Методические указания и задания для выполнения контрольных работ для студентов, обучающихся по заочной форме специальности 270802 Строительство и эксплуатация зданий и сооружений 2012 г
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FOUNDATIONSWhy does the Leaning Tower of Pisa lean? The answer is that its foundations were not soundly laid. From earliest times, architects and engineers have been aware of the problems involved in laying а building's foundations; but they have not always realized to what extent the earth can be pressed down by the; weight of а building. Too little allowance has sometimes been made for the possibility of а heavy structure's sinking unevenly. If the earth is stable, laying the foundations of small buildings possess few problems. But in а tall modern structure the load may be very heavy indeed; and the foundation engineer has an extremely important job to do. To begin with, he must have а thorough understanding of soil mechanics, which entails а scientific study of the ground to see what load it can bear without dangerous movement. Trial pits are dug, or holes are bored, in order to collect undisturbed samples of earth from various depths. By examining these, the engineer can forecast the probable shifts in the earth during and after building, according to the sort of foundation he designs. Thus he comes to the most important decision of all in the building's construction: He decides whether the earth is of the type that can best support each column on а separate solid block, or whether he must aim at lightness and, as it were, "float" the building on. hollow foundations. If firm ground has been found only at great depth, the foundation engineer may use piles. These are solid shafts made either by driving reinforced, precast concrete deep into the ground, or by boring holes in the earth and pouring in the concrete. Each pile supports its load in one, or both, of two ways. It may serve as а column with its foot driven into solid earth or rock or it may stand firm because friction along its sides "grips" the column and prevents it from sinking. But when it is а question of floating а building, the foundations take the form of а vast, hollow concrete box. This box is divided into chambers that will house heating and ventilating plants as well as provide garage and storage space for the building. Luckiest of all are those foundation engineers whose buildings stand on hard rock like granite or ironstone. For them neither piles nor flotation need be used. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту: Why does the Leaning Tower of Pisa lean? What must the foundation engineer do before laying the foundations? Is it difficult to be a foundation engineer and why? What does each pile support? And how?? Describe the hollow concrete box. Составьте словарь профессиональных терминов (15 слов и выражений) Вариант 3 1. В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый "th", отличается от остальных: 1) thin 2) thing 3) thick 4) bathe 5) bath 6) mathematics 7) path 2. Выберите правильную форму глагола: 1) Не... school two years ago. a) finishes b) will finish c) finished 2) I... in the garden last Sunday. a) worked b) work c) am working 3) He... a pilot during the World War II. a) is b) wilt be c) was 3. Выберите правильный вспомогательный глагол: 1)... you meet her at the station? a) does b) did c) was 2)... she cook breakfast every morning? a) does b) did c) was 3)... the guests dancing when you came? a) does b) was c) were 4. Укажите в предложениях слова с окончанием "ed", которые являются сказуемыми: 1) The unemployed demanded jobs. a) unemployed b) demanded 2) The author invented all the characters described in the novel. a) invented b) described 3) I looked through the article translated into Russian. a) looked
5. Укажите предложение, в котором глагол "have" является вспомогательным: 1) I had a good time in the south. 2) He has got a house in the country. 3) She had to tell the truth. 4) They have told the truth. 6. Выберите правильную форму глагола: 1) I... all my exams in June. a) have passed b) passed c) is passing 2) I... my exams and can have a good time now. a) have passed b) passed c) am passing 3) I... my exams in June and go to the seaside with you. a) have passed b) passed c) shall pass 7. Подберите слова, близкие по значению:
8. Укажите, какое из слов не имеет отношения к остальным: 1) did, 2) make, 3) described, 4) have come, 5) is writing, 6) looked, 7) showed, 8) will return, 9) enjoy, 10) dinner, 11) cooked, 12) is singing, 13) takes. 9. Укажите, к какой теме относятся все три предложения: 1) The plot is very simple. We enjoyed all the three acts. The show began at five. a) cinema b) theatre c) exhibition 2) It's open from 9 till 6. We enjoyed it very much. The tickets are not expensive.
