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Тип	Рабочая программа

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New Scientist.

Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter.

International Journal of Modern Physics.

Материалы Интернет и периодических изданий.

Приложение№2

TEXT COMMENTS:

COMMENTING; SUMMARIZING; REVIEWING; ABSTRACTING; IMPROVING STYLE; TITLES; FURTHER READING

1. Self-comment: Self-reference; Indirect reference/comments;

Cooperating; Modalities: suppositions, opinions, proposals, caution, inferences

Dropping the subject/prospecting; Extending the exposition

(Human realia; Education; Computers)
1.1. Self-reference

•Here Now At present At this point Further For the present For our present purposes Below/ In what follows I have referred to P In this section As I have already done P, Thus far, I have not so far Another matter The properties of P Such rules are divided up		...I/ we attempt to show that P. ...I would like to offer (a different perspective) on P. ...I shall argue that P/ I shall return to the matter of P. ...I am going/ intended/ want to discuss/ review/ sketch P. ...it will be useful to introduce some terminology. ...I take an investigation into the details of P. . ...we must develop further the proposal that P. ...I shall simply use P for Q. ...I shall establish the difference between P and Q. ...briefly above/ have already given instances of P. ...I want to turn to examples of Q. ...now I want to discuss Q. ...I have been attempting to present P; we now turn to Q. ...discussed P. ...that I have not touched on so far in dealing with P is Q. ...that I have just introduced will be further discussed in this paper within the context of Q. ...into P and Q; the latter I shall present in the analysis below/ in the next section.
	A question I would like to address at this point Because I am concentrating on P		...is whether P. ...I shall only give Q.

•I ...use this term as a cover term for various phenomena that involve P.

...portray this state of affairs using the illustration of P/ have no explanation for P.

...would like to propose P/ would not like to sound categorical.

...do not object to this approach/ do not intend to convey that P.

...believe that there are problems with this view.

...find this account inappropriate/ am not in a position to speak about P.

On the whole/ In detail, ...I maintain/ hope/ suggest/ conclude that P.

1.2. Indirect reference/ comments

•This article analyzes P, ...accounting for its properties.

The analysis rests on ...the observation that there are similarities between P and Q.

Here it is argued ...that there are similarities also between P and Q.

Here a view of P is assumed ...that is based on the work of F.

Here it will suffice ...to characterize P. Here it is proposed that P.

In order to examine P ...it is essential to have a clear view of Q.

Of particular interest is ...the fact that P. The question arises as to the nature of R.

There may (well) be ...some significant relationship between P and Q.

The view outlined above ...raises some questions as to the nature of P.

One added complexity ...presents itself, P.

Two factors ...appear to be at work in determining P.

An immediate problem ...with the view developed thus far is that P.

One reason for ...rejecting the idea that P comes from the fact that Q.

•This fact can be accounted for ...by adopting F's constraints against Q.

These constraints ...appear to consist of PP.

This ...is supported by the fact that P.

This analysis accounts neatly ...for the (surprising) fact that P

With respect to (the nature of) P, ...it is interesting to note that Q/ it is unlike that Q.

Hence/ Thus, ...it is clear that R.

1.3. Cooperating

•Let us ...first consider the data/ ask (address) the question whether P.

...suppose that P/ analyze the case involving P/ apply this rule to P.

Let me try ...to present a slightly different picture.

As soon as ...we deal with cases involving P we are confronted with Q.

We can follow ...F in assuming that P.

When we consider P,...we find that Q.

• A second problem for the view that P ...is found when we examine Q.

One difference between P and Q is that R; ...we can explain this difference.

In order to explain this difference we look...at the analysis proposed by F.

The relevant data are shown in [NN], ...where we see that P.

This leads us on to consider what ...will help us to account for P.

Now, with this view of P, ...we posit that Q.

Given this notion of P, ...we can explain the lack of Q.

Another question arises, P; ...to answer this question, we will first turn to Q.

Earlier ...we have posited the existence of P.

In this section ...we have seen that this restriction follows from P.

However, ...we have-not yet argued that P.

•Now ...we are faced with the problem of (defining) P.

We ...must now consider the nature of P/ will now compare P and Q.

We ...put aside for now the question of P.

Here ...we shall group together PP.

We (thus) need ...to consider only P/ some other way of distinguishing P from Q.

We can ...now reconstruct P/ advance the hypothesis that P.

We will ...see below that P/ return to this question below.

...consider each of these items in turn.

•If these observations are correct, as we will assume, ...then Q.

A consequence of this view is that ...we can account for the fact that P.

Thus ...we can posit/ infer/ predict/ conclude that P.

