Выборочного чтения и перевода текстов Ответов на вопросы к тексту на английском языке и других заданий
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| PARTNERSHIP Partnerships are voluntary combinations of from 2 to 20 persons formed for the purpose of carrying on business for profit. This type of organization represents a logical development from the one-person business. They may not only be financial and partnerships are often formed in order to bring new ability into business. The partners usually share in the task of running the business, but a partner need not play an active role. A person who joins a partnership, supplying capital and sharing in the profits, but taking no part in the management is known as a dormant or sleeping partner. Partnerships are a common form of business organization in such professions as law, accountancy, and medicine. The advantages of this type of firm are similar to those of the one-person business. It is a flexible organization which allows a greater degree of specialization than the one-person business. Partners usually specialize in one or more aspects of the business; one may be responsible for buying, one - for selling, one - for production and so on. Since it has greater access to capital, it can achieve greater size than the sole proprietor. The great disadvantage is the fact that the liability of the partners is unlimited and they are all fully liable for the acts of the other partners. There are, however, some limited to partnerships . In such firms some partners (dormant partners) may have their liability limited to some specified sums, but at least one of the partners must have unlimited liability. The survival of partnerships depends upon harmonious relationship between a number of people in situations which often give much cause for disagreement. Thus, where trading risks are very great, the partnership is not a very stable type of organization. Вопросы к тексту В. Переведите на русский язык и ответьте на данные вопросы?
BUSINESS FUNDS In many ways, money is to business what water is to plants. Plants need water to begin life, to survive and to grow. Similarly, firms need money to begin operation, to meet their day- to- day expenses and to expand. Most of the money used by business comes from the sale of its products and services. Since these funds come from within the firm they are described as internal funds. The rest must come from outside or external sources. As a firm sells its products or services, it receives money which it uses to meet its expenses, depreciation represents one of these expenses - the cost of replacing assets (like tools, machinery and buildings) that wear out. Typically, businesses set funds aside in a reserve for depreciation that money will be there when needed. The funds that remain after paying expenses are a firm's profits or earnings. Although the owners or stockholders could take it all for themselves, in most cases some portion of the profits will be retained by the business. Since its “retained earnings”, along with the sum it set aside for depreciation came within the firm, they are known as internal funds. About 60 to 70 percent of a business firm's financing comes from its internal sources. Sales do not remain constant from one season, or month or week to the next. There are times when money comes in to a business than it needed to pay its bills. Similarly, at other times there is not enough money coming in to cover operating costs. When this happens, there are only four things that the firm can do: dip into savings, borrow, sell shares of stock (if it is a corporation) seek additional capital from the owners (if it is a partnership or a proprietorship), reduce spending.
A) spending B) spent C) having been spent
A) calling B) called C) being called
A) given B) having been given C) being given
A) depending B) having depended C) depended
A) being influenced B) influencing C) influenced
A) have allocated B) are allocated C) allocate
A) is established B) was established C) has been established
A) doesn’t affected B) is not affected C) won’t be affected
A) calls B) is called C) was called
A) increases B) will increase C) will be increased
A) may be B) need to be C) can be
A) must B) should C) may
A) are to B) can C) need to
A) must not B) may not C) are not allowed to
A) should B) has to C) ought to
– Mr. Miller isn’t in. Any message? – My name is Smith, Frank Smith. I’ve just come from Paris. I’ve brought a letter and a parcel for Mr. Miller. I am staying at Ritz Hotel, room 204. Please, tell him to call me up. – OK. As soon as Mr. Miller comes, he will call you up. – Fine. I am waiting for his call. Good-bye. – Bye-bye.
– Yes, there is. It’s just over there on the opposite side of the street. But I’m afraid it’s closed. – Is it open tomorrow? – Sure. – What time does it open? – It opens at nine, I think. – Thanks. – You’re welcome. Glad I was able to help.
