Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
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| Тема для УР: Экономика. Грамматика: 1) будущее простое время, 2) артикли, 3) имя числительное. Conversation: Teacher and students
Do you know these words?
Grammar Revision: The Future Indefinite Tense (Read Grammar appendix: Lesson 2) Упражнение № 1. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Simple или Future Simple (все предложения относятся к будущему). 1. I (to see) you before you (to start)? 2. What he (to do) when he (to come) home? 3. Where they (to go) if the weather (to be) fine? 4. He (to ring) me up when he (to return) home. 5. If it (to rain), we (to stay) at home. 6. She (to walk) home if it (not to be) too cold. 7. I am sure he (to come) to say good-bye to us before he (to leave) St. Petersburg. 8. Please turn off the light when you (to leave) the room. 9. If we (to be) tired, we (to stop) at a small village half-way to Moscow and (to have) a short rest and a meal there. 10. If you (to miss) the 10.30 train, there is another at 10.35. 11. She (to make) all the arrangements about it before she (to fly) there. 12. Before he (to start) for London, he (to spend) a day or two at a rest-home not far from here. Упражнение № 2. Read the following text and try to understand it. Text 1 Economics Economics is a social science studying economy. Like the natural sciences and other social sciences, economics attempts to find laws or principles. Economics tries to find laws or principles by building models. The predictions of the models form the basis of economic theories. Then the predictions of the models are compared with the facts of the real world. Do you know these words?
Упражнение № 3. Choose the correct form of the verbs in brackets: 1) Economics (attempt, attempts) to find laws or principles. 2) Economists (build, builds) models. 3) The predictions of the models (form, forms) the basis of economic theories. 4) The figure (show, shows) the interrelation between models, theories and reality. 5)   Economists (make, makes) assumptions and predictions. 6) (Do, Does) they deduce implications? 7) (Do, Does) they test predictions? 8) Real facts often (contradict, contradicts) the theory. 9) Leonid Kantarovitch (be, is) a famous Russian economist.Упражнение № 4. Combine two sentences by using the -ing forms, as in the example: Economics is a social science. It studies economy. → Economics is a social science studying economy. 1. Economics is a science. It attempts to find economic laws. 2. Economists make predictions. They form the basis of economic theories. 3. There is a figure. It shows the interrelations between models, theories and reality. 4. It is a text. It speaks about economics. 5. It is a book. It speaks about some interesting observations. Have another look at the text and... Упражнение № 5. Speak about economics. Упражнение № 6. Read the following text and try to understand it. Microeconomics and macroeconomics Economics as a science consists of two disciplines that is of microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics is the branch of economics that studies individual producers, consumers, or markets. Microeconomics also studies how government activities such as regulations and taxes affect individual markets. Besides microeconomics tries to understand what factors affect the prices, wages and earnings. Macroeconomics is the branch of economics that studies the economy as a whole. It tries to understand the picture as a whole rather than small parts of it. In particular, it studies the overall values of output, of unemployment and of inflation. Do you know these words?
Упражнение № 7. Write the verbs from which these nouns are formed and translate them:
Have another look at the text and... Упражнение № 8. Translate the definitions of each term into Russian. Упражнение № 9. Repeat what the text says about: 1) microeconomics, 2) macroeconomics. Урок 3. Товары и продажи Тема для УР: Розничная и оптовая торговля. Грамматика: 1) настоящее продолженное время, 2) артикли, 3) оборот in doing so. Newspaper item: The Times pulls even further ahead The Times is the most successful national newspaper in Britain. Average daily sales have risen by more than 120,000 since the weekday price was reduced to 30p in September, an increase of 26 per cent in six months. Sales in January were up by 16,000 compared with December. That success continued last month, when sales increased by another 12,500 – against a drop of 18,000 for the Daily Telegraph. The Times is now 63,000 ahead of The Guardian and 175,000 ahead of The Independent, which now sells fewer copies than any other national daily and was overtaken last month by the Financial Times. At 40p on Saturdays, 30p less than the Daily Telegraph, The Times is the best value, with the best writing, of any quality paper. Do you know these words?
