scholar (n)
eminent ~
routine (n)
daily, ordinary ~ ; dull ~ ; practice ~
routine (adj)
~ attention; ~ repairs; ~ inspection; ~ functions
manage (v)
to ~ a firm; to ~ a child; to ~ resources
manager (n)
assistant ~ ; branch ~ ; business ~ ; general ~ ; hotel ~; office ~ ; sales ~ ; service ~
management (n)
the ~ of the mining industry; to complete a ~ studies course; the management
insure (v)
to ~ one's home against loss from fire
insurance (n)
private (adj)
~ life; a ~ school; a ~ investigator, a ~ detective, a ~ apartment
case (n)
to argue, plead a ~ ; to decide a ~, to settle a ~; to hear, try a ~; to lose a ~
academy (n)
the Royal Academy of Sciences and Arts; Academy of Public Administration under the Aegis of the President of the Republic of Belarus; a military academy
academic (adj)
~ books; the ~ discipline; an ~ garden
academician (n)
compare (v)
comparison (n)
there is no ~ between them
comparative (adj)
~ law; in ~ comfort
society (n)
to polarize a ~ ; to unite a ~
social (adj)
~ amenities; ~ appropriation; ~ consumption; ~ conditions; ~ reporter
develop (v)
development (n)
arrested ~ ; economic ~
developing (adj)
~ countries
industry (n)
to build up, develop (an) ~ ; defense ~; film ~
analyze (v)
to ~ samples
analysis (n)
to make an ~ ; careful, thorough ~
decide (v)
to ~ unanimously
decision (n)
value (n)
to cherish ~s, to foster ~s; cultural ~s; moral ~; at a certain ~ ; surplus ~ ; exchange ~ ; to acquire ~ ; a discovery of great ~ ; to attach ~ to
value (v)
to ~ a painting at five thousand pounds; to ~ highly; to ~ smb. as a friend
Vocabulary Exercises
Ex. 1. Which words can you derive from the following?
compare
decide
develop
manage
society
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academy
industry
insure
investigate
supervise
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Ex. 2. Complete each sentence using a word derivationally related to the word given in brackets:
I suppose cost shouldn’t be a … factor. (decision)
They are under the … of qualified social workers. (supervise)
By and by public administration developed a theory and a method of … of its own. (investigate)
… administration was focused on the developing nations and the analysis of “transitional societies”. (compare)
Several industrialized nations are supplying … countries with new technology. (develop)
… your baggage before you leave home. (insurance)
They must behave in a way which will be … acceptable. (social)
These societies became … during the last century. (industry)
They are part of my … team. (manage)
These people are well qualified … . (academy)
Ex. 3. Match the words to their definitions:
routine, n
manager
public, adj
compare
development
society
industry
analyse
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to consider or examine something in order to understand it or to find out what it consists of;
the people in a country, who have a particular way of life;
the gradual growth or formation of something;
the work and processes involved in manufacturing things in factories;
to consider things and discover the differences or similarities between them;
the person who is responsible for running an organization;
relating to all the people in a country or community;
the usual way or order in which you do something.
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Ex. 4. What is the English for:
государственный, общественный
анализировать, исследовать
развитие
решать(ся), принимать решение
индустрия, промышленность
общество, общественность
стоимость, цена
сравнительный, сопоставительный
Ex. 5. Translate into English:
Специалисты компании проанализировали ситуацию и предложили способы ее решения.
На протяжении многих лет компании удавалось экономно расходовать свои ресурсы.
Для начала давайте сравним труд политика и труд историка.
К сожалению, связь руководства предприятия с рабочими была утрачена.
Политики обязаны реагировать на общественное мнение.
Правление следит как за выполнением текущих задач, так и за решением экстренных проблем.
Какие учебные дисциплины включены в академический план?
Чтобы преуспеть в профессии следует развивать свои профессиональные навыки и расширять кругозор.
Ex. 6. Make up situations using the following words and word combinations:
A
public organizations
private organizations
insurance companies
business and public administration
scholars
difference between
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В
academic participation
comparative administration
developing nations
analysis
industrialized world
to explain development situations
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B. Pre-reading Exercises
Ex. 1. Look at the heading of the text and predict the contents of it.
Ex. 2. Name some words and phrases you know related to the problem under discussion.
Ex. 3. Guess the meaning of the following words and word combinations:
to be dependent on government allocations, to gain productivity, staffing and training, fiscal planning, social justice, routine operations, welfare, to borrow from (sociology, psychology, etc.), renaissance of interest.
