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Russia, China sign deal to develop civil aircraft Moscow (AP) – Russian and Chinese aerospace officials signed a deal for jointly designing a new generation of civilian aircraft. The agreement was signed during an aircraft engine exhibition in Moscow by officials from Russia’s state-run aerospace agency Rosaviakosmos and China’s Committee on Defense, Science, Equipment and the Defense Industry. The two sides are to work out a specific cooperation plan within six months, the report cited Rosaviakosmos officials as saying. No other details, including the value of the deal, were released. EU Mideast Talks Valencia, Spain (АР) – Foreign ministers from the 15 EU nations and Israel and its Arab neighbors gathered Monday to help forge a cease-fire and revive Israeli-Palestinian peace talks that are key to the success of the European Union's multibillion-dollar economic outreach program for the region. The agenda of the two-day, 27-nation Euro-Mediterranean gathering was officially devoted to economic cooperation, but true to tradition, the annual event was overshadowed by events in the Middle East. Talks in Japan Representatives of the USA, South Korea and Japan have concluded talks in Tokyo on supplying the KPDR (North Korea) with modern technology for nuclear power engineering. A spokesman of the South Korean Foreign Ministry reported that considerable progress had been achieved in solving the problem, including the establishment of a consortium, which would concentrate on supplying nuclear reactors of a South Korean type to the KPDR. IV. What’s your opinion on the problem raised in the article. What is the Kyoto Treaty? BBC News The Kyoto Treaty commits industrialized nations to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases, principally Carbon Dioxide, by around 5.2% below their 1990 levels over the next decade. Drawn up in Kyoto, Japan, in 1997, the agreement needs to be ratified by countries that were responsible for at least 55% of the world's carbon emissions in 1990 to come into force. The agreement was dealt a severe blow in March 2001 when President George W. Bush announced that the United States would never sign it. A scaled-down version was drawn up four months later and finalized at climate talks in Bonn in Germany in 2002. The treaty now only needs Russian ratification to come into force. If and when the revised treaty takes effect in 2008, it will require all signatories, including 39 industrialized countries, to achieve different emission reduction targets. With that aim, it will provide a complex system which will allow some countries to buy emission credits from others. For instance, a country in Western Europe might decide to buy rights or credits to emit carbon from one in Eastern Europe which could not afford the fuel that would emit the carbon in the first place. The US produced 36 % of emissions in 1990, making it the world's biggest polluter. The revised Kyoto agreement, widely credited to the European Union, made considerable countries like Russia to offset their targets with carbon sinks – areas of forest and farmland which absorb carbon through photosynthesis. The Bonn agreement also reduced cuts to be made to emissions of six gases believed to be exacerbating global warming – from the original treaty’s 5.2 to 2%. It was hoped that these slightly watered down provisions would allow the US to take up the Kyoto principles – but this has not proved to be the case. Russia is facing criticism from around the world for refusing to set a timetable for ratifying the Kyoto climate change agreement. At the opening of a major conference on global warming in Moscow, it was said that the government was still studying the pros and cons of ratification. Norway’s Environment Minister said: “Without Russia, and when the US and Australia is not on board, there will be no Kyoto Protocol. And climate change is taking place.” Some European government figures claim privately that the US has been working behind the scenes to encourage Russia to sabotage the treaty. The environmentalist group Greenpeace warned that “[Russia’s] stalling could now derail the entire process”. UN urged Russia to immediately approve the agreement. Our correspondent says international observers are puzzled as to why Russia has such a problem with Kyoto since, on the face of it; the country has secured an extraordinarily good deal from the agreement. Under the Kyoto system, this leaves Russia with “spare” pollution allowances which it can sell to other countries to help them fulfill their own. COMMENTARY 1. Русскому слову «договор» в английском языке соответствуют, в за висимости от контекста, разные слова: contract – контракт, договор; agreement – договор, соглашение; treaty – договор; pact of peace – мирный договор; lease – договор об аренде, что необходимо учитывать при переводе. 