1.4. Modalities: suppositions, opinions, proposals, caution, inferences

•There are three ways ...in which the notion of P may be construed.

There may well be ...some significant relationship between P and Q.

P ...may be discovered to be equivalent to Q/ may be said to belong to Q.

...might already exist in the form of Q/ could be extended to take account of Q.

...should not be confused with Q/ is difficult to study, as it is unpredictable.

•The outcome of such investigations ...should have a bearing on P.

Special stress ...should be laid on P.

A word should be said ...about Q.

Perhaps the best way to come at the issue ...is by asking the question of P.

Three factors appear to be at work ...in determining P.

Two remarks ...are in order/ would be appropriate here.

This discussion has demonstrated that ...one cannot simply say: P.

The question must be asked ...as to what P is intended to represent.

Such analysis/ idea/ view must be rejected ...in favor of P.

We must take care not to misinterpret ...the difficulty of P.

In cases of P ...a detailed investigation of Q is needed.

One thus needs ...a theory about P.

A lot more investigation of P ...needs to be undertaken/ carried out.

These aspects ...need further investigation.

This should receive the attention ...it deserves.

P is not Q. So/ That is why/ Therefore ...we should/ cannot do P.

From Table I/ the figures/ data/ results/ information it ...can/ may be concluded/

shown/ estimated/ calculated/ inferred that P.

1.5. Dropping the subject/ prospecting

•We ...need not discuss this issue here/ will not undertake such an analysis here.

P ...cannot be discussed/ pursued here/ can be excluded for my purposes.

...is too vast to be even outlined here/ is redundant here.

The study of P/ An investigation into P/ This ...is (goes/ would go) beyond our

present scope/ the scope of this article.

•Because of the limit of this paper, ...I shall not deal with this problem.

Here ...I can deal with P only.

For the purposes of this review, ...it would not be productive to pursue this question

further.

It would take too long ...to present here even a small number of arguments

against this hypothesis.

•For further purposes of the present article ...P will not be questioned.

It is not my purpose/ It is not the purpose of this article ...to delve into P.

It is beyond the scope of this paper to develop these matters ...further.

Because I am concentrating on P I shall only .--give Q.

These issues cannot be discussed ...in sufficient detail here.

These perspectives are going beyond the subject matter ...of the article.

There is no need to repeat here ...the details of P.

•I ...shall not follow through the consequences of P ...in this article.

...cannot give an answer to this question ...here.

...have insufficient material to give an answer ...to this problem (here).

Rather than (doing) P ...I propose Q.

Such an analysis ...must be rejected in favor of P.

These aspects ...need further investigation.

In these cases ...a detailed investigation of Q is needed.

That would be a story ...for another day.

For these reasons, consideration of ...other sorts of approach will have to be left

for further investigation.

1.6. Extending the exposition (Human realia; Education; Computers): see an advocate, associate, coworker, author, experf, historian, investigator, researcher, scholar, scientist, specialist, theorist, editor, individual, reader, critic, reviewer; scientific community, conference, workshop, expedition; culture/ral, society; education, educator, student, course, lecture, textbook, university; a computer, machine, network, program; hardware, software, input, menu, multimedia, etc.;.

•Advocates of evolutionary ethics ...claim to provide an explanation of P.

F and his associates/ coworkers ...have developed P.

The authors of [NN] ...trace the roots of/ examine/ focus on/ deal with P.

Many experts ...vigorously debate the issue/ say they cannot

tell whether the warming trend results from P.

Many scholars ...tend to identify the scope of P in a narrow sense.

Some historians ...are barely aware of the existence of P.

Investigators ...have found it difficult to control P.

...are closer to unlocking gravitational secrets.

Some researchers ...suspect/ agree (operate on the assumption) that P.

...challenge this assessment/ continue to debate P.

...propose a new way of tackling the problem.

...have found the concentration level to be stable.

These researchers ...have uncovered data contradicting this hypothesis.

...have now obtained the evidence/ are revealing the details of P.

...have yet to conduct a comparison of P and Q/ think that P.

By studying P ...the researchers can design Q.

P happened in 1953, ...when researchers characterized Q.

• Scientists in other fields ...believe/ maintain/ have discovered that P.

Scientists from Jackson Laboratory ...suggest a link between P and Q.

Scientists who try to envision P ...lack data on Q/ seek to test Q.

Scientists who wish to gain Q ...have yet to identify P.

...should confirm these results.

...must make indirect estimates.

Other scientists ...may also reap the benefits of this research.

Every scientist must be ...acutely sensitive to P.

In the 21st century, ...scientists will introduce P.