Ex. 4. Give your own definitions of 'organization theory' and 'value-free positivism'.
Ex. 5. Answer the following questions:
What does business management mean?
What is the difference between public and private organizations?
What do business management and public administration have in common? What do they differ in?
Could principles of business management be used as a model for the management of government?
The discipline of public administration like any other discipline has its own theory and method of investigation. What are they?
C. Reading
Ex. 1. Read the text for general information to complete the following statements:
The text deals with the problem of … .
The text views business administration and public administration … .
The text tells us about a theory and a method of investigation … (such as … which appeared …).
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT AND
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
In the studies of the 1880s and later scholars have collected an impressive body of data how best to carry out and manage routine operations to gain productivity in industry. Principles of scientific business management were worked out and people were trained to follow them.
Later successful business was seen as the model for the proper management of government, and the field of public administration was seen as a field of business, because management of all organizations in both the fields involves planning the activities and establishing goals; organizing work activities; staffing and training; directing or decision-making; coordinating to assure that the various work activities come together; reporting the status of work and problems to both supervisors and subordinates; and budgeting to assure that work activities correspond to fiscal planning, accounting, and control.
Some scholars argued that administration is a more general term and a more generic process than management. Administration takes place at factories, schools, hospitals, prisons, insurance companies, or welfare agencies, whether these organizations were private or public. Accordingly they started speaking about business and public administration.
There is an obvious difference between administration of business, or private organization, and administration of public organizations. Thus, the word public in ‘public administration’ is meaningful, and the study of public affairs will have to take into account not only management subjects common to both public and private sectors, but also the special environment in which the public servant has to live, an environment constituted of the mix of administration, policy making, and politics. And then, public organizations are more dependent on government allocations, more constrained by law, more exposed to political influences, and more difficult to evaluate than business organizations. These differences suggest caution in applying business management techniques to government agencies.
Public Administration as an Academic Discipline
Originally the discipline of public administration was not strong on theory. Early public administration was marked by a concern for applying the principles of business management to a higher level of business – public affairs. The method of case study was borrowed from business schools and applied to public administration. It was a prescriptive method and it told the student what he “ought to do” and what he “should not do” in specific situations of managing of public agencies. But by and by public administration developed a theory and a method of investigation of its own.
In the 1950s it began to borrow heavily from sociology, political science, psychology, and social psychology that led to the formation of organization theory that helps to understand the nature of human organizations.
Then, the 1950s and 1960s witnessed a dramatic upsurge of professional and academic participation in comparative administration studies. Comparative administration was focused on the developing nations and the analysis of “transitional societies”. Considerable attention was paid to studies of particular areas of the world. There were detailed case-by-case examinations of administrative situations in both the developing countries and the older, established bureaucracies of the industrialized world. They developed elaborate and highly generalized models of development administration and managed to explain many development situations.
Another situation that has drawn from the management science traditions is the emergence of public policy analysis as a major branch of public administration studies. Writings on decision-making took into account economic, political, psychological, historical, and even nonrational, or irrational processes. The National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration (NASPAA) advocates public policy analysis as one of the subject areas that should be included in any comprehensive program in administration.
An interesting development in American public administration in the late 1960s is known as the New Public Administration which was a reaction against the value-free positivism that had characterized much of American public administration thought since World War II. It reasserted the importance of normative values, particularly social justice. The disclosures of the Watergate scandals have reinforced these positions and stressed anew the importance of integrity, openness, and accountability in the conduct of public affairs. This concern for the needs of human beings in the modern world can be seen in the growth of consumer and environmental protection functions domestically, and pressure for human rights around the world.
The politics of public administration becomes increasingly interesting. Citizens, students, and scholars all round the world have come to understand the enormous impact of public administration on all of us, which is an important reason for the renaissance of their interest in public administration.
Ex. 2. Read the text again for understanding its main points and answer the 10 'What'-questions given below:
What principles were worked out in the studies of the 1880s?
What was seen as the model for the proper management of government?
What does management of all organisations involve?
What made scholars distinguish between business and public administration?
What is the difference between the two terms – business administration and public administration?
What was early public administration marked by?
What method was borrowed from business schools and applied to public administration?
What was comparative administration focused on?
What did writings on decision-making take into account?
What is the meaning of the word 'public' in 'public administration'?
Ex. 3. Now read the text for detailed information to complete the following sentences and develop the idea:
Management of all organizations involves … .