- In the department store or in a special shop. - Where is the nearest audio and video store? - Round the corner. - Do they have a large assortment? -Yes, and the prices are reasonable. - I do not care about the prices, I need quality. - They sell brand name goods - I prefer Panasonic. - This store is an official representative of Panasonic. Тексты для самостоятельного чтения и перевода на русский язык Текст № 1 TYPES OF ECONOMICS SYSTEMS Every society has worked out a way to answer the main economic questions: - What goods and services are to be produced? - How are these goods and services to be produced? - Who will receive these goods and services? Consequently, there are three main economic systems: traditional, command and market economy. THE TRADITIONAL ECONOMY. As the name implies, the answers to these questions are decided by tradition. Typically, in a traditional economy most of the people live in rural areas and are engaged in agriculture or other activities such as fishing and hunting. The goods and services produced in such a system are those that have been produced for many years of even generations. In short, the question of what the traditional society produces are determined by slowly changing traditions. THE COMMAND ECONOMY. It is the planners who decide what goods and services will be produced, and who will receive the goods and services produced. By setting wage rates as well as interest rates, profits and rents, the planners directly answer the questions “Who will receive the goods and services?” THE MARKET ECONOMY. A market or free enterprise economy is the one in which the decisions of many buyers and sellers interact to determine the answers to the questions: what, how and who. There are several other essential elements in a market economy. One of them is private property. By “private property” we usually mean the right of individuals and business firms to own the means of production. Private ownership gives people the incentive to use their property to produce things that will sell and earn them a profit. This desire to earn profit is a second element of the market economy often referred to as the motive profit. Текст № 2 ESSENTIALS OF MARKETING To an economist, everything that takes place between production and consumption falls into the category of marketing. Marketing includes the activities that bring the buyer and seller together. The essentials of a firms marketing include the ability to determine the needs of customers and to maintain an effective marketing mix satisfies the customers’ needs. What is the marketing mix? The marketing mix is made up of four components. There are: Product: the firm has to identify what products can be produced to meet consumer wants more successfully. Price: a firm has to decide on its pricing policy, for list prices, discount for bulk - buying and interest – free credit. A low price may make consumers suspicious or the low price may be considered as a bargain. It the price of the product is too high then the company may be pricing itself out of the market. It the price of a product is higher than what competitors are charging then it must be justified in some way, e. q. because the quality of the product is higher. Promotion: this means choosing methods that can generate sales of the product. Possibilities here include advertising, personal selling, publicity and other promotional work. Place: the product has to be in the correct place in order to stimulate sales. Exactly where a firm decides to sell its product will depend on the nature of the product. The period of time over which a product appeals to customers is called the product life cycle. The length of this product life cycle differs from product to product and depends on its nature. Текст № 3 MONEY Bank – notes and coins are not the most important forms of money in developed economics. In the UK about 90 per cent of all transactions are settled by means of cheques. Cheques were used as early as the second half of the seventeenth century, but they did not come into general use until the second half of the nineteenth century. But cheques themselves are not money; they are merely orders to bankers to transfer money from one person to another. To be used as money, an item must have certain characteristics. The five major characteristics of money are durability, portability, divisibility, stability and acceptability. Durability. Durability refers to money’s ability to be used again and again. Metals such as gold and silver are ideal wear and tear well. In fact, many coins minted in ancient times are still in existence. Portability. Money’s ability to be carried from one place to another and transferred from one person to another is its portability. As a medium of exchange, money must be convenient for people to use. Divisibility. Divisibility refers to money’s ability to be divided into smaller units. Combining various coins permits buyers and sellers to make transactions of any size. Stability of value and acceptability. For money to be useful as a store of value it must be stable in value. Stability encourages saving and maintains money’s purchasing power. Acceptability means that people are willing to accept in exchange for their goods and services. People accept because they know they can spend it for buying other products. Текст № 4 SCARCITY One of the things that young people discover as they grow older is that you can’t have everything. You are reminded of it every time you go shopping. Governments too cannot have everything. Every year the most important political debates concern questions about spending taxpayers’ money. Economists note that there is no limit to the amount or kinds of things that people want. There is, however, a limit to the resources, things used to produce goods and services, available to satisfy those needs. As soon as this limit is reached, nothing else can be produced. In other words, when a nation’s resources (all its workers, factories, farms etc.) are fully employed, the only way is to increase the production of one thing by reducing the production of something else. This happened during World War II. In its efforts to increase the production of tanks American factories stopped producing automobiles. To summarize: human wants are unlimited, but the resources necessary to satisfy these wants are limited. Thus, every society is faced with the identical problem, the problem of scarcity. So, in their need to choose, individuals and families are limited by the size of their personal income, savings and ability to borrow. Similarly, business firms are limited by their profits, savings and ability to borrow. Governments are limited by their ability to tax and borrow. Текст № 5 FORMS OF OWNERSHIP There are three major forms of ownership: sole proprietorship, the partnership, and the limited company. It is important to note which form of ownership is involved because the different characteristics of each will influence the operation of a firm. Here we shall explain the various forms of ownership, their advantages, and their disadvantages. Sole proprietorship. It is a business owned and usually operated by one individual. In other words, the income, expenses, assets and liabilities of the sole proprietorship are also incomes, expenses, assets and liabilities of the owner. A sole proprietorship is the oldest and most common form of ownership. Some examples include small retail stores, restaurants and doctor's and lawyer's offices. Advantages. A sole proprietorship is the easiest form of business to organize. The only requirements for starting such a business are a municipal license to operate a business and a registration license to ensure that two firms do not use the same name. The organization costs for these licenses are minimal. A sole proprietorship offers the owner freedom in making decisions. Major policies can be changed according to the owner's wishes. Because there are no other owners to consult, the only owner has absolute control over the use of company's resources. Disadvantages. The financial condition of the firm is the same as the financial condition of the owner. Because of this situation, the owner is liable for all debts of the company. A sole proprietorship may have difficulty in obtaining capital because lenders are not eager to give money to only one person. As a result, the sole proprietor often has to rely on friends, relatives and government agencies for funds. Лексический минимум для студентов экономического факультета заочного отделения I курса
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