b) theatre c) exhibition 10. Выберите правильный модальный глагол: 1) He…speak three foreign languages. a) can b) may c) must 2) You…work hard at your English if you want to know it. a) can b) may c) must 3) You…not go out, the lesson is not over yet. a) can b) may c) have 11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст: HOUSING AND RENTING IN GREAT BRITAIN According to the London Central Office of Information "British workers live in privately rented houses or in 'Council Houses' or in houses of their own. In the first case the tenant pays to a private landlord a rent which is usually controlled by law, so that the tenant should not suffer hardships because this demand for houses exceeds the supply. 'Council Houses' are built by local government authorities and let to people who most need a low rent. Most of them have been built with State aid, but this is now only given to certain classes of houses to meet special needs. Many thousands of clerks, shop assistants and workmen have bought or are buying attractive houses with neat gardens by paying monthly instalments to a Building Society..." In reality things are not as bright as they are presented in government publications. It is true that quite a number of new Council houses and big blocks of flats are being built all over Britain, and yet the demand still exceeds the supply. The housing shortage and the 1957 Rent Act are hard on the working class families. According to the 1957 Rent Act there is no limit to the rent the landlord ca;n demand, no matter what the conditions of the property are. Tenants can be given a notice to quit at any time. The landlord can also raise their rent whenever he pleases. Thus dozens of working class families are daily faced with eviction, many families are bound to split, for after eviction they often have to live separately in temporary dwellings. There are many cases when families have been on a waiting housing list for years without any hope of moving into a more decent house or flat. Especially hard up are families with a number of children. It would be wrong to say that all working-class people live in bad housing conditions. Some are quite decently housed in new blocks of flats and Council houses, but these lucky ones are in the minority. The texts presented in the book will give the readers a picture of the various housing conditions in which the working-class and the middle-class families live nowadays, and the contrast will leap to the reader's eye. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту: Why has the housing problem become so acute after World War II? How is the problem of housing shortage solved in our country? What are the functions of the district municipal office called "Raizhilotdel"? Who has the privilege of priority in receiving a new flat? What is the procedure of getting an order and then the flat? Составьте словарь профессиональных терминов (15 слов и выражений) Вариант 4 1. В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый "ir", отличается от остальных? 1) first, 2) fire, 3) birth, 4) girl, 5) bird, 6) shirt, 7) skirt. 2. Укажите, в каком предложении глагол стоит в Past Perfect: a) She has bought a new pair of shoes. b) She has a lot of different shoes at home. c) She had bought a pair of new shoes for yesterday's party. d) She is going to buy a pair of new shoes for the party. e) She had new shoes on at the party. 3. Выберите правильную форму глагола: 1) The rain... before we reached home. a) stopped b) had stopped 2) The taxi... by 5 o'clock. a) arrived b) had arrived 4. Выберите правильную форму глагола: 1) I... not... your book today. a) have brought b) had brought 2)... you ... the dinner by the time the guests came? a) have cooked b) had cooked 5. Выберите правильный вспомогательный глагол: 1) ... the delegation visit your school? a) did b) has c) had 2) … I help you? a) has b) have c) shall 3) I … not seen you for ages. a) has b) have c) shall 6.Выберите правильный модальный глагол: 1) The sky is dark. It…rain soon. a)may b)should c)has to 2) The lights are on. They…be at home. a)may b)must c)are to 3) You…to come here again. a) must b) should c)have 7. Укажите предложения, в которых "have" является вспомогательным глаголом: 1) Have you worked all day? 2) Have a good time! 3) They have never met before. 4) She has a lot of animals at home. 8. Соедините правильно две половины в одно предложение:
9. Какой вопрос относится к подчеркнутому слову? Mary loves Nick, her neighbour. a) Who loves Nick? b) Whom does Mary love? c) What is Nick? d) Why does Mary love Nick? 10. Соотнесите предложения с русским вариантом: 1) a) I read this book easily without a dictionary.