Public administration is a more general term and a more generic process … .
The study of public affairs will have to take into account not only management subjects common to both public and private sectors, but also … .
… was borrowed from business schools and applied to public administration.
… took into account economic, political, psychological, historical, and even nonrational or irrational processes.
The New Public Administration which was a reaction against the value-free positivism, reasserted … .
Ex. 4. Answer the following questions:
Why were principles of business management taken as the model for public administration?
What suggests caution in applying business management techniques to government agencies?
Was the method of case study a prescriptive or a descriptive one?
Why was comparative administration focused on the developing nations?
Why should public policy analysis be included in any comprehensive program in administration?
What is the New Public Administration characterized by?
What impact does public administration have on all of us?
D. Post-reading Exercises
Language Study
Ex. 1. Match the words to their definitions:
elaborate
budgeting
domestic
agency
discipline
reinforce
academic
data
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something that is very complex because it has a lot of different parts;
a subject that is studied at colleges and universities;
careful planning how much you are going to spend on each thing you want;
to strengthen a feeling, situation, process or position;
information, usually in the form of facts or statistics that you can analyse;
activities, events, and situations that happen or exist within one particular country;
a business which provides services for another business or an administrative organization run by a government;
work which is done in schools, colleges and universities.
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Ex. 2. Give synonyms to the words given below in italics or briefly explain their meaning:
In the studies of the 1880s and later scholars have collected an impressive body of data how best to carry out and manage routine operations.
Originally the discipline of public administration was not strong on theory.
They developed elaborate and highly generalized models of development administration.
The disclosures of the Watergate scandals have reinforced these positions.
Another innovation is the emergence of public policy analysis as a major branch of public administration studies.
Citizens, students, and scholars all round the world have come to understand the enormous impact of public administration on all of us.
Public organizations are more dependent on government allocations.
Writings on decision-making took into account economic, political, psychological and historical processes.
Ex. 3. Insert prepositions where necessary:
In the studies of the 1880s and later scholars have collected an impressive body … data how best to carry … and manage routine operations to gain productivity … industry.
The study … public affairs will have to take … account not only management subjects common … both public and private sectors but also the special environment … which the public servant has to live.
We are always hoping that a more peaceful solution can be worked … .
The method of case study was borrowed … business schools and applied … public administration.
Being originally not strong … theory the discipline of public administration in the 1950s began to borrow … sociology, psychology, and political science.
Comparative administration was focused … the developing nations and considerable attention was paid … studies … particular areas … the world.
The politics of public administration becomes increasingly interesting, and students and scholars all … the world have come to understand the enormous impact … public administration … all of us, which is an important reason … the renaissance of their interest … public administration.
Still later, scholars stressed … the differences … administration … business, or private organization, and administration … public organizations.
Ex. 4. What is the English for:
А
|
В
|
академический, учебный
частный, персональный
застраховывать(ся)
управление, менеджмент
рутина, однообразная работа
судебное дело, случай
сравнение, сопоставление
дорожить, ценить
экономическое развитие страны
экономика страны
|
теория принятия решений
государственный служащий
теория структуры организации
детальное исследование явления
страховая компания
социальная справедливость
анализ государственной стратегии
укрепить позиции
деловое администрирование
развивающиеся страны
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Pre-discussion
Ex. 1. Retell the text finishing the following sentences and adding 4–5 phrases of your own:
The text under discussion draws our attention to …
The principles of scientific business management…
At first successful business was seen as …
Later scholars stressed the differences between …
By and by public administration developed …
Ex. 2. Translate into English:
Управление любой организацией включает: планирование деятельности и определение целей, организацию рабочего процесса, подбор и обучение персонала, принятие решений, координирование деятельности и распределение бюджета.
Государственные организации находятся в большей зависимости от финансовой поддержки правительства, более ограничены строгими рамками закона и больше подвержены политическим влияниям, чем бизнес организации.
Метод исследования конкретных случаев был предписывающим, т. к. он обучал студентов тому, что следует и не следует делать в особых ситуациях управления государственными учреждениями.
В 1880-х годах были разработаны научные принципы управления бизнесом, а позже эти принципы были использованы в государственном управлении.
Позже ученые доказали, что администрирование – это процесс, происходящий в различных организациях, независимо от того, являются ли эти организации государственными или частными. Соответственно, они сделали разграничение между администрированием бизнесом и государственным администрированием.
