Grammar: passive voice (continued)
Скачать 295.08 Kb.
|
POLLUTION AND THE ENVIRONMENT Important definitions People are more worried about the environment (= the air, water, and land around us) as a result of the harmful (= dangerous/damaging) effects of human activity. Some of these activities cause pollution (= dirty air, land and water) and some are destroying the environment (= damaging it so badly that soon parts will not exist). Here are some of the problems: the ozone layer: a layer of gases which stop harmful radiation from the sun reaching the earth; recent research shows that there is now a hole in parts of the ozone layer. global warming: an increase in world temperature caused by an increase in carbon dioxide. acid rain: rain that contains dangerous chemicals; this is caused by smoke from factories. The ‘greens’. Because of these problems, there are many groups of people whose aim is conservation (= the protection of natural things, e.g. plants and animals). They are often referred to as greens, e.g. ‘Greenpeace’ and ‘Friends of the Earth’. Common causes of damage. smoke from factories car exhaust fumes dumping (=throwing away) industrial waste (unwanted material) in seas and rivers aerosol cans (usually called sprays). Some of these contain CFCs (= a chemical) which can damage the ozone layer. cutting down tropical rainforest (e.g. The Amazon). This increases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. How can we help? Don’t throw away bottles, newspapers, etc. Take them to a bottle bank or newspaper bank, and then they can be recycled (= used again). Plant more trees. Don’t waste (= used badly) resources, e.g. water, gas. Try to save them. Note: a resource is a valuable possession. There are natural resources, e.g. water or gold: and human resources, e.g. knowledge and skills. The word is usually plural. Ex. 24. Fill in the gaps to form a compound noun or phrase.
Ex. 25. Complete these word-building tables. If necessary, use a dictionary to help you. ------------------------------------ -------------------------------------- Noun Verb Noun Adjective ------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- waste ................ damage .................. .................... to protect environment .................. .................... to destoy harm .................. pollution ................. danger .................. damage ................. ..................... safe -------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- Ex. 26. Complete the definitions.
Ex. 27. If we want to look after the environment, there are certain things we should and shouldn’t do. Complete these two lists in suitable ways. We should: …………. paper, bottles and clothes. …………. tropical forests. …………. more trees. …………. water and energy. We shouldn’t: …………. paper, bottles and clothes. …………. the ozone layer. …………. water and energy. …………. tropical rainforests. Ex. 28. Are these statements true or false.
COMPUTERS What do people use computers for? Many people use their computers for word processing, e.g. writing letters and reports. Some business people use spreadsheets (programs used to enter and arrange numbers and financial information) and databases (programs that allow you to store, look at, or change a large amount of information quickly). Some people also use graphics (the pictures and symbols a computer program can produce). Important vocabulary. More and more people are becoming computer literate (have experience working with computers and know how to use them), since many programs are so user-friendly (easy to use). If a computer works slowly, it may need more memory (space to store information). It might crash (stop working) if there is not enough memory or if it has a bug (a software problem; also a virus). Always make a back-up copy (a copy on a separate disk). Ex. 29. Complete this description of using a computer for word processing. I wrote a report on the (1) …computer… this morning. When I finished, I (2) ………….. out two copies – one for me and one for my boss. Then, without warning, my computer (3) ………….. , and unfortunately I lost the whole document. This is very unusual, because I almost always (4) …………. The data while I’m writing and then make a (5) ………… copy when I’m finished; this morning I forgot. Anyway, I gave the report to my boss, hoping she would not ask me to make any changes. She did. She thought it was too long and said it would be better if I used more (6) ………… to illustrate some of the written information. She also thought it would make the report look more attractive. I went back and rewrote most of the report when the computer was OK, only I (7) …………. part of the middle section, which was fairly repetitive, and I added extra (8) …………. as my boss advised. It did look better by the time I’d finished, and this time I remembered to (9) …………… it and make a (10) ……….. copy. Ex. 30. Work with a partner. Find out if he (she)
THE INTERNET The Internet / the Net is a system connecting millions of computers worldwide. In order to go/get on line (become connected), you must connect your computer to a modem (equipment that sends information along telephone lines to other computers).A popular use of the Internet is sending and receiving e-mail/electronic mail (letters or documents sent electronically) to or from people who are also connected to the Internet. Here is an e-mail address: billc@abcindustries.com Note: The @ is pronounced “at”, and the period is pronounced as “dot”. You can download documents and software programs on the Internet (move information from another computer to your computer). You may be able to download software (software programs to try for free and pay for later if you keep them). The World Wide Web. The World Wide Web (the WWW) is a large part of the Internet; it is a system of electronic documents linked (connected) to one another. If you are not sure where to find something on the Web, you can use a browser/search engine, a program that finds information on the WWW or helps you serf the Net/surf the Web (look at a lot of information quickly). Many businesses, and some people, have Web pages/Web sites (documents you can view on the WWW). The home page (the main page, which gives general information) is usually the first Web page you connect to at a Web site. You can click on (select) hypertext (special, highlighted words on a Web page) to link your computer to other pages or documents. Ex. 31. Write each word or phrase a different way.