•The main questions ...that specialists now debate are P and Q.

Specialists on P ...last met in Berlin in 1985/ agree on/ hope for Q.

...are putting computers to use in a multitude of ways.

Theorists ...postulate/ are arguing that P/ anticipated that P.

...are still far from making testable predictions.

To solve the problem, ...theorists turned to P.

• Many critics ...felt that the theory's descriptivism went too far.

The hypothesis ...was subjected to severe attacks by a large number of critics.

The editor's choice ...seems to conform to P.

Economists ...look at the individual as the decision-making unit.

•The book's clear discussion of P ...is readily accessible to the general reader.

P is a matter of great controversy ...in the scientific community.

At the conference dedicated to P, ...F spoke about Q.

• This accumulation of nonbiological inheritance we call ...the culture of the particular group.

This society ...is based on P.

Economics provides an understanding ...of how society functions.

The problem with providing compulsory/ elementary/ general/ higher/

professional/ secondary/college/university education ...is that P.

This field has its own theoretical orientation and ...a set of educational procedures and methods.

•Educators ...are alarmed at the literacy situation in P.

This textbook ...is suitable for advanced/ basic/ introductory/

literacy courses in climatology/ logic.

A University of California study ...suggests that P.

F is a professor of biophysics ...from the University of California at San Francisco.

There is an increasing interaction...among scientists, universities and industry.

• The use of computers to solve the problem ...is now enabling predictions of P.

...is bringing about improvements in Q.

Modeling this phenomenon ...poses a problem for computer simulations.

Computer experiments/ Computer climate models ...estimate/ show that P.

Computer networks ...provide an easy way to P.

From the point of view of computer science, ...P.

Computer scientists ...developed a software package for P.

...are working in the opposite direction.

P ...is currently an active area of computer science research.

...can be done with machine assistance.

Work in computational vision has shown that parallel analog algorithms

...in hardware require circuit designs.

Computer software ...evolves/ is found in various formats.

The software package NN ...integrates data about P.

This program involves ...complete processing of input text.

This parser is designed ...to process ambiguity in its input.

CompuServe provides ...consistent information about the database

offerings, including instructions via introductory menus.

Multimedia ...is information presented in a combination of P and Q.

...can exist on platforms P and Q/ has reached a critical stage.

...is ideal for scholarly works.

This corporation envisions launching ...an advanced/ artificial/ communications/

computer/ data/ electronic/ global/ hard-wired/ high-speed/

nationwide/ wireless network to deliver P.

Programs written in this style ...respond to P/ convert P into Q/ proved difficult to check out.

2. Self-summary: Summary-lead, Summary-abstract, Summary-conclusion: Abridged examples

2.1. Summary-lead, examples

• The classical Hall effect presents a surprisingly unusual and challenging problem in electrostatics, with boundary conditions that are not of Dirichlet, Neumann, or of mixed Dirichlet and Neumann type. These unusual boundary conditions create several difficulties not normally encountered in standard problems, and ultimately lead to expansion of the electronic potential in a nonorthogonal basis set. We derive the boundary conditions for the potential in a rectangular geometry, construct a solution for a potential, and discuss the relation between this problem and problems of the standard mixed type. We also address a commonly encountered misconception about the current distribution. [James Evans et al. Electronic potential in the classical Hall effect: An unusual boundary value problem //American Journal of Physics, 1998, N. 8.J

• Recent experimental results concerning the surface-related electronic structure of care-earth solids are presented. Special attention is paid to the occurrence of surface-valence transitions in trivalent or mixed-valent compounds of Sm, Eu, Tm, and Gb that are due to energetically lowering of unoccupied 4f-states caused by reduced atomic coordination at the surface. Similar phenomena are encountered in Ce-systems leading to a decrease of 4f-hybridization in the outermost atomic surface layer. The importance of this phenomenon for the correct interpretation of electron-spectroscopic data of Ce-systems is discussed. Experimental evidence for transitions from a localized to an itinerant behavior of the 4f-states is obtained for CeRh3. [C.laubschat. Electron properties and surface effects of care-earth systems// Applied Physics, 1997, N. 65.]

• GENESYS, a hierarchical tool for exploring future ASIC technology and architecture, is described and employed to project high-performance ASIC power drain and clock frequency, a roadmap for interconnect design, and performance, energy, and area limits. [Wills, D. Scott, et al. Generic system simulator (GENESYS) for ASIC technology and architecture beyond 2001// Proceedings of the 1996 9th Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference and Exhibit. Rochester, NY, USA.].

