Программа по формированию навыков безопасного поведения на дорогах и улицах «Добрая дорога детства» 2
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ReadingTime: 45 minutes Task 1 Read the article about the effects of low light on people in the far north. For questions 1-6, you must choose which of the paragraphs A-G fit into the numbered gaps. There is one extra paragraph which does not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Clarity in a Cold Climate Bidge Hanson and his neighbours in the world's most northerly university town spent yesterday pretty much in the dark, again. It may have been one of the shortest days in Britain, but in Tromso, 200 or so miles north of the Arctic Circle, it was yet another day when the sun failed to put in an appearance. Between 21 November and 21 January the Norwegian town and its 60,000 population live life in a permanent night, and in the summer they switch to spending months in perpetual daylight. 1 For more than a year doctors tracked volunteers, measuring their cognitive performances in tests in both winter and summer, full y expecting the results to support the view that in winter people are prone to suffer a range of negative symptoms, in addition to the depression associated with seasonal affective disorder (SAD). 2 'We tested 1,000 people on a battery of cognitive tests, including memory, attention, recognition time, memory recall and confusability. We didn't look at depression, we were only interested in cognitive performance. We tested them in summer and in winter, and we were sure that we would be able to pick up the winter deficit that is so often talked about,' he says. 3 Even on the simplest of the tests - measuring the reaction times to a circle being flashed on a computer screen - the winter performances were better. The reaction times of the volunteers were on average eleven milliseconds quicker in the winter tests. The problem that Dr Brennen and his colleagues now have is explaining what kind of body mechanism could possibly be at work to produce the unexpected phenomenon of superior thinking in winter. It is at odds with many assumptions about health and the winter. A National Institute of Mental Health survey of 1,500 American SAD patients found that more than 90 per cent reported decreased activity in winter, as well as difficulties with work. They also reported extreme fatigue and lack of energy, and an increased need for sleep. 4 Some suspect that a change in the environment, especially the arrival of long dark nights, affects personality - that when it gets cold and dark man becomes more introverted and more focused on the task in hand. 5 'One possible explanation is that we are less distracted by other things in winter. There is not so much to look at and therefore a greater opportunity for you to attend to your tasks,' she says. 6 But just how light works is not clear. 'Although the cause of SAD is not known, research so far suggests that it is triggered by a seasonal disruption in the cycling of the hormone melatonin, which throws the circadian rhythms off balance,' says Professor William Regelson of Virginia University and author of The Melatonin Miracle. A 'It is a quite surprising and counter-intuitive finding that requires a lot of thought,' says Professor Anne Farmer of the Institute of Psychiatry in London, who specialises in treating affective disorders, including SAD. В 'If you read a lot of the literature on SAD, the biological psychiatrists expect concentration to be worse in winter, that speed of thought and memory will be poor, and that people will feel sluggish. But we found no trace of that. Clearly the belief that people get groggier and more forgetful in the winter months is unfounded. The findings contradict some of the claims found in the literature on SAD’. С And they may be implicated in the mechanism behind the Tromso results for cognitive performance, because a similar finding of depression and improved or unaffected mental performance is found in one other body cycle. D For psychologists, the extremes in this Arctic Circle environment made it the perfect place to study the effects of the seasons on the mind and on performance, and to investigate whether there is any foundation for long-held views that in winter, human thinking, memory recall and performance slow down. If the theory was right, any effect would, they figured, be magnified at a latitude of 69 degrees north. E For the treatment of the depression associated with SAD, Professor Farmer and an increasing number of doctors are advising using light boxes. It's been found that exposure to bright artificial light can substantially reduce the symptoms of depression by as much as 80 per cent in some patients. Research on people with SAD has also found that their symptoms improve nearer the Equator. F SAD which affects between one and 25 per cent of people, depending upon which study is looked at, is accepted as a condition where depression is linked to the arrival of the winter months. But depression and improved cognitive performance are strange bedfellows, so the hunt is now on to find out what could be happening in the brain to produce such a paradox. Investigators are looking at whether light or temperature, or even some other trigger, may be at work. G But when measured by cognitive performance, it was found that the people of Tromso were brighter and quicker in the winter months, a result that put a large spanner in the works of those that hold that man is mentally duller and slower in the winter. For Dr Tim Brennen, who led the research and briefly escaped the winter blackness of Tromso University this week to present his findings at the London conference of the British Psychological Society, the results were a big surprise. Task 2You are going to read a magazine article in which five people talk about railway journeys. For questions 7-20 choose from the people (A-E). The people may be chosen more than once. When more than one answer is required (9,10), these should be given in alphabetical order. There is an example at the beginning (0). Mark your answers on the separate answer sheet. Which person or people