Ex. 32. Match the words on the left with the explanations on the right. 1. Web pages a). to transfer information from one computer to another 2. mary@cal.edu b). documents you can view on the World Wide Web 3. http:/www.cup.org c). equipment that sends information along telephone lines 4. hypertext d). the main page within a Web site 5. home page e). a URL, the address for a Web site 6. to download f). an e-mail address 7. to surf the Net g). special words linked to documents on the Web 8. modem h). to browse or look around the Internet Ex. 33. Complete the e-mail message. Message text folder inbox message 1 of 5 new Date: May 1 From: Nancy Kim nkim@netsource.com To: Bob Sanchez bobs@stateu.edu Subject: Getting online Hi, I finally got (1) …online… this morning, and this is my first (2) ……………….. message. I’m really excited! As you know, I’ve had a computer for ages, but I didn’t have a (3) ………………….. to connect to the telephone line. Now that I’ve got one, I’ll be able to surf the (4) ……………… send and receive (5) …………….. , (6) …………………. software, and do all kinds of fun things. A friend of mine has her own Web (7) ………………… , so now I have to figure out how to get on the (8) ……………………… and find it! Best, Nancy READING I ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION. The poisoning of the world’s land, air, and water is the fastest-spreading disease of civilization. It probably produces fewer headlines than wars, earthquakes and floods, but it is potentially one of history’s greatest dangers to human life on earth. If present trends continue for the next several decades our planet will become uninhabitable. Overpopulation, pollution and energy consumption have created such planet-wide problems as massive deforestation, ozone depletion, acid rains and the global warming that is believed to be caused by the greenhouse effect. The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear waste, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The Mediterranean is already nearly dead; the North Sea is following. The Aral sea is on the brink of extinction. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in the sea. Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out for ever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today will have become extinct in twenty years’ time. Air pollution is a very serious problem. In Cairo just breathing the air is life threatening – equivalent to smoking two packs of cigarettes a day. The same holds true for Mexico City and 600 cities of the former Soviet Union. Industrial enterprises emit tons of harmful substances. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains. An even greater environmental threat are nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are. People are beginning to realize that environmental problems are not somebody else’s. They join and support various international organizations and green parties. If governments wake up to what is happening – perhaps we’ll be able to avoid the disaster that threatens the natural world and all of us with it. Ex. 34. Answer the questions.
