Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
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| УРОК 2. Тема. Металлы и сплавы. Грамматика. Особенности употребления страдательного залога (повторение). Упр. 1. Вспомните, какие русские слова имеют те же корни, что и следующие английские слова: industry, metallic, practically, combination, starting, term, dominant, to formulate, deformation, characteristic, plastic, electrical, constructional, operation, application, engineering, metalloid, chemical, metallurgy. Упр. 2. Вспомните значения следующих английских слов и подберите к ним соответствующий перевод из правого столбца:
Упр. 3. Сделайте анализ следующих предложений. Вставьте союзы, которые соединяют главные предложения с придаточными. Переведите предложения. Бессоюзное подчинение придаточных предложений. Формальные признаки: 1. наличие двух подлежащих;
Everybody knows (that) oil lies in sedimentary rocks. (дополнительное придаточное предложение) Все знают, что нефть залегает в осадочных породах. Different fuels (which) man uses now are obtained from oil. (определительное придаточное предложение) Различные топлива, которые сейчас применяет человек, получают из нефти.
Упр. 4. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на особенности употребления страдательного залога:
Упр. 5. Слова к тексту “Metals and Alloys”.
Прочитайте текст “Metals and Alloys”. Выполните следующие задания:
Metals and Alloys From the earliest times metals and their alloys were and are referred to as the basic engineering materials. Lately new branches of industry have been developed, for example, electronic, atomic and space industries. The need for new metallic materials has enormously increased. Metals which were practically unheard of before, such as germanium, plutonium and thorium have come to light. Besides, high-temperature alloys for power plants capable of withstanding oxidation and erosion, new ferro-magnetic materials, constructional steels intended for operating under severe stresses and at extremely high or low temperatures have been developed. Each metal or alloy possesses a certain distinct combination of properties which differs it from other metals and alloys and by which metals and alloys are determined for a given engineering application. This combination of properties may be varied by alloying with other elements. Before starting to study the properties of metals and alloys we should get an idea of what the terms “pure metal” and “alloys” mean. The term “alloy” is commonly used to describe a metallic solid containing two or more metals and metalloids. The properties of an alloy are influenced by the properties of the elements it consists of. As a rule, alloys are defined by their dominant element which is present in a quantity over 50% (per cent) by weight, the remainder are alloying elements and impurities. There are a lot of alloys, for example, copper-base alloys, aluminium-base alloys and so on. The term “pure metal” is used for materials from which almost all chemical elements but one are eliminated. The designation “metal” is sometimes applied in metallurgy to any metallic materials without making any distinction between a pure metal and an alloy. The first definition of the word “metal” was formulated by M.V. Lomonosov in the following way: “A metal is a bright solid that can be forged”. This definition is still true. The metallic luster and the ability for plastic deformation are, in fact, looked upon as the characteristic features of metals. The most important feature of metals, however, is their high electrical conductivity which decreases as the temperature is raised. In conclusion it’s necessary to mention that metals and alloys are the most important engineering materials due to their excellent properties. Упр. 6. 1. Переведите следующие слова и определите способ словообразования. 2. Найдите в тексте “Metals and Alloys” слова с такими же суффиксами и определите основу этих слов. develop – development; construct – construction, constructional; intend – intention; extreme – extremely; possess – possession; combine – combination; differ – difference; determine – determination; engineer – engineering; apply – application; mean – meaning; define – definition; metal – metallic – metallurgy; character – characteristic. Упр. 7. Сверяясь с текстом, подберите нужное значение для выделенных слов в данных словосочетаниях и переведите их: 1. a branch of industry – ветвь, ветка, отрасль, филиал, отделение 2. the space industry – пространственный, космический 3. a power plant – растение, завод, фабрика, станция, установка 4. an engineering application – технический, инженерный, машиностроительный 5. in the following way – дорога, средство, способ, путь Упр. 8. Закончите следующие предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста: 1. New metallic materials can withstand … 2. The basic engineering materials are … 3. Constructional steels are intended for operating … 4. The properties of an alloy depend on … 5. An alloy is … 6. The dominant element of an alloy is present … 7. According to Lomonosov’s definition a metal is … 8. The metallic luster and the ability for plastic deformation are … 9. It is a well-established fact that electrical conductivity … Упр. 9. Переведите следующие словосочетания на русский язык: To develop new branches of industry To develop new high-temperature alloys To develop valuable alloying additions To develop new refining equipment To withstand severe stresses To withstand high pressure To withstand extremely high temperatures To eliminate impurities To eliminate severe stresses To eliminate the air pollution To determine the properties of metals To determine the impurities in the alloy To determine the weight of the alloy To apply severe stresses To apply extremely high pressure To apply pure metals To apply Lomonosov’s definition of a metal Упр. 10. Переведите на английский язык: 1. О некоторых металлах не слышали раньше … 2. О металлах говорят как о важных конструкционных материалах … 3. На металлы и сплавы обращают большое внимание … 4. На методы … можно положиться. 5. На результаты опытов повлияло … 6. На определение Ломоносова ссылаются … 7. За сооружением трубопровода последовало его испытание. Упр. 11. Переведите предложения на английский язык:
Упр. 12. Слово “as” имеет разные значения: as – 1) как; 2) как, в качестве; 3) по мере того, как; 4) когда; 5) так как as a result – в результате as to (as for) – что касается, относительно as well as – также, как и as soon as – как только as … as – так … как и as well – также Переведите следующие предложения. Обратите внимание на выделенные слова.