found on returning years later that nothing had changed? was unable to count on the train service? enjoyed the company of fellow passengers? found the views from the train dramatic? welcomed a chance to relax on the trip? was never disappointed by the journey? has a reason for feeling grateful to one special train? travelled on a railway which is no longer in regular service? regretted not going on a particular train trip? used to travel on the railway whenever possible? learnt an interesting piece of information on a train journey? took a train which travelled from one country to another? says that the railway had been looked after by unpaid helpers? was once considered not old enough to travel by train? ON THE RAILSFive celebrities tell Andrew Morgan their favourite memories of railway journeys. A Andrea Thompson - Newsreader I fell in love with the south of France a long time ago and try to get back there as often as I can. There's a local train from Cannes along the coast which crosses the border with Italy. It takes you past some of the most amazing seascapes. It never matters what the weather is like, or what time of the year it is, it is always enchanting. Out of the other window are some of the best back gardens and residences in the whole of France. You feel like someone peeping into the property of the rich and famous. The travellers themselves are always lively because there is an interesting mix of tourists and locals, all with different itineraries but all admirers of the breathtaking journey. B Rod Simpson - Explorer I have enjoyed so many rail journeys through the years, but if I had to pick a favourite it would be the Nile Valley Express, which runs across the desert of northern Sudan. The one misfortune in my youth, growing up in South Africa, was missing out on a family train journey from Cape Town to the Kruger National Park. I was regarded as being too young and troublesome and was sent off to an aunt. When I came to live in England as a teenager, I still hadn't travelled by train. London Waterloo was the first real station I ever saw and its great glass dome filled me with wonder. C Betty Cooper - Novelist I am indebted to one train in particular: the Blue Train, which took my husband and me on our honeymoon across France to catch a boat to Egypt. It was on the train that my husband gave me a pink dress, which I thought was absolutely wonderful. Someone happened to mention that pink was good for the brain, and I've never stopped wearing the colour since. What I remember about the journey itself, however, is how lovely it was to travel through France and then by boat up the Nile to Luxor. It was, without a doubt, the perfect way to wind down after all the wedding preparations.
We were working on a series of articles based on a round-the-world trip and had to cross a desert in an African country. There wasn't a road, so the only way we could continue our journey was to take what was affectionately known as the Desert Express. The timetable was unreliable -we were just given a day. We also heard that, in any case, the driver would often wait for days to depart if he knew there were passengers still on their way. When it appeared, there was a sudden charge of what seemed like hundreds of people climbing into and onto the carriages -passengers were even allowed to travel on the roof free. During the night, the train crossed some of the most beautiful landscapes I have ever seen. It was like a dream, like travelling across the moon.
I imagine most people's favourite impressions of trains and railways are formed when they are young children, but that's not my case. I was brought up in Singapore and Cyprus, where I saw very few trains, let alone travelled on them. It wasn't until I was a teenager that trains began to dominate my life. I made a film which featured a railway in Yorkshire. Most of the filming took place on an old, disused stretch of the line which had been lovingly maintained by volunteers. That's where my passion for steam trains began. When we weren't filming, we took every opportunity to have a ride on the train, and, when I went back last year, it was as if time had stood still. Everything was the same, even the gas lights on the station platform! This is the end of the Reading Comprehension section. TRANSFER ALL YOUR ANSWERS TO YOUR ANSWER SHEET Reading ANSWER SHEET ID NUMBER
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Лексико-грамматический тест - Use of English Методические рекомендации В комплект материалов, необходимых для проведения лексико- грамматического теста, входят:
Лексико-грамматический тест состоит из двух частей: собственно лексико-грамматической части и части, проверяющей социокультурную компетенцию. Всего в тесте 20 вопросов. Задания соответствуют уровню сложности В 2 по шкале Совета Европы. Учащиеся должны продемонстрировать соответствующий уровень владения лексическим материалом и умение оперировать им в условиях множественного выбора. Проверяется также владение грамматическим материалом в рамках программы средней школы и умение практически использовать его не только на уровне отдельного предложения, но и в более широком контексте. Рекомендуемое время для выполнения всех заданий лексико- грамматического теста –20минут. Первое задание - представляет собой небольшое по объему повествование с 10 пропусками. Текст снабжен списком слов, которые являются начальными формами глаголов, прилагательных, существительных. Задачей учащихся является преобразование предложенных лексических единиц таким образом, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали контексту, и заполнение пропусков полученными в результате трансформации словами. Целью задания является определение знания учащимися одного из самых сложных и необходимых для выявления языковой компетенции разделов английской грамматики - словообразования. Для правильного выполнения этого задания необходимо знать суффиксальный и префиксальный способы образования существительных, наречий, прилагательных. В задании 2 проверяется знание социокультурных норм английского языка. Участники должны соединить подходящие друг другу реплики. Критерии оценивания Каждый правильный ответ оценивается в 1 балл. Орфография учитывается. Если слово написано неправильно, балл не начисляется. Максимальное количество баллов, которое можно получить за конкурс Use of English - 20 (двадцать). | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