READING II ALFRED NOBEL – A MAN OF CONTRAST Alfred Nobel, the great Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire, a scientist with a love of literature, an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him, a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He invented a new explosive, dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men. During his life he often felt he was useless: “Alfred Nobel,” he once wrote of himself, “ought to have been put to death by a kind doctor as soon as, with a cry, he entered life “. World-famous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity. “I do not see,” he once said, “that I have deserved any fame and I have no taste for it,” but since his death his name has brought fame and glory to others. He was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833 but moved to Russia with his parents in 1842, where his father, Immanuel, made a strong position for himself in the engineering industry. Immanuel Nobel invented the landmine and made a lot of money from government orders for it during the Crimean War, but went bankrupt soon after. Most of the family returned to Sweden in 1859, where Alfred rejoined them in 1863, beginning his own study of explosives in his father’s laboratory. He had never been to school or university but had studied privately and by the time he was twenty was a skillful chemist and excellent linguist, speaking Swedish, Russian, German, French and English. Like his father, Alfred Nobel was imaginative and inventive, but he had better luck in business and showed more financial sense. He was quick to see industrial openings for his scientific inventions and build up over 80 companies in 20 different countries. Indeed his greatness lay in his outstanding ability to combine the qualities of an original scientist with those of a forward-looking industrialist. But Nobel’s main concern was never with making money or even making scientific discoveries. Seldom happy, he was always searching for a meaning to life, and from his youth had taken a serious interest in literature and philosophy. Perhaps because he could not find ordinary human love – he never married – he came to care deeply about the whole of mankind. He was always generous to the poor. “I’d rather take care of the stomachs of the living than the glory of the dead in the form of stone memorials,” he once said. His greatest wish, however, was to see an end to wars, and thus peace between nations, and he spent much time and money working for this cause until his death in Italy in 1896. His famous will, in which he left money to provide prizes for outstanding work in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology, Medicine, Literature and Peace, is a memorial to his interests and ideals. And so, the man who felt he should have died at birth is remembered and respected long after his death. |
Похожие:
 | Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах... Тема: The Active Voice and the Passive Voice действительный залог и страдательный залог | | Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах... Залог это форма глагола, которая показывает, является ли подлежащее предложения производителем или объектом действия, выраженного... |
| Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах... Целью данного урока является формирование умений в говорении Задачи: формирование лексических навыков; формирование грамматических... | | Keys for grammar drills & exercise prepositional case «Электропривод и автоматика промышленных установок и технологических комплексов» |
 | Урок английского языка Учитель: Терентьева Ирина Алексеевна Рабочая тетрадь: Unit 4 Lesson 5 “Test Yourself” раздел III vocabulary/Grammar упражнения 1, 2, 4 | | Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах... Рабочая тетрадь: Unit 4 Lesson 5 “Test Yourself” раздел III vocabulary/Grammar упражнения 1, 2, 4 |
| English(1) Grammar study. Wb p. 24-25 Используемые технологии: технология коммуникативного обучения иноязычной культуре, здоровьесберегающая технология (ппс), икт (информационно-коммуникативные... | | Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах... Технология проведения: Good morning! I am glad to see you all, take your seats. So, today we shall study new sounds, words, grammar;... |
| Translation unit 4 translation 1 ( Unit 4, p. 32-33 ) ! Use active vocabulary and grammar В рамках реализации профилактической образовательной программы «Разговор о правильном питании», в целях привлечения родителей, общественности... | | Литература 22 24 Grammar is the backbone of language. Введение. Специалисты... Данная разработка может быть полезна учителям, преподающим английский язык в 2 – 4 классах |
| Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах... Сотбис” in Britain. Now we are going to the auction, but a grammar one. You are supposed to buy only correct sentences. You are given... | | Урок английского языка по теме «Grammar in Focus: Past Perfect» «Past Perfect», развитие умения воспринимать на слух информацию (основную идею и детали сказанного); развитие умения читать с разными... |
| Activate A2 В teacher’s Exam Box (for all levels) даны идеи и информация для того, чтобы учитель мог подготовить учащихся к различным международным... | | Translate from Russian into English using verbs in Active Voice Я перевел эту статью вчера к 11 часам. 10. Я переводил эту статью уже 3 часа, когда пришли наши родственники. 11. Завтра я буду переводить... |
| Guide to Country Studies Учебного пособия «Grammar and Vocabulary. Pre-intermediate to intermediate.», «Guide to Country Studies» |