2. Не следует забывать, что слово «декада» в русском языке означает 10 дней, а в английском decade – 10 лет. 3. Главы государств – Heads of State, где State используется в един ственном числе. V. Translate the item and express your point of view on the problems discussed in it. Iraq Talk Dominates NATO Summit The Associated Press ISTANBUL, Turkey – NATO leaders opened a summit Monday dominated by the situation in Iraq as the U.S.-led administration handed over power to an Iraqi government two days ahead of schedule in an apparent attempt to surprise insurgents. The NATO leaders were to pledge more help for the incoming Iraqi government, including training for its fledgling armed forces as it struggles to contain a wave of deadly insurgent attacks. In their first summit since the alliance was wracked by bitter divisions over the Iraq war, the 26 leaders were set to agree on a request from Iraqi interim Prime Minister for aid in rebuilding Iraq’s armed forces. The number of NATO instructors to be deployed and the timing of the operation were unclear, but the move will give NATO a military presence on the ground in Iraq for the first time. On Monday, police used tear gas to stop hundreds of protesters from approaching the conference center where NATO leaders were meeting in Istanbul. The protesters threw fire-bombs and several police and protesters were injured and were evacuated to local hospitals. The leaders prepared to confirm the decision on training Iraq’s forces. However, the decision falls well short of U.S. hopes that NATO would assume a major military role in Iraq. Opposition from France and Germany has ensured that NATO won’t deploy large numbers of troops and differences persist between those nations and the United States over the implementation of the training program. VI. Turn to newspapers. Look through fresh newspapers and find some articles on negotiations held recently. Give some information on the subject.
Text 1 China, Russia strike big oil deal The Moscow News, № 43/ 31/10-6.11.2008 MOSCOW (AFP) – Russia and China on Tuesday signed a long-awaited deal to build an oil pipeline from Siberia to China after talks between Prime Minister Wen Jiabao and Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin. The leaders watched as Chinese state energy major CNPC and Russian state pipeline monopoly Transneft signed the deal to build the pipeline from the Siberian town of Skovorodino to the Chinese border. The pipeline agreed on Tuesday would have a capacity of 15 million tons of oil per year and would be a branch of the main East Siberia-Pacific Ocean trunk pipeline, which is still under construction, officials said. “We should deepen cooperation in the energy sphere. Long-term cooperation will help economic development and stability on world markets,” Wen said at the opening of a Russia-China business conference with Putin in Moscow. Even after lengthy negotiations on energy ties between the two neighbors, Russia is still only the fifth-largest exporter of crude ой to energy-hungry China, despite being the world’s number two producer after Saudi Arabia. Amid lower energy prices, analysts say China is now seizing its chance. “We have to aim for real results. We’ve discussed this for many years but the results do not correspond to what they should be for two neighboring powers,” Zhang Guobao, China’s top energy official, told the conference. “We need to build oil and gas pipelines, increase downstream and upstream cooperation and increase cooperation in the nuclear sphere,” said Zhang, head of China’s State Energy Bureau, speaking through a Russian interpreter. The length of the pipeline to the Chinese border would be around 70 kilometers. The pipeline is then planned to link into the Chinese pipeline network to reach the oil hub of Daqing in northern China. Russian newspapers on Tuesday also reported that talks were underway for a multi-billion dollar credit from the Chinese government to Transneft and Russian state-run oil company Rosneft that would help boost energy exports. The Vedomosti daily quoted Sergei Sanakoyev, a government expert, saying Moscow and Beijing had agreed a contract to supply China with 15 million tons of oil per year in exchange for up to $25 billion (684 billion rubles). Rosneft, Russia’s biggest oil producer, has been hit by the financial crisis because of a slide in Moscow’s stock markets and its massive exposure to foreign loans that it has used to expand the company in recent years. During his visit, Wen also said that Russia and China could help boost global economic stability through greater cooperation. “Russia and China are growing economies with major influence in the world... They can help strengthen the world economy,” Wen told investors in Moscow. “We should strengthen ties, look together at anti-crisis measures and coordinate macroeconomic policy,” he added. Text 2 Russia to host peace talks The Moscow News, № 42/ 24-30.10.2008 YEREVAN, Armenia (АР) – Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said Tuesday he will host peace talks between Azerbaijan and