Grammar Revision: The Present Perfect Tense (Read Grammar appendix: Lesson 3) Упражнение № 1. Translate into Russian: 1) We have studied two lessons. 2) Have you read today's papers? 3) Have you ever read the Financial Times'! 4) The sales have increased significantly this year. 5) The sales have gone up for the last few years. 6) Average weekly sales of this magazine have dropped dramatically. 7) The production has been up since the very beginning of this year. Упражнение № 2. Make the following sentences passive, like this: We have discussed two problems. Two problems have been discussed. 1) They have increased production since the beginning of the year. 2) The company has increased the production. 3) Two European countries have decreased the output. 4) This cartel has not decreased the output. 5) They have produced two new models this year. Упражнение № 3. Translate into English: Это последняя модель. Она разработана в прошлом году. В этом году продажи не увеличились. – В последнее время спрос на этот товар значительно вырос. – А цены снизились? – Цены, к сожалению, не снизились. Вы видели диаграмму ВНП России за последние три года? В экономике страны произошли определенные позитивные изменения. Have another look at the newspaper item and... Упражнение № 4. Write out all the sentences which testify to the success of The Times. Упражнение № 5. Divide each complex and compound sentence into simple ones. Упражнение № 6. Translate the longest simple sentence into Russian. Упражнение № 7. Read the following text and try to understand it. Retailers and wholesalers All the firms can be grouped into wholesalers and retailers. The figure below shows how they fit into the various stages in the production of chocolate. The wholesaler buys goods in bulk from producers and sells them in small quantities to retailers. In doing so he helps production, relieves manufacturers and retailers of the risk of a fall in demand, e.g. fashion changes. The holding of stocks is in itself a valuable economic function evening out prices resulting from temporary changes in demand and supply. Do you know these words?
Упражнение № 8. Read these groups of words and translate them into Russian: to sell – seller – sale – sales – salesman, wholesale – wholesales – wholesale business – wholesale price – wholesale ealer – wholesaler, retail business – retail price – retail dealer. Упражнение № 9. Combine two sentences using and in doing so, as in the example: The wholesaler buys goods in bulk. It helps production. → The wholesaler buys goods in bulk and in doing so he helps production.
Have another look at the text and... Упражнение № 10. Write down a few short sentences defining the term wholesaler and translate them into Russian. Упражнение № 11. Compare your definition with the following one: Wholesalers – intermediaries between producers and retailers. The main functions of wholesalers are breaking bulk (buying in large packages and selling in smaller ones), warehousing, delivery, and the provision of credit. Урок 4. Люди и экономика Тема для УР: Экономика и экономисты. Грамматика: 1) прошедшее продолженное время, 2) прошедшее совершенное время, 3) формы на –ing, 4) использование too и either. Read the following conversation and act it out Once at an informal party two post-graduates (A and B) who had not met for rather a long time, were speaking about their university mates and friends: A: Fred is remarkable! There isn't much he doesn't know. В: Т think it's his natural curiosity. He wants to know every thing. He doesn't just scratch the surface, either. He really gets to the bottom of things. A: Do you know what he explained to me today? The ins and outs of the stock market. He knows all about Wall Street – all these stocks, shares, stock exchange quotations and what not. B: Is he a stockbroker? A: If I'm not mistaken, he is. B: I have to confess something. I didn't think much of Fred at first. A: I understand. He's very quiet. He doesn't make a good first impression. But he grows on you after a while. B: He's a far cry from his brother. Pete talks all the time and doesn't say anything, either. A: There are too many Petes in the world. And not enough Freds. Do you know these words?
Grammar Revision: The Past Perfect Tense (Read Grammar appendix: Lesson 4) Упражнение № 1. Open the brackets and use the verbs in Past Simple or Past Perfect. 1. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 2. When father (to return) from work, we already (to do) our homework. 3. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books. 4. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before. 5. Nick (to show) the teacher the picture which he (to draw). 6. The boy (to give) the goats the grass which he (to bring) from the field. 7. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands. 8. The teacher (to understand) that Lena (not to do) her homework. 9. I (to know) that my friend (not yet to come). 10. Tom (to return) from the cinema at five o'clock. 11. Tom (to return) from the cinema by five o'clock. 12. I (to finish) my homework at seven o'clock. 13. I (to finish) my homework by seven o'clock. 14. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money. 15. Ann (to tell) me that she (to see) an interesting film. 16. When I (to wake) up yesterday, father already (to go) to work. 17. Nick (to think) that his father (not yet to come) home. 18. Mary (to tell) us that she (to cook) a good dinner. 19. Yesterday I (to find) the book which I (to lose) in summer. 20. When we (to come) to the station, the train already (to leave). Упражнение № 2. Translate into Russian. 1. The prices had decreased by that time. 2. They did not increase sales because the production had dropped by 1 per cent. 3. We managed to maintain the demand as we had studied the market thoroughly. 