Ex. 3. Render into English:
Управление социумом многообразно. В самом широком смысле это организации общественных связей, его задачи и функции практически выполняют все государственные органы, независимо от их конкретного назначения, а также общественные объединения. В качестве объекта управления выступает все общество в целом, все варианты развивающихся в нем общественных связей. Элементом системы социального управления является также и местное самоуправление.
Социальное управление характеризуют также как государственное управление, под которым понимается специфический вид государственной деятельности, отличающийся от ее иных проявлений (законодательная, судебная, прокурорская деятельность), а также от управленческой деятельности общественных объединений и других негосударственных формирований (трудовые коллективы, коммерческие структуры и т.п.).
В системе управления присутствует определенная упорядоченность в виде иерархической структуры органов управления. К ним тесно примыкают структуры информационного обеспечения служебного процесса, вспомогательные технические; а также хозяйственные подразделения.
(Князев С. Н., 2002: 11–12)
E. Additional Reading
MANAGERIAL, POLITICAL, AND LEGAL APPROACHES
TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
Public administration involves a number of complex concerns and functions. It is not surprising, therefore, that as an academic discipline or theory, public administration lacks coherence.
Some of scholars viewed it as a managerial endeavor, similar to practices in the private sector. Others emphasized its political aspects. Still others viewed it as a distinctively legal discipline, noting the importance of constitutions and regulations in public administration.
Those who defined public administration in managerial terms, viewed public administration essentially the same as big business and accordingly ought to be run according to the same managerial principles. They promoted the bureaucratic organizational structure of public administration. Bureaucracy requires a highly specialized division of labor which enables each worker to become an expert at what he or she does. Then, specialization requires coordination and hierarchy, that creates a chain of authority to manage and coordinate the work. Data were gathered and statistically analyzed. The selection of public servants was recommended to be based according to their efficiency and performance. They believed that public employees should be prohibited from taking an active part in politics as “administrative questions are not political questions”, and to become businesslike they had to be come nonpolitical. Law was deemphasized: as Leonard White (1923) stressed, “the study of administration should start from the base of management rather than the foundation of law”. In making decisions public administrators were to choose most cost-effective.
The managerial approach tends to minimize the distinction between public and private administration.
Public administration differs from private administration in many significant ways, such as:
1. Separation of powers, that is their division into chief executives, legislature, and courts, helps to avoid different political pressures and to save people from autocracy. At the same time it may frustrate coordination between them that often creates a very complex environment for contemporary public administration. This situation is not observed in the private sector.
2. Constitutional concerns frequently run counter the values of private management.
3. The profit motive is not central to the public sector. The governmental obligation to promote the public interest distinguishes public administration from private administration and management.
4. Public agencies do not face free, competitive markets in which their services done. This remoteness makes it difficult to evaluate the efficiency of public administrators. If government agencies produce a product that is not sold freely in open markets, then it is hard to determine what the product is worth.
5. The actions of public administrators have the force of law while the private sector must turn the public sector’s courts and police power for the enforcement of contracts.
Public administration viewed as a problem in political theory placed a different set of values: representativeness, political responsiveness, and accountability of elected officials to the citizens. They stress political pluralism within public administration. Public administration is to reflect public choice, which may or may not coincide with generalizations that are scientifically derived.
The legal approach emphasizes the rule of law and views public administration as applying and enforcing the law in concrete circumstances to protect an individual from malicious, arbitrary, erroneous, or unconstitutional deprivation of life or administrative action.
In contemporary public administration the elements of all the three approaches can be found.
(On the basis of Rosenbloom, 15–32)
F. Discussion
Ex. 1. Express your viewpoint on the following statements:
"Public organizations are more dependent on government allocations, more constrained by law, more exposed to political influences, and more difficult to evaluate than business organizations".
"The New Public Administration reasserted the importance of normative values, particularly social justice".
"Citizens, students and scholars all round the world have come to understand the enormous impact of public administration on all of us".
Ex. 2. Speak on the following problems:
Successful business can (can't) be seen as the model for the proper management of government.
Public administration is (is not) equal to business management.
G. Writing
Write a short summary of any new information on the problem under discussion you have found on the Internet.
Write a short essay giving an example of the enormous impact of public administration on all of us.
