Учебно-методический комплекс по программе минимум Кандидатского экзамена по специальности
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БИЛЕТ 35 1. Выполнение письменного перевода научного текста по специальности с английского языка по журналу Экономист (Economist). 2. Чтение оригинального текста по специальности из журнала Экономист (Economist) и устный пересказ полученной информации. 3. Беглое чтение оригинального текста № 3 по специальности и его пересказ. 4. Беседа с экзаменаторами на английском языке о глобализации и ее экономических последствиях. БИЛЕТ 36 1. Выполнение письменного перевода научного текста по специальности с английского языка по журналу Экономист (Economist). 2. Чтение оригинального текста по специальности из журнала Экономист (Economist) и устный пересказ полученной информации. 3. Беглое чтение оригинального текста № 4 по специальности и его пересказ. 4. Беседа с экзаменаторами на английском языке об инвестиционной стратегии в США. БИЛЕТ 37 1. Выполнение письменного перевода научного текста по специальности с английского языка по журналу Экономист (Economist). 2. Чтение оригинального текста по специальности из журнала Экономист (Economist) и устный пересказ полученной информации. 3. Беглое чтение оригинального текста № 5 по специальности и его пересказ. 4. Беседа с экзаменаторами на английском языке о технополисах и технопарках мира. ТЕКСТЫ TEXT 1 The commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions, investment banks and so on are financial institutions. A commercial bank is a privately owned profit-making corporation. It serves both individuals and businesses by offering checking and savings accounts, loans, and credit cards. It also deals in some brokerage, insurance, and financial advice. The commercial bank is the most important source of short term loans for businesses. Sometimes the borrowers pledge collateral to back up the loan. Such loan is a secured loan. Companies with a good financial position are given the prime rate of interest which is the lowest commercial interest rate. The commercial bank offers its customers accounts of two types: demand deposits and time deposits. A demand deposit makes the money in it available to depositors immediately, while a time deposit requires depositors to leave their money with the bank for a stated period of time. Most banks offer their customers various savings certificates, called certificates of deposit. Savers may put their money into thirty day, six month, or two and a half year certificates. The highest interest is paid to the customers who deposit their money for a longer period. Banking services are not free and banks charge fees for them. Many banks assess a service fee if an account balance falls beneath a particular minimum, such as $200. The key element of international finance and trade is the correspondent banking relationship. Banks usually maintain a number of correspondent banking relationships. When two banks agree to be correspondents with each other, they exchange their signature books. The signature book includes signatures required for different transactions. To debit an account may require only one signature, and other transactions, such as letters of credit, may require two or more signatures. Correspondent banks provide various services and charge fees for each service. The services may include clearing checks, foreign exchange trading, confirming and advising letters of credit, checking the credit of local customers, purchasing and selling securities, and safekeeping securities. Correspondent banks are agents in their respective local markets. TEXT 2 There is a central bank for all states in the USA called the Federal Reserve System ("the Fed") which controls various financial institutions. The government and member, banks jointly own the Fed. All national banks are members of the Fed. Most of the state banks do not join the system. Member banks have a right to obtain funds by borrowing from their district reserve banks, to use various services which the system provides, to obtain financial advice and assistance and to receive a dividend on stock that the district bank owns. The Fed controls the money supply and prevents the economy from crisis. Its most powerful tool in controlling the money supply is the reserve requirement. It is the percentage of all deposits that a bank must keep on hand at the bank or on deposit with the Fed. If the Fed requires banks to keep 20 percent of all funds on deposit, then they can loan out the other 80 percent to individuals and companies. The Fed also sells and buys governmental securities (bonds). When it buys government securities, it increases the money supply by putting more money in circulation. When the Fed sells government securities, it decreases the money supply. The Fed is "the banker's bank" because it lends money to member banks. The interest that the Fed charges is called the discount rate. The discount rate is an effective monetary tool. The Fed uses it to "fine tune" the economy and to influence the rate at which banks lend to their customers. The Fed also uses a set of credit controls. It establishes the margin requirements on credit purchases of stocks and bonds. The margin is the percentage that credit customers must pay in advance. Besides its monetary functions, the Fed also clears checks by moving them from the bank where they were deposited to the bank on which they are drawn. The check travels electronically from one bank to another through the Federal Reserve Bank. The government also insures deposits in case of bank failure. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) requires the banks to give customers information about their asset quality, capital and earning. This prevents customers from doing business with banks that are in trouble. TEXT 3 Technological innovations and increased competition in the face of deregulation are changing the face of American banking. Banks and other financial institutions are using computer technology now. One of the innovations is the electronic funds transfer which transfers money from individuals to the bank, from bank to bank, and from city to city through an electronic system. Large banks are installing automatic teller machines outside their buildings. A customer can get cash, make loan payments, or transfer money from one account to another at any time of the day or night. The key to the automatic teller machine is a debit card which helps to make transfers directly to and from a customer's checking account. Some large retailers are installing point-of-sale terminals which allow a retail customer to transfer funds from his bank account to the merchant's account. Electronic funds transfer is making it easy for commercial banks to accept deposits outside their home states. Groups of banks are setting up automatic teller machine networks for the customers to use their debit cards to withdraw cash, transfer funds and check balances in other states. Nowadays the banking industry is becoming less regulated. This process is stimulating the diversification of banks, and service and price competition. Financial supermarkets are appearing all over the United States. These new financial institutions are handling all types of financial transactions. They are selling life insurance to their customers, buying and selling their homes and are lending them money in addition to the traditional services of stock and bond transactions. The competition that results from deregulation is urging the banks to offer more and better services to their customers. Some banks are trying to assign each of their major customers to a "personal banker". TEXT 4 The simplest way of transferring funds abroad is by