a) Книга легко читается без словаре b) Я легко читаю эту книгу без словаря. 2) a) A lot of new houses are built in our district every year. b) They build a lot of new houses every year. a) В нашем районе каждый год строится много домов. b) Они строят в нашем районе каждый год много домов. 11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст: ARCHITECTUREFew shapes symbolize the spirit of the American city better than the skyscraper. Made possible by new building techniques and the invention of the elevator, the first skyscraper was built in Chicago in 1884. Its designer was William Le Baron Jenny (1832-1907). Jenny devised the steel skeleton which provided interior support, meaning that exterior walls no longer had to carry the weight of many floors. As land values rose in city after city, so did taller and taller buildings. Many of the most graceful early towers were designed by Louis Sullivan (1856-1924), America’s first great modern architect. “Form ever follows function”, Sullivan preached, meaning that a building’s purpose should determine its design. That idea had been one of modern architecture’s guiding principles. Sullivan’s most talented student was Frank Lloyd Wright (1869-1959). Now considered the nation’s most original and influential modern architect, but ignored for major commissions during much of his life, Wright spent much of his career designing private homes that stressed open space and the inventive use of materials. One of his best-known buildings in the cylindrical design for the Guggengeim Museum (1959) is in New York City. The ideas of Sullivan and Wright – though very different – came to dominate American architecture. Some were adapted by a group of Europeans who emigrated to the United States before World War II and who later shaped another dominant movement in architecture. Among them were Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe (1886-1969) and Walter Gropius (1883-1869) , both past directors of Germany’s famous design school, the Bauhaus. Their work, called the International Style stressed machine technology, geometric form and materials. Some critics have called buildings based on their ideas “glass boxes”, but other consider these structures monuments to American corporate life. A radically different approach to design was developed by R. Buckminster Fuller (1895-1984). Fuller used mathematical principles in creating a form he called a geodesic dome, in which the structure of the roof supports its own weight. Today’s leading architects include Philip Johnson, usually considered a “post-modernist”, and I.M. Pei. Many younger architects have turned away from the glass boxes. One leader of this movement is Michael Graves whose work is rich in detail and decoration. Ответьте на вопросы к тексту: When was the first skyscraper built? Who was the designer? What is one of the modern architecture’s guiding principles? What is Frank Lloyd Wright famous for? Name the representatives of Germany’s design school. What mathematical principles did R.Buckminster Fuller use? Составьте словарь профессиональных терминов (15 слов и выражений) Вариант 5 1. В каком из следующих слов звук, передаваемый "i", отличается от остальных? 1) six, 2) five, 3) right, 4) write, 5) I'm, 6) bite, 7) mine. 2.Выберите правильную форму глагола «to be»:
a) is b) are c) am d) were
a) is b) was c) will be d) were 3. Выберите правильный артикль: 1) On…Monday we open at 9 o’clock. a) a b) the c) - 2) …English are reserved. a) a b) the c) - 3) It was…cold day. a) a b) the c) - 4. Укажите, какой частью речи являются подчеркнутые в предложениях слова: 1) The new room was light and spacious. a) существительное b) прилагательное c) глагол 2) Where shall we place the sofa? a) существительное b) прилагательное c) глагол 3) He will head our delegation at the congress. a) существительное b) прилагательное c) глагол 4) The exhibition was a great success. a) существительное b) прилагательное c) глагол 5. Выберите нужное по смыслу слово: 1) We have…bread, please, go and buy some. a) much b) many c) little d) few 2) I have…time, I can wait. a) little b) a plenty of c) many d) few 6. Выберите правильную форму глагола «to be»: 1) I…writing a letter. a) is b) am c) are 2) You are watching TV, …n’t you? a) is b) am c) are 3) Who…reading the newspaper? a) is b) am c) are 7. Укажите, к какой теме относятся все три предложения: 1) I like every piece of it. 2) It's very popular now. 3) It was written by Benjamin Britten. a) theatre b) fine art c) music 8. Поставьте предложения так, чтобы получился связный рассказ: 1) Then it is decorated and put into a cool place for some time. 2) Then they are put into a pot. 3) First different fruits are taken. 4) It is served for dessert. 5) After that the salad is mixed. 6) They are carefully washed and cut into pieces. 7) Cream may also be added. 8) This is how a fruit salad is made. 9. Выберите правильный модальный глагол: 1) The weather…change tomorrow. a) may b) must c) should 2) The water is cold, you…swim. a) can b) can’t c) must 3) I…to cover the whole distance on foot. a) can b) have c) must 10. Выберите правильный вспомогательный глагол: 1)... you meet her at the station? a) does b) did c) was 2)... she cook breakfast every morning? a) does b) did c) was 3)... the guests dancing when you came? a) does b) was c) were 11. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст: |
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