Armenia, which appear willing to negotiate a settlement of their 20-year conflict over the disputed territory of Nagorno-Karabakh. But Medvedev’s announcement also appeared to reflect a renewed Kremlin push to win a stronger influence in the energy-rich Caspian region. Nagorno-Karabakh has been under control of ethnic Armenian forces since a six-year conflict during the waning years of the Soviet Union. Some 30,000 people were killed and about 1 million were driven from their homes before a cease-fire was reached in 1994. Sporadic clashes have continued, and international efforts to settle the conflict have failed. Medvedev’s efforts follow a recent statement by a U.S. diplomat who said the United States also would step up efforts to help settle the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. During a visit to Armenia, Medvedev said talks between Azerbaijan and Armenia about the complex territorial issue have reached an “advanced” stage. He added the two neighbors appear ready to “search for a solution.” Medvedev would not provide details about the negotiations or say when the Russian-hosted talks could take place. He referred to Russia’s war with Georgia in August, saying it underlined the need to settle regional conflicts through international talks. Along with the United States and France, Russia has been part of the so-called Minsk Group of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe which has tried unsuccessfully to negotiate a diplomatic solution with Azerbaijan and Armenia. Last month, U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State Matthew Bryza said during a visit to Azerbaijan that it was more important than ever now to resolve the dispute, pointing to the war in Georgia. Bryza promised that the United States would intensify efforts to help settle the conflict. Russia has maintained close ties with Armenia and has a military base there, but it also recently stepped up its efforts to improve relations with energy-rich Azerbaijan. Russia has been courting Azerbaijan by offering to buy its natural gas for shipments to Europe. If Moscow succeeds, that would strengthen its monopoly on gas shipments from the former Soviet region to Europe. Text 3 UN adopts Russia’s anti-Nazi resolution The Moscow News, № 46/ 21-27.11.2008 UN (RIA Novosti) – The UN General Assembly on social and humanitarian issues has adopted a draft resolution proposed by Russia on tackling a rise in the glorification of Nazism and the desecration of WWII monuments. The draft resolution on “combating racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance,” is aimed at tackling the practice in the former Soviet republics of Latvia and Estonia of honoring SS veterans who fought for Nazi Germany during WWII. “Nazi monuments are unveiled in a ceremonial atmosphere and the dates of liberation from the Nazis are proclaimed as days of mourning,” Russia’s UN representative, Grigory Lykyantsev, told the UN, adding that “this attitude towards anti-fascist veterans plays into the hands of those who call for ‘a pure race.” The resolution was passed with 122 countries voting in favor, while 54 delegations abstained, including Ukraine, Estonia and Latvia. Only the U.S. voted against. The resolution is now practically guaranteed to be adopted at the next UN General Assembly session in December. Parades in honor of Waffen-SS veterans, involving veterans from the Latvian Legion and the 20th Estonian SS Division and their supporters, are held annually in Latvia and Estonia. Russia has repeatedly criticized the Baltic States for allowing these parades to take place. Another former Soviet republic, Ukraine, announced plans in July to erect a statue in Lutsk, western Ukraine, honor of Stepan Bandera, a leader of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA) that fought against the Soviets during WWII. The resolution also raises Russian concerns over the dismantling and desecration of Soviet-era WWII monuments and the “unlawful exhumation” or transfer of the remains of those killed in the fight against fascism. The dismantling in Tallinn of the Soviet war memorial, the Bronze Soldier, just before the May 9, 2007 Victory Day celebrations in Russia led to street protests in which over 1,000 people were arrested and one Russian national was killed. Relations between Russia and Latvia and Estonia have also been strained over what Moscow calls the two states’ unequal treatment of eth nic Russians, the alleged persecution of Soviet WWII veterans, and the apparent revival of nationalism and fascism. Text 4 Russia ratifies treaties with breakaway provinces The Moscow News, № 43/ 31/10-6.11.2008 MOSCOW (AP) – Russia’s parliament on Wednesday quickly ratified treaties cementing close economic and military ties with Georgia’s two breakaway provinces. The State Duma, or lower house, voted unanimously to endorse the friendship treaties with Abkhazia and South Ossetia which were signed in the Kremlin last month. The Duma, dominated