Упр. 13. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на текст “Metals and Alloys”. 1. Why has the need for new metallic materials increased nowadays? 2. What new metals have recently come to light? 3. In what industries are these metals used? 4. What kind of alloys have been developed for power plants? 5. What metals and alloys are capable of withstanding severe stresses? 6. What does the term “alloy” mean? 7. What determines the properties of an alloy? 8. What does the term “pure metal” mean? 9. What are the characteristic features of metals? 10. What is the most important feature of metals? Упр. 14. Переведите текст “An Alloy that Does Not Sink” на русский язык, пользуясь словарём. Выполните следующие за текстом задания. An Alloy that does not Sink 1. A magnesium-lithium alloy has been developed at the A. Baikov Metallurgy Institute. The new alloy has 2 main advantages – it is as light as wood and doesn’t sink in water. 2. The first component of the alloy – magnesium – is lighter than aluminium and superior to it in heat capacity and in its ability to act as the main component of various structural materials. It is, in fact, 1.5 times lighter than aluminium and 4.5 times lighter than iron. It doesn’t give off sparks from friction or being struck, and is easy to work with and weld. Magnesium is also one of the most widespread metals. Its resources are dozens of times higher than those of nickel, zink and lead. 3. As for lithium, the third element on the Mendeleyev periodic table, it is the lightest of all metals. Everything new and unusual appearing today in metallurgy, chemistry and power-engineering is to a large extent connected with lithium. Lithium is paid much attention to by scientists. According to experts’ opinion, there is much more lithium in the earth’s crust, than, say, zink or tin. Another interesting fact: over the past 20 years alone, the production of lithium metal in the West has increased 100-fold. 4. The technology of obtaining magnesium-lithium alloys is very complex. An electrically-heated crucible with magnesium and lithium is hermetically sealed and all air is pumped out of it. Instead, the crucible is filled with argon, an inert gas. Melting, pouring and cooling are all done in an airless medium. 5. The new alloy will be widely used in those branches of engineering where lightweight metals are required to produce machine parts, equipment, instruments and house-hold articles. Задание 1.
Задание 2. Ответьте на следующие вопросы, опираясь на текст “An Alloy that Does Not Sink”. 1. What properties does the new alloy possess? 2. In what medium is the production of the new alloy performed? 3. Name the branches of industry where the new alloy can be used. Задание 3.
а) развлечь читателя (entertain); б) проинформировать читателя (inform); в) убедить читателя в чём-либо (persuade).
The purpose of this text is to…
а) перечисление физических и механических свойств магния; б) сравнение свойств магния и алюминия; в) классификация металлов по механическим свойствам.
а) в земной коре лития больше, чем цинка и олова; б) добыча лития на Западе увеличилась в несколько раз; в) новые и необычные достижения в металлургии, химии и энергетике связаны с литием.
а) сложность получения магниевого-литиевого сплава; б) описание технологического процесса получения магниевого-литиевого сплава; в) получение магниевого-литиевого сплава в безвоздушной среде.
а) lightweight metals will find a wide application in all branches of industry; б) the new alloy will be widely used in engineering; в) lightweight metals are required to produce a great variety of products.
Упр. 15. Прочитайте следующие сообщения, озаглавьте их. Выполните следующие за сообщениями задания. viscosity [vIs'kOsItI] n – вязкость in short supply – дефицитный I. A new grade of stainless steels has been developed in Russia. Manganese which adds to the viscosity and resistance of materials is used in it instead of nickel. It is 50-65 per cent cheaper than the chromium-nickel steel which is in short supply. The new steel is easy to weld and forge and can be used at low temperatures, for example, in the conditions of the Far North, and also in superconductors. Scientists believe that the steel strength depends mainly on the nickel content. _____________ solution [sq'lHS(q)n] n – 1. решение (проблемы); 2. раствор black tin n – черная жесть melt n – расплав gradually ['grxdjuqlI] adv – постепенно II. An installation for purification of metals has been designed at the Kazakh Academy of Sciences. This is very important for electronics, power engineering and other branches of science and technology. The installation produces up to a ton of purified metals daily. The new technology has been patented in the USA, Germany and other countries. The novelty is based on a method of evaporation of salts from solutions. At a very high temperature which is produced in the furnace black tin, for example, turns into a melt from which lead, bismuth, antimony (сурьма) and arsenic (мышьяк) gradually evaporate. Задание 1. Определите основную мысль сообщений I и II. Задание 2. Прокомментируйте тезисы, используя следующие выражения. The statement is right (wrong, partly right); on the one hand, on the other hand; to my mind; in my opinion; according to the text; strictly speaking; as is known; it goes without saying; on the whole; the point is that…; it should be taken into consideration, that … as far as I know… I.
II.
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