means of airmail remittance order. For example, a local customer of I lie bank wants to send money to a relative in Japan. The local customer goes to his bank and says where and to whom to send I lie money. He also indicates the amount he wants to send, for example, $100. The bank prepares a letter to its correspondent bank in Japan which reads, "Advise and pay US dollars 100 to (name and address)". The letter also says that it is by order of its local customer (giving his name). Then it adds, "In reimbursement, we credit your account with us". (The bank credits the Japanese bank's due to account.) An officer of the sending bank signs the letter and collects a small service charge from the bank's customer. A cable remittance order is identical, but it is more expensive. The advantage of a cable is its speed. The third way to transfer money abroad is the foreign draft. The officer of the bank draws it on the foreign correspondent bank; he signs it and hands to the buyer. The buyer mails it to the payee; the buyer's bank airmails a memorandum of this transaction to the foreign bank. In the past, financial management was not a major concern for a business. A company used to establish relations with a local bank. The bank handled the financing and the company took care of producing and selling. Today only a few firms operate in this way. Usually businesses have their own financial managers who work with the banks. They negotiate terms of financial transactions, compare rates among competing financial institutions. Financial management begins with the creation of a financial plan. The plan includes timing and amount of funds and the inflow and outflow of money. The financial manager develops and controls the financial plan. He also forecasts the economic conditions, the company's revenues, expenses and profits. TEXT 5 Management is based on scientific theories and today we can say that it is developing science. But knowledge of theories and principles doesn’t provide practical results. It is to know how to apply this knowledge. Practical application of knowledge in the management area requires abilities or skills. Here is an example: Depending of its size, an organization employ a number of specialized managers who are responsible for particular areas of management. A very large organization may employ many managers, each responsible for activities of one management area. In contrast, the owner of sole proprietorship may be the only manager in organization. He or she is responsible for all levels and areas of management. What is important to an organization is not the number of managers it employs but the ability of these managers to achieve the organization’s goals, and this ability requires a great skill. In other words, management is the process of coordinating the resources of an organization to achieve the primary organizational goals. The financial manager's job starts and ends with the company's objectives. He reviews them and determines the funding they require. The financial manager compares the expenses involved to the expected revenues. It helps him to predict cash flow. The available cash consists of beginning cash plus customer payments and funds from financing. The financial manager plans a strategy to make the ending cash positive. If cash outflow exceeds cash inflow the company will run out of cash. The solution is to reduce outflows. The financial manager can trim expenses or ask the customers to pay faster. The financial manager also chooses financing techniques. One of them is short-term financing. Another is long term financing. At the end of the fiscal year the financial manager reviews the company's financial status and plans the next year's financial strategy. TEXT 6 The young businessman must find sources of money that will last until revenue begins to exceed cash outflows. He must be creative in finding start-up funding. New small businesses can start with the businessman's own assets. On top of that, start-up financing may come from friends and relatives. The larger businesses can obtain funds from venture capital investors. One of the personal assets the businessman can use to raise funds for the business is his home. The value of the home that the owner has paid for is called the owner's equity in the home. By pledging this equity, the homeowner can obtain a second mortgage or a home equity loan. A businessman can find another source of start-up financing by a life insurance policy. Many policies build up cash surrender value - the money that the policy holder can borrow at a low interest rate. Those who need more funds can obtain a variable rate installment loan. It is a personal loan with an interest rate tied to the prime rate or some other index. When the index changes the rate changes in the same direction. Some good sources of start-up funds are family members and friends. Many people can afford to lend at a low interest rate. The lender can share ownership of the business or can become a partner or shareholder in a corporation. In some cases new companies can obtain cash from venture capital firms. These financial intermediaries specialize in funding ventures with good promise and invest in businesses which generate high profits within five years. Initially venture capital firms invested in high-tech industries, but now other branches enjoy this kind of financial aid, especially those working in the health-care field. The venture capital firms provide seed money to start a new company, funds to help the venture grow and gain the market and money to buy out a business. TEXT 7 The banks' most important activity is the extension of credit. In order to provide a loan, a bank must have funds to lend! This comes from paid-in capital, earnings of previous years borrowed funds and the bank's customers' deposits. The bank must always remember that the money he lends is not his bank's own money. It is money deposited by the bank's customers, whether in a demand or time account. This idea limits the risk that a commercial banker will take. To evaluate the risk, a banker must first obtain certain basic information about the potential borrower. The banker must learn how much money the borrower needs, the purpose and the term of the loan, and how the borrower will repay the loan. The banker evaluates the three C's of credit: character, capacity, and capital - the integrity of the borrower, his ability to repay, and the soundness of his financial position. The integrity of the borrower is determined by previous loans and by his standing with other banks. Everywhere in the world banks exchange credit information with each other. The borrower's ability to repay depends on the purpose of the loan. The financial position of the borrower is determined on the basis of his financial statement. This consists of a detailed balance sheet and a profit and loss statement. The bank demands an audited financial statement covering the previous three years. Letters of credit may be either revocable or irrevocable. The revocable letter of credit carries a risk to the seller. It may be amended or cancelled at any moment without prior notice to the beneficiary. The irrevocable letter of credit can neither be amended nor cancelled without agreement of all parties. A letter of credit may be utilized only by the named beneficiary. Sometimes, though, the importer wants to make the letter of credit transferable to another person or company. The bank then prepares a transferable letter of credit addressed to the beneficiary "and/or transferee". The revolving letter of credit is used when a series of identical transactions is made over a fixed period of time. |
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