И. М. Полякова учебно-методический комплекс

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Тема: The categories of aspect and voice

What are the factors influencing the realisation of the category of aspect in English?
What is the interrelation between the tense and aspect in English and in Russian?
Explain the use of the Continuous aspect with statal verbs in the examples below:

‘Oh? What plans are those?’

‘I believe she was wanting us all to go to the deer park. But I’m sure that can be done another time.’ (K.Ishiguro)
‘But what particularly did you have in mind?’

‘Forgive me, I was referring particularly to the investigations.’

‘Well, of course we’ll be as thorough as necessary. We’ll hire the same detective as last year. He was very reliable, you may remember.’

Setsuko carefully repositioned a stem. ‘Forgive me, I am no doubt expressing myself unclearly. I was, in fact, referring to their investigations.’

‘I am sorry, I’m not sure I follow you. I was not aware we had anything to hide.’

Setsuko gave a nervous laugh. ‘Father must forgive me. As you know, I’ve never had a gift for conversation. Suichi is forever scolding me for expressing myself badly…’( K.Ishiguro)
He reached his office, kicked the door shut behind him and dialled.

‘George. These photographs are of Garmony’

‘I’m saying nothing until you get here.’(Ian McEwan )
‘It won’t take long. It’s important, really important.’

‘Well look, I’m seeing George Lane tonight. I suppose I could call in on my way.’(Ian McEwan)
Clive kept on. ‘You were once an apologist for the sexual revolution. You stood up for gays.’

‘I don’t believe I’m hearing this.’ (Ian McEwan)
These benign thoughts brought him at last to the ridge where he had a view of the long descent towards Sty Head, and what he saw made him cry out in irritation…

In a matter of minutes, it seemed, he was standing on top of the crag, regaining his breath and congratulating himself on his change of plan. (Ian McEwan)
In interview, when he made his statement, the two detectives realised, so they assured him, just how hard it must have been to write a symphony to order with a looming deadline, and what a dilemma he had been in when he was crouching behind that rock. (Ian McEwan)
Clive half turned away, but the critic was drunk and looking to have fun.

‘I’ve been hearing about your latest. Is it really called the Millennial Symphony?’

‘No. The press called it that,’ Clive said stiffly.

‘I’ve been hearing all about it. They say you’ve ripped off Bethoven something rotten.’ (Ian McEwan)

When I politely declined on the grounds that my present case was demanding all my time and attention, he said:

‘Shame. Sarah Hemmings is coming along, and she’s so wanting to have a good chat with you.’

‘Miss Hemmings?’

‘Remember he, don’t you? She certainly remembers you. Said you got to know each other a bit a few years ago. She‘s always complaining how you’re no longer to be found.’ (K.Ishiguro)

‘So you ‘re no longer determined to be ridiculous. I’m glad you’re seeing more sense.’ (K.Ishiguro)

I’ think I’m beginning to understand what Pitt was trying to tell me at that moment. I’m beginning to see where the leads come from”. (L.Sanders)

“There must have been others through the years who found the story interesting.”

“No, you are the first since the other.”

“You have a razor-sharp memory and I’m loving it.” (C. Cussler)

Then I was believing he was quite a nice chap. (L.Sanders)
She pulls away, gasping. “You’ll call me tonight, Jack?” she asks.

“Don’t I always? That ear of yours still giving you trouble?”

“It’s better. The drops are helping.”

“I’m seeing.” (L.Sanders)

«We're going after buff in the morning», he told her.

«I'm coming», she said.

«No, you're not».

«Oh, yes, I am. Mayn't I, Francis?»

«We'll put on another show for you tomorrow», Francis Macomber said.

«You are not coming», Wilson said (E. Hemingway).

Indeed, I remember I was initially more puzzled then anything by the alarm that would seize Akira whenever the servant came within our vicinity. If for instance Ling Tien was passing in the corridor, my friend would break off what ever we were doing to stand rigidly in a part of the room not visible to the old man and not move again until the danger had passed. (K.Ishiguro)
‘…You must keep praying to God and remain hopeful. I hope you are remembering your prayers, aren’t you, Puffin?’ (K.Ishiguro)
“Perhaps it’s months. I don’t know. But today … all day it’s been strange. I mean, I’ve been seeing strangely, as if for the first time. Everything has looked different – too sharp, too real.” (I.McEwan)

The use of the Present Perfect is often determined by the importance of the preceding event. Comment on this meaning in the following extracts:

“It’s a new client, Mandy, the Perevell Press. I’ve looked them up in the publishers’ directory. They’re one of the oldest- perhaps the oldest- publishing firms in the country, founded in 1792. Their place is on the river. The Peverell Press, Innocent House, Innocent Walk, Wapping. You must have seen Innocent House if you’ve taken a boat trip to Greenwich. Looks like a bloody great Venetian palace.” (P.D. James “Original sin”)

“Have you had any previous experience of working in a publishing house?”

“Only about three times during the last two years. I’ve listed the names of the firms I’ve worked for on page three of my CV.”

Miss Etienne read on, looked up the bright luminous eyes under the curved brows studying Mandy with more interest than she had previously shown.

She said: “You seem to have done very well at school, but you’ve had an extraordinary variety of jobs since. You haven’t stuck to any of them for more than a few weeks.” (P.D. James “Original sin”)
5 Comment on the retrospective function of the Past Perfect in the extracts below:

She had been to Rome once… such a long time ago. Not all that long after the war really. Grace, she remembered, had taken her first steps while they had been away. She also remembered the slight pain of not having been there to see that miracle happening. A tattered-looking city it had been, full of tattered people; grey and tired she had found it. A sharp, cold wind had blown dust constantly in her eyes. They had had an audience with the Pope. The Holy Father as Benjamin had insisted on calling him.

