. The fact is he didn't — such a complex machine is the result of a combination of technologies developed by many people over time. He did, however, invent the assembly line, which revolutionized the way we make cars, and how much they cost. In 1908, Ford's company began selling his famous Model Т for $850 each. The Model Т was inexpensive for its day, and proved to be reliable and easy to operate. It quickly became very popular; and soon Ford found he was unable to meet the enormous demand for his cars. Ford's solution was to invent a moving industrial production line. By installing a moving belt in his factory, employees would be able to build cars one piece at a time, instead of one car at a time. This principle, called "division of labor", allowed workers to focus on doing one thing very well, rather than being responsible for a number of tasks. Ford found his new system produced cars quickly and efficiently; so efficiently that it considerably lowered the cost of assembling the cars. He decided to pass these savings along to his customers, and in 1915 dropped the price of the Model Т to $290. That year, he sold 1 million car. DISCUSSION 2. Обобщите информацию текста, заполнив следующую таблицу.
3. Образуйте причастия I и I от данных ниже глаголов. Help, carry, dress, eat, drop, touch, use, put, reach, rise, understand 4. Стоящие в скобках глаголы замените в зависимости от смысла предложения причастиями I и П. Переведите предложения письменно. (То know) all the figures very well, he could answer our questions. Last year I read his book (to translate) into Russia. A (to fall) piece of paper comes to the ground less quickly than a piece of wood. (To change) into ice, water becomes a solid. She came (to carry) the child in her arms. 5. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Present Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. This text (to write) in pencil. This question (to discuss). Ten thousand railway carriages (to make) by our works every year. Much material (to collect) every month. Millions of letters (to send) every day. The table (to cover) with red cloth. 6. Перепишите предложения, раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Past Simple Passive Voice, и переведите их письменно. АН the details (to know) to the scientists. A new island (to find). Our ship (to send) to explore that area. The laboratory (to equip) for this kind of scientific studies. 7. Переведите письменно следующие предложения. A new globe was brought into the classroom. This area was often visited by scientists. New instruments were given to the scientists. The details are know now. New lenses were brought to our laboratory. When was the first fish caught? Were the instruments put on the table? 8. Переведите на английский язык. Глубина 6,5 км в Тихом океане была найдена судном «Витязь». Инструменты, использованные экспедицией, были присланы из Москвы. Пол в моей комнате сделан из дерева. Это письмо написано не мной. Оно было послано вчера. Где поймана эта рыба? Когда будет переведена эта книга? Нужно ли перевести ее с английского языка на русский? 9.Проспрягайте письменно глагол to look в Present Progressive Active Voice. 10.Стоящие в скобках глаголы поставьте в Past Progressive Passive Voice, и переведите предложения. All night we (to disturb) by noise. A great deal of wood (to burn) to heat the house. White clouds (to reflect) by the river. 11.Проспрягайте глагол to say в Present Perfect Active Voice, а глагол to find в Present Perfect Passive Voice (оба глагола нестандартные).
Образец выполнения: They (to build) a simple boiler. They have built a simple boiler. Они построили простой котел. We (to buy) enough coal and oil. Not much heat (to escape). He (never to work) at a factory. He (to boil) the water. Several centuries (to pass) since then. This method (to become) popular. We (to receive) iron. The sun (to dry) these fruits and vegetables. They (to find) several new kinds of fuel. The temperature (to rise). The temperature (to be) below zero all day. 13. Перепишите и переведите предложения, раскрыв скобки и поставив глаголы в Present Perfect Passive Voice. Образец выполнения: Enough fuel (to supply). Enough fuel has been supplied. ' Доставлено достаточно горючего. ' Steam power (to use). The box (to cover) with heat-insulating material. Light (to transform) into heat. Several sheets of iron (to buy). Not enough water (to boil). These trees (to find) at 2,000 feet above sea level. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