• For a prescribed system performance, device, circuit and system design of a static CMOS datapath are conjointly optimized for different operating temperature ranges. Total power dissipation is reduced to one-third the value projected for 0.25 micron CMOS by the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors for a single datapath and to less than one-fourteenth the value projected for parallel datapaths assuming operation over a temperature range of 60 degree K above room temperature. [Meindl, James et al. Optimal circuit design for low power CMOS GSI// Proceedings of the 1996 9th Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference and Exhibit. Rochester, NY, USA.].

2.2. Summary-abstract, examples (cf. 17-19):

• Previous studies showed that the increase in the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for phenolic compounds can be attributed to polymerization of these compounds in the adsorbed phase which is catalyzed by the carbon surface in the presence of molecular oxygen. This study was conducted to determine the origin of the catalytic properties of activated carbon surface towards these reactions. Particular emphasis was directed towards various metals and metal complexes imbedded in the activated carbon graphite crystalline structure. Adsorption isotherm studies performed in the presence and absence of oxygen using the same adsorbate (o-cresol) and different types of activated carbons were utilized as a preliminary screening tool in determining surface characteristics that influence the catalytic properties of activated carbon. The presence of Fe on the carbon surface is related to the ability of that activated carbon to promote polymerization of 2-methylphenol. Furthermore, the adsorptive capacity of activated carbon for molecular oxygen correlates well with the irreversible adsorption promoted by the GAC surface. [Bourdeau, Jacob et al. Activated carbon as a catalyst for polymerization of phenolic compounds// Critical Issues in Water and Waste-water Treatment National Conference on Environmental Engineering 1994. Proceedings. Publ. by ASCE, New York, NY, USA, p. 756].

• Wide differences in test signals used for analog and digital circuits make a common test for a mixed-signal device difficult. A divide and conquer strategy partitions the circuit into three types of blocks: analog, digital logic and memory. A design for testability structure using boundary scan and analog test bus allows very effective test application. With this design, separate specialized tests are applied to analog and digital parts, as well as to interconnects. While the partitioned architecture provides a reasonable test solution, weakness remains in the test of block interfaces. Research on unified analog-digital tests is recommended. Delay tests and current measurement tests might be possible candidates. [Agrawal, Vishwani D. Testing in a mixed-signal world// Proceedings of the 1996 9th Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference and Exhibit. Rochester, NY, USA, p. 241].

• Recently, much press has been given to DSP implementations in programmable logic, often on the strength of a few simple benchmarks. This paper will examine more complicated DSP systems design in programmable logic, starting with an analysis of the support models required from the device vendors, and the new tools that will be needed. A set of examples, from simple to complex, that have been designed with initial versions of the tools called for in this paper will be presented. Finally, some methods for achieving high performance designs in programmable logic will be described. [Langhammer, Martin. DSP implementation in programmable logic// Proceedings of the 1996 9th Annual IEEE International ASIC Conference and Exhibit. Rochester, NY, USA, p. 211].

• The photodegradation of TNT in a TiO sub (2) slurry reactor was studied as both a potential treatment technique for the remediation of water with munitions contamination and to gain further insight into the behavior of a nitroaromatic compound in a photocatalytic system. Photocatalytic and direct photolytic reactions were compared by evaluating rates and extent of TNT transformation and mineralization in the presence and absence of oxygen. Nitrate, nitrite, and ammonium ion concentrations were determined and mass balances on carbon and nitrogen were performed for the catalytic system. [Gray, Kimberly et al. Photocatalytic transformations and degradation of 2,4,6-tirnitrotoluene (TNT) in TiO sub (2) slurries// Critical Issues in Water and Wastewater Treatment National Conference on Environmental Engineering 1994. Proceedings. Publ by ASCE, New York, NY, USA, p. 751].

2.3. Summary-conclusion, examples (cf. 6.3):
• «Our exploration of intentional ascription in autistic children has brought the following points to the foreground. I started off by arguing in favor of a radical distinction between ascription ability and folk theory of mind. I examined the sentential account of ascription content because it is a most appealing account for many. However, I found that it is inappropriate to understand cases of incomprehensible linguistic behavior. Finally, I have outlined a theoretical background for the study of intentional ascription ability in autistic children.» [B. de Gelder. Intentional ascription, autism and troubles with content.// Jef Verschueren, ed. Pragmatics at Issue. John Benjamins, 1991, v.I.J.

