Методические рекомендации по курсу практической грамматики Зорина Л. Б

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Название	Методические рекомендации по курсу практической грамматики Зорина Л. Б
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either, neither
We can use either (= ‘one or the other’) and neither (= ‘not one and not the other) before a singular countable noun.

Either day (Saturday or Sunday) is fine with me.

Neither road goes to the station.
We use either of and neither of before your, these, the + a plural countable noun.

Can either of your parents speak French?

Neither of these roads goes to the station.
We use either of and neither of before the plural object pronouns you, us, them.

Can either of you type?

Neither of us went to the party.
After neither of we can use a singular or a plural verb.

A singular verb is more common in a formal style.
We use both, either and neither to link ideas.

both... and...; either... or....; neither... nor...
I spoke to both Sally and Peter.

John is both thoughtful and generous.

She both speaks Japanese and writes it.
I don’t like either football or rugby.

We can either stay or go out.
Neither Mrs Woods nor her husband were at home.

He neither apologised nor explained.
Упражнения для грамматического анализа текста:

Разработка ‘Pronouns’ (Составитель - Полякова Г.А.)

р.2 ex. 1D, р.4 ex. 2D, р.8 ex. 4.4.Е р.10 ex. 5D, р.11 Round the world alone, р. 14 ex. 6D, р.15 Missing, р.18 ex. 5.5.Е, р.19 Poor little rich kids, р.22 ex. 5,6D, р.23 Faraway faces, р.27 The Bermuda Triangle, р.31 People who help.

Adverbs.

План прохождения темы:

Определение, образование, классификация наречий.
Место наречия в предложении.

1. Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

An adverb can be one word (here, why, happily) or a phrase, sometimes called an ‘adverbial phrase’, (at, first; all of a sudden).

We usually form an adverb by adding the suffix -ly to an adjective (soft - softly).

Adjectives ending in -le drop the -e and take -y (probable - probably); adjectives ending in consonant +y drop the -y and take -ily (heavy - heavily); adjectives ending in -l take ly (careful - carefully); adjectives ending is -ic usually take -ally (tragic - tragically, but: public - publicly).
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives also end in -ly (friendly, lovely, lonely, silly, ugly). These adjectives have no adverbs forms; instead we use different structures (in a friendly way).

Some adverbs have either a totally different form or the same form as the adjective. (good - well, fast - fast, hard - hard, early - early, late - late).
2. Meaning and order of adverbs.

Adverbs of place (here, everywhere, below, inside) and time (now, then, yesterday, soon, recently, afterwards) usually go at the end of the sentence (Shall I wait outside? I met him last year.) Adverbs of time such as soon, now and then, go before the main verb, but after an auxiliary verb or the verb to be. (He soon realized that he was wrong. She is now ready to talk to you.)
Adverbs of manner (badly, quickly, suddenly, deeply, willingly) go before the main verb, after an auxiliary or at the end of the sentence. (He quickly ran up the stairs. She is anxiously waiting for an answer. They responded politely.)

If these is more than one adverb, the usual order is: manner + place + time. (We worked hard at school yesterday. He worked quietly at his desk all day long.)

Some adverbs of manner, place and time can also go at the beginning of a sentence if we want to emphasize it. (Tomorrow I’ll sign the contract.)

If there is a verb of movement, such as go, come, leave in the sentence, then the adverbs come in the following order:

place + manner + time (She went home by taxi last night)

Adverbs of frequency (often, sometimes, ever, constantly, always, usually) go before the main verb, but after an auxiliary verb and the verb to be. (She has always been loyal. Tim is usually prepared. Helen often goes to the cinema.)
Adverbs of degree (very, highly, perfectly, completely, much, too, so, such, little, enough, absolutely, totally, extremely, quite, rather) go before an adjective, an adverb or a main verb but after an auxiliary verb. (He was extremely helpful. We quite enjoyed the trip. I didn’t quite understand what you said.)

Quite goes before a/an. (She is quite a pretty woman.)

We use quite before adjectives such as horrible, dreadful, ridiculous, brilliant, perfect, amazing, extraordinary, useless, impossible, right, true, sure, exhausted, certain, false, wrong, alone, different meaning ‘completely’ /‘totally’.