That was when Benjamin had been locked into religion as he had later become locked into alcohol.

She couldn’t remember which had been the more tiresome, Benjamin holy, or Benjamin pickled.

Benjamin had taken her to a shop near the Spanish Steps and bought her some rosary beads that looked as if they were made of coffee beans and silver and she had held them out for the Pope to bless. She had closed her eyes as ha had approached their small group and held the beads out in her cupped hands. She remembered composing her face into what she had hoped was an attitude of beatific humility, as seen in medieval Italian paintings. She had hoped that he didn’t have x-ray eyes. . (J.Johnson “Two moons”)

She was lying on top of the tartan rug but had taken the single pillow from beneath it to rest her head as needing this final comfort even in the last moments of consciousness. By the bed stood a chair holding an empty wine bottle, a stained tumbler and a large screw-top jar. Beneath it a pair of brown-laced shoes had been neatly laid side by side. Perhaps, thought Mandy, she had taken them off because she hadn’t wanted to soil the rug. (P.D. James “Original sin”)

6. The so-called prospective function of the Past Perfect enables to forsee the course of events, to ‘anticipate’ them. Comment on the meaning of the Past Perfect in the extracts below:

He found himself smiling, almost laughing, and was suddenly seized with a madness he hadn’t felt since he was twenty-one, the urge to rush down the wide staircase, sweep her into his arms and dance with her across the marble floor, out through the front door and to the rim of the glittering river. (P.D. James “Original sin”)
She had finished her slow turn and followed Miss Blacket across the hall. (P.D. James “Original sin”)

The lamb had arrived, pink and succulent and tender enough to be eaten with a spoon. (P.D. James “Original sin”)

7 Comment on the introductory function of the Past Perfect at the beginning of the text in the initial position and its generalizing function in the final position. Analyse the texts given below:

I had hardly ever seen the countryside before. I had only glimpsed it from trains and hospital windows.

I had been sick for most of my childhood. No sooner was I pronounced to be cured of one illness than another, more severe, replaced it. Now, striding across the Downs alongside my aunt, I was blissfully certain that I would never be unwell again. (Paul Bailey “Gabriel’s lament”)

Next day Mr Prendergast's self-confidence had evaporated.

'Head hurting?' asked Grimes.

'Well, as a matter of fact, it is rather.'

'Eyes tired? Thirsty?'

'Yes, a little.'

'Poor old Prendy! Don't I know? Still, it was worth it, wasn't it?'

'I don't remember very clearly all that happened, but I walked back to the Castle with Philbrick, and he told me all about his life. It appears he is really a rich man and not a butler at all.'

(E. Waugh)

8 Analyse implicit voice meanings of the verbs below. Group them accordingly. Give Russian equivalents and explain why there are more than on in some cases:

to fill, to open, to read, to sell, to shave, to change, to resume, to hide, to quarrel, to meet, to relate, to dress.
4.3 Итоговый семестровый контроль

Вопросы к зачету (зимний семестр)

What is Language?
Periods of the development of Еnglish grammar.
The early periods of the development of English grammar.
Prescriptive and Universal Grammars of the 18^th century.
Modern English grammars.
Grammar in the systematic conception of Language.
Principles of pragmatics. Communicative approach to the study of Language.

Parts of speech. Various approaches to the problem.
Noun: number and case.
Noun: the problem of gender in English.
The article.
Adjectives: classes of adjectives.
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs.
Adverb as a part of speech.
Adjectives and adverbs compared. The phenomena of polysemy, synonymy and homonymy.
The problem of the category of ‘state’.
Pronouns and numerals. Types of pronouns.
Verb: forms and semantic classes of the verb.
Transitivity vs intransitivity of the English verbs.
The Verb: the categories of person and number.
Time and tense.
The stylistic functioning of tense forms.
The problem of the future tense. Various means of expressing the future.
Lexical expression of time.
The category of aspect.
The category of voice. Various approaches to the problem.
The category of ‘time relation’.
The opposition of Past Indefinite and Present Perfect.

Вопросы к экзамену (летний семестр)

Periods of the development of Еnglish grammar.
The pragmatic approach to the study of Language.
Parts of speech. Various approaches to the problem.
Classes of Noun.
Noun: number, gender and case.
Adjectives: classes of adjectives, degrees of comparison. Synthetic and analytical forms of adjectives.
The problem of the category of ‘state’.
Grammatical categories of the verb.
Verb: semantic classes of the verb.
The category of Tense. The stylistic functioning of tense forms.
The problem of the future tense.
The categories of tense and aspect.
The category of voice.
The category of ‘time relation’.
Mood: the controversy of the problem in English.
Oblique moods. What is Subjunctive?
The Imperative mood.
Non-finite forms and their place in the verbal paradigm.
The infinitive as the ‘head-form’ of the verb.
The infinitive and the gerund compared.
The problem of the ‘half-gerund’.
The participle and its place among the verbals.
Formal vs. communicative approach to syntax.
Classification of phrases.
Sentence as a language unit. A word and a sentence.
Parts of the sentence and parts of speech.
Problems of a simple sentence.
One-nucleus and double-nucleus structures. Elliptical sentences.
Functional sentence perspective.
Communicative types of sentences.
Composite sentence as a polypredicative construction.
The notion of a clause. Syndetic and asyndetic connection.
Semi-compound and semi-complex sentences.
Sentence in the text.

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