by Kremlin-controlled parties, threw their support behind the government proposals. Russia recognized both provinces as independent states following its war with Georgia in August. The treaties envisage the deployment of 3,800 Russian troops in each of the two provinces. Russia’s Foreign Ministry said in a letter to lawmakers that the treaties were necessary to create the legal basis for the deployment of Russian troops to the territories. “The Russian troop presence is necessary to protect peace in the region and ensure reliable security,” the ministry said, adding that the treaties envisage aid in case of aggression. Deputy Foreign Minister Grigory Karasin told lawmakers Wednesday that the troop numbers could be reduced in the future, if the security situation improves there. He criticized Georgia for deploying Special Forces to the areas near Abkhazia and South Ossetia, saying that creates an “explosive” situation in the region. Georgian officials have said they can deploy police forces wherever they deem it necessary. Russia has said it fully met its commitments under a peace deal brokered by French President Nicolas Sarkozy which obliged Moscow to withdraw its forces from areas outside Georgia’s breakaway provinces of South Ossetia and Abkhazia. The European Union deployed its monitors to the areas after the Russian pullout. But Georgia has accused the Kremlin of breaking its commitments under the peace deal by keeping large numbers of troops in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, and failing to withdraw from areas which had been under Georgian control before the war. The war in Georgia has badly strained Russia’s relations with the United States and the EU, which have criticized Moscow for a disproportionate use of force and its decision to recognize the independence of Georgia’s breakaway provinces. The war erupted when Georgia launched an attack to regain control of South Ossetia, which broke from Georgian control in the early 1990s. Russian forces swiftly repelled the attack and drove deep into Georgia. Georgian officials said they launched an attack after the Russian troops had moved across the border – a claim Russia has denied. Text 5 Medvedev visits India to seal nuclear deal The Moscow News, № 48/ 5-11.12.2008 NEW DELHI (AFP) – President Dmitry Medvedev was Thursday to arrive in New Delhi for a visit expected to see Russia agree to build India new nuclear reactors and give its backing to the anti-terror fight after the Mumbai attacks. A cornerstone of his visit to New Delhi, whose strong ties with Moscow date back to the Soviet Union, is to be the signing of a new accord for Russia to build four new nuclear reactors to generate energy in southern India. Defence ties will also be discussed in the two-day visit, with Moscow keen to retain its position as India’s main supplier of weaponry amid increasing competition from the United States and Israel. The visit is taking place under the tightest security. The credentials of staff at the Sheraton Hotel where Medvedev is staying have been checked and Russian secret agents are already in the city, the Hindustan Times reported. The Russian leader; whose visit was planned well before the attacks, is set to be the first foreign head of state to visit the country after the bloodshed in Mumbai. US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice visited on Wednesday. Medvedev is due to meet figures including President Pratibha Patel, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and the head of the ruling Congress party Sonia Ghandi. “We are planning on Friday to sign a bilateral agreement foreseeing the construction of four new reactors at Kudankulam and also cooperation in new areas,” said Russia’s nuclear agency chief Sergei Kiriyenko, according to the RIA Novosti news agency. Moscow is already building two 1,000-megawatt light water nuclear reactors at Kudankulam and can now construct more after a group of nuclear supplier states in September lifted a ban on India shopping for nuclear technology. Russia is the only foreign country working in India to expand the country’s nuclear energy programme. The continued strength of ties between Moscow and New Delhi con trasts with the sometimes prickly relationship between Russia and India’s longtime foe Pakistan. Adding another common element, Medvedev is a keen exponent of the Indian art of yoga. Trade is also strengthening, with the two countries increasing trade volumes by a third each year and on course to reach a 2010 target of trade worth 10 billion dollars. But Russia, which accounts for some 70 percent of Indian military hardware, has been concerned that its slice of the defense market risks becoming leaner amid disputes over costs. The sale by Russia to India of a refurbished Soviet-era aircraft carrier, the 44,570-tonne Admiral Gorshkov, which has been marred by a price dispute, is set to be discussed during the visit. |
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