Rather goes before or after a/ an.

We usually use rather in unefavourable comments. (Those clothes are rather old.)

We can use rather in favourable comments when it means ‘to an unusual degree’. (I didn’t know Peter could cook. The meal was rather (вполне) good. (The meal was better than we expected.)

Adverbs of consequence and reason (therefore, consequently, as a result, for this reason)
Adverbs of probability (certainly, surely actually, really, indeed, perhaps, possibly, evidently, of course)

These adverbs normally go before a full verb, but after be or an auxilary or modal verb.

He probably knows your address.

They’ve definitely gone out.

She can obviously do the job.

In negative sentences, adverbs of probability normally go before the negative won’t, isn’t, not.

She probably won’t be late.

He certainly isn’t at home now.

They are obviously not very happy.

Perhaps and may be go at the beginning of a sentence.

Viewpoint adverbs. Наречия, выражающие точку зрения. (theorically, personally, economically, technically, financially, practically, generally).
Interrogative adverbs (when, where, how, why). They at the beginning of interrogative sentences.
Negative adverbs (never, nowhere, hardly, barely, scarcely).

Упражнения: Grammar way 3 (Jenny Dooley - Virginia Evans) р. 152 ex. 4, 5, 6; р. 153 ex. 7, 8, 9.

Разработка “Adverbs” (Составитель - Полякова Г.А.) р. 12 ex. 7.4А, 7.4В, р. 13 ex. 7.4С, 7.4D,

р. 14 ex. 7.5А, 7.5В, р. 15 ex. 7.5Е, р. 20 David and Goliath, р. 24 ex. 7.8А, 7.8В, р. 26 Ron from Mars.
We use still before a full verb, or after be or an auxiliary verb.

My brother is 18, but he still behaves like a child.

Andrew is still asleep.

I can still remember the first time we met.

We also use still after the subject in negative sentences. In this use still can express impatience or surprise.

They received the bill a month ago and they still haven’t paid it.

I’ve known Mike for years, but I still don’t understand him.
We use yet only in questions and negative sentences; yet normally goes at the end of a clause.

Have you had your exam results yet?

I wrote to her a week ago, but she hasn’t answered my letter yet.
We use yet in negative short answers after not.

Have you passed your driving test yet? - No, not yet.
We use already before a full verb, or after be or an auxiliary verb.

He already knows the news.

She’s already here.

I’ve already done it.
We can also use already at the end of a clause for emphasis.

I’ve seen the film already.

Have you finiched already?
We use any more, any longer at the end of a clause.

Sue doesn’t work in London any more.

My brother isn’t a young child any longer.
Normally, no longer goes before a full verb, or after be or an auxiliary verb. (We do not normally use no more in this way.)

Annie no longer lives here. She moved last year.
The adverbs fairly, quite rather/ pretty, very normally go before an adjective or adverb which they modify. (quite is a little stronger than fairly)

I’m fairly tired, but I don’t think I’ll go to bed now.

I’m quite tired. I think I’ll go to bed now.
Rather (= more than is usual); more than is wanted or more than is expected) is stronger than quite.

The TV is rather loud. Shall I turn it down?

We’re rather late. We’d better hurry.

The concert was rather good. I was surprised.
Pretty and rather have a similar meaning; pretty is used in a more informal style.
We use quite before a/ an, but fairly and pretty after a.

It was quite an interesting film.

He’s a fairly young man.

It was a pretty interesting film.
We can use rather before or after a/ an.
Упражнения: Grammarway 3 p.153 ex.10, пособие “Adverbs” (Составитель: Полякова Г.А.)

p.14 ex.7.5A, B, C; p.15 ex.7.5E.
Библиография. Sources.

Качалова К.Н., Израилевич Е.Е. Практическая грамматика английского языка.
Крылова И.П., Крылова Е.В. Практическая грамматика английского языка.
John Eastwood. Ronald Mackin. A Basic English Grammar.
The Heinemann English Grammar.
Michael Swan. Catherine Walter. How English Works. A Grammar Practice Book.
Michael Vince. Advanced Language Practice.

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