• «In this paper, we have presented a set of experiments that introduce students to ultrafast science. We have discussed the relationship between the description of an ultrashort laser pulse in the frequency domain and the time domain. Using experimental results we have demonstrated that this relationship is constrained by the lower limit of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. Students carrying out the experiments will become familiar with ultrafast techniques, such as autocorrelation and laser cavity design, as well as various other concepts such as dispersion, interference, and nonlinear optics". [T.D. Donnelly, Carl Grossman. Ultrafast phenomena: A laboratory experiment for undergraduates// American Journal of Physics, 1998, N. 8.J
3. Review:

Comments on the contents; Criticism: Judgments; Recommendations/Readership (cf. 3.1-3.3; 6.1; 7.3; 18.1-18.3)

This book is a collection of articles on P/ incorporates sociology/ the diversity of kinds of information on/ reflects the current knowledge in P/ educational uses of computers. The author frames the central question of his monograph as follows: «P»; in answer to the question, the author proposes Q/ pursues the question whether P by breaking it down into two subquestions, R and Q. Accordingly, the book/ paper falls into two halves: P and Q. The (methodological) (sub)question discussed in Part 1 of this monograph, reads as follows: P. The bulk of this chapter is devoted to P. In F's approach P is viewed as Q. F develops an account which brings out a picture of P, treating a number of problems that have traditionally been recognized to be especially problematic areas for Q theories, and then proceeds to investigate the nature of R and sets out to provide a definition for Q. The author brings the following example into the discussion, P. F's approach does go a little way towards accounting for P. F's conclusions focus on aspects such as the fact that P. F is backing up his argument with data on P. In addition to the fact that Q, F's models offer a number of other differences: P is defined with respect to a fixed set of features. The conclusions/ findings/ results of F's study lend some support to the expectation that P/ further elucidate the processes of P. F's investigation provides evidence with respect to the role of P in R.

The book has a variety of virtues; I do, however, have certain criticisms. One concerns P. Another criticism concerns F's discussion of Q. The product of F's labor invites close critical scrutiny; here, I can deal with a number of main points only. This way of organizing the book has significant drawbacks. In the first place, P. Secondly, Q. The most serious weakness of the book is that P. The author fails, in my view, to make a convincing (enough) argument for his proposed reduction of P. This is an erudite and meticulously executed book, but I am not wholly convinced by it. Apart from theoretical disagreements (like the one just mentioned), my major doubts are twofold, First, I am not sure that P. My second doubt has to do with Q. On the whole, PP do not lessen the book's value.

F's book is (thus) timely and important/ is clearly written and the arguments convincing. Many possible research questions are raised. F's book has raised many intriguing problems and will be a stimulus for a great deal of productive theoretical and descriptive research on the phenomena. This investigation will stimulate others to come closer to an understanding of P. The book's style is engaging and light. F's book is very well done in every respect/ F's endeavor is successful. I recommend it highly. In brief, the theoretical value of NN is obvious.

This book/ paper/ [NN] provides a solid grounding to enable the student to understand P/ can be used by anyone wanting an introduction to the field/ is aimed at those requiring an introduction to logic/ is addressed to professionals/ is a useful resource for students/ is an extensively illustrated resource/ is a set of supplementary materials for general math. The book provides a perspective on the foundations of algebra. This is a useful introduction to the discipline/ field/ sphere, which can be recommended to anyone who wants a way in to the full range of ecological problems.

This volume is addressed to the Earth scientist who wishes to gain an overview of P/ is written for skilled and novice gardeners alike. Many of the subjects treated here presuppose mathematical sophistication. This book is extremely comprehensive and deals with a very complex subject in an orderly manner. It is useful to all those engaged in biology. This book asks the important questions and goes on to answer these questions with a simplicity that opens the readership to students. This book bridges the gap between P and Q; it is a source book for those working, researching and teaching computing. This book is written for Earth specialists/ in terms intelligible to the layman.

•

4. Resume: Models and patterns; Abridged examples

4.1. Resume of a monograph: Models and patterns (cf. 17; 18.2; 18.3):

The book/ volume/ present monograph/ research monograph describes/ explores/ elucidates/ (effectively) covers/ focuses on/ concentrates on/ is concerned with the value of P and reflects/ details/ makes explicit Q. A primary concern is with/ Emphasis rests on the significance of the theory in interpreting data. Building on a tradition which acknowledges the value of P/ Reflecting the increasing uses of computers/ Using experimental data/ Within the framework of P, the author/ book demonstrates some of the limitations of contemporary theory/ capitalizes on the unique nature of R/ offers a solution to the problem of Q/ offers an explanation of R and a wide range of examples of/ provides a large body of information on/ brings together evidence concerning R/ bridges the gap left by traditional theories/ shows that traditional concepts can be extended to analyze new data/ claims that P cannot be understood or revealingly described independently of Q.