4. The revenue grew as the exports had increased significantly. I wanted to read this journal. I had never read an American journal or magazine. 5. I planned to visit this town last June. I had never been there before. Упражнение № 3. Translate into English. 1. Экспорт этих товаров возрос, так как спрос резко увеличился. 2. Оптовики хотели увеличить закупки. Все запасы к этому времени они уже продали. 3. Их розничная торговля сократилась из-за того, что они закрыли самый большой магазин. 4. Запасы уменьшились, так как все контракты были выполнены. 5. Прежде чем переводить большую статью по экономике, он купил несколько новых словарей по этой тематике. Упражнение № 4. Use the right verb in Past Perfect, Passive and translate the sentences: to settle, to organize, to export, tо sell out, to prepare, to publish. 1. They sold this car when all the other cars ... 2. We discussed this problem when the production problem ... 3. We launched the product on this market when proper advertising ... 4. We didn't know what to do. No book on this issue ... 5. I couldn't buy this magazine, it ... 6. I helped him with the documents. They ... by that time. Упражнение № 5. Read the following text and try to understand it. The economy The words the economy are words we hear or read almost every day. For example, we may be told that the world economy is 'in the doldrums', or 'the European economy is making little progress out of recession', or 'the UK economy is beginning to recover', or 'the Scottish economy has held up relatively well during the recent recession'. But what is meant by the economy? What is an economy? What happens in one? How does an economy work? The economy is a social mechanism which answers these three questions. The economy means a system for the management, use and control of the money, goods and other resources of a country, community or household. Do you know these words?
Grammar Revision: The Past Continuous Tense (Read Grammar appendix: Lesson 4) Упражнение № 6. Use the verbs in Past Continuous and translate the sentences: 1. I (to write) something when he came in. 2. While he (to study) the table the other students (to discuss) the graph. 3. What he (to do) when you returned home? 4. What rales the teacher (to explain) when the bell rang? 5. When they (to build) this factory they found some strange relics. 6. He came to London in May. At that time his colleagues (to deliver) lectures in Glasgow University. 7. Manufacturing figures (to improve) and had shown the first positive quarterly rise since the end of 2001. Упражнение № 7. Translate into English: 1. Конференция началась 2 декабря 2002 года. В это время они заканчивали работу над очень важной проблемой. 2. Он заболел, когда его коллеги готовили доклад по результатам исследований. 3. Во время его работы в этой стране большинство секторов экономики страны было на подъеме (to enjoy a widespread boom). 4. Уровень жизни населения стран Западной Европы постоянно рос. 5. Россия увеличивала экспорт сырья в различные регионы мира. Work on the words Упражнение № 8. Use too or either and translate these sentences: 1. I like this film ... 2. I haven't done this exercise ... 3. They provided for a regulated process of new product launches ... 4. Sales had begun to decline ... 5. Sales grew rapidly as the product had reached the mass market ... 6. Most consumers are not prepared to buy these goods ... 7. The label did not say the product was biodegradable ... Упражнение № 9. Translate into English: 1. Эта газета тоже писала о производстве пиратских звукозаписей. 2. Компания также выпустила большое количество компакт-дисков. 3. Они тоже были недовольны качеством поставленного товара. 4. Мы тоже не смогли сделать этот перевод. 5. Я тоже никогда не бывала в этих местах. Have another look at the text and... Упражнение № 10a. Read and translate the titles speaking about:
Упражнение № 10b. Answer these questions:
Упражнение № 11. Complete the sentences by using the words from the text: The economy is a social... which answers these three questions. The economy means a system for the ... of the money, goods and other resources of... . Упражнение № 12. Translate the definition of the term the economy given at the end of the text. Text to translate: Economic man There is an assumption in economic theory that individuals act rationally in specifying their objectives and then take decisions which are consistent with those objectives. Thus, the businessman will set a goal of profit maximization and will adjust his output and price to achieve his goal. The consumer will try to maximize his utility or satisfaction and will determine his purchases in the light of his tastes for products and the relative prices of those products. Here is an illustration of rational consumer choice: good Y  О  good X The graph demonstrates why a consumer's indifference curves cannot cross. Indifference curves II and 1111 show a consumers preference between two products, X and Y. Point A on indifference curve II represents a higher level оf satisfaction to the consumer than point В on indifference curve 1111, because point A represents more of both products than point B. Yet point С lies on both curves. This suggests that the consumer will prefer the combination of goods indicated by point A to the combination represented by point В and will regard them as equal at point С. If the consumer is rational, such an inconsistent set of preferences would not arise; thus indifference curves do not intersect. The business cycle shows fluctuations in the level of economic activity alternating between period of depression and boom conditions. The business cycle is characterised by four phases:
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