Unit 3
Diversity of Public Administration Theory
A. Vocabulary
List of the Key Words and Expressions
Learn the following words and word-combinations using the information presented in the Vocabulary section at the end of the book (Unit 3):
specific (adj)
~ situation; ~ guarantee
employ (v)
to be ~ ed by the government
employ (n)
in the government's ~
employer (n)
~ of labour; ~ 's liability
employee (n)
number of ~s; to engage, hire, take on an ~ ; to dismiss, fire, sack an ~ ; to make an ~ redundant; government ~ ; white- (blue-) collar ~; full-time ~;- part-time ~; a new type of ~
employment (n)
unemployment (n)
employed (adj)
unemployed (adj)
red tape
to create/eliminate (the) ~ ; to get caught up in ~ ; to get involved in ~
abuse (v)
to ~ smb. left and right; to ~ a child; to ~ a horse; to ~ one's eyesight; to ~ one's rights; to ~ one's authority; to ~ one’s power
abuse (n)
~ of power; ~ of words; ~ of children; drug and alcohol ~
profit (n)
to make a ~ on; to bring (in), yield a ~ ; to earn, make a ~ ; to sell a house at a ~ ; clear/net ~ ; gross ~
profit (v)
to ~ from mistakes
scrutiny (n)
to bear/withstand ~ ; close, strict ~ ; under constant ~ ; to demand ~
scrutinize (v)
to ~ closely, thoroughly
dominate (v)
to ~ over small countries; not to ~ over the class; to ~ the whole area
dominant (adj)
~ form of administration
execute (v)
to ~ ideas; to ~ an office; to be ~ed by the head
executive (adj)
~ secretary ; ~ personnel; ~ order; ~ duties
executive (n)
the executive; top ~ ; Executive; Chief Executive
hire (v)
to ~ employees
hire (n)
for ~
promote (v)
to ~ employees
promotion (n)
resist (v)
to ~ temptation; can’t ~ doing smth
resistance (n)
stable (adj)
~ equilibrium; ~ result
stability (n)
~ need; forces of ~
legal (adj)
~ advice; ~ aid bureau; ~ capacity; ~ profession; ~ system
mandate (n)
clear ~ ; under a ~ ; to carry out a ~
declare (v)
to ~ one's love; to ~ bankruptcy; to ~ war on; to ~ the law to be unconstitutional; to ~ against the new rules
declaration (n)
secure (adj)
~ investment; a ~ victory
secure (v)
to ~ one's life; to be ~ ed in the existence of smth; to ~ the sympathy of smb
security (n)
to ensure, provide ~ ; to strengthen ~ ; to undermine/threaten ~ ; feeling, sense of ~ ; to count on smb with ~ ; ~ for; to issue ~ies; government ~ies
need (n)
to create a ~ ; to fill, meet, satisfy a ~; acute, crying, desperate, dire, pressing, urgent ~ ; physical ~ ; spiritual ~; unfulfilled ~; ~ of self-actualization; bodily ~s, material ~s; fundamental ~, individual ~s; to live in dire ~ ; badly in ~
need (v)
motive (n)
to establish, find a ~ ; base ~s; noble, honorable ~s
motivation (n)
satisfy (v)
to be ~ ed with smth; to ~ completely
satisfaction (n)
reward (n)
to receive a ~ ; to offer a ~ ; to pay a ~ ; just ~ ; tangible ~ ; well-deserved ~ ; in ~ for smth; social rewards; rewards distributed my managerial staff
reward (v)
rewarding (adj)
a ~ job
lack (v)
lack (n)
~ of interest; ~ of coordination; ~ of discipline; ~ of experience; ~ of knowledge
collaborate (v)
to ~ with smb
collaboration (n)
collaborator (n)
depend (v)
to ~ upon smb. for advice •• it (all) depends
dependence (n)
independence (n)
interdependence (n)
share (v)
to ~ the money equally between two brothers; ~ and ~ alike; to ~ one's sandwich with smb; to ~ one's problems with smb.; to ~ a house with smb; to ~ smb’s opinion; to ~ sorrow; to ~ common interests
share (n)
a ~ in; to do one's ~; to have a ~ in the profits; equal ~ ; ~ of the responsibility; fair ~ ; full ~ ; on shares; ordinary ~s; preference ~s
effect (n)
have ~ ; produce an ~ ; of no ~ ; without ~ ; cause an ~ ; to have a profound ~ on smth.; minimal ~ ; put into ~ ; come into ~ ; general ~ ; calculated for ~ ; to leave no ~s; personal ~
effect (v)
dimensions (n)
tangible ~ ; symbolic ~ ; cultural ~
produce (v)
~ an endless stream of paperwork; to ~ no results. to ~ changes; to ~ an identity card
produce (n)
home ~ ; dairy ~
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