Учебно-методический комплекс по предмету «Стилистика» подготовлен кандидатом филологических наук, доцентом кафедры английского языка и английской филологии факультета Фиж мгпу
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Зачет по стилистике современного английского языка проводится по окончании 8 семестра. Зачет преследует цель оценить работу студента за семестр, уровень полученных им теоретических знаний по стилистике современного английского языка и умение применять их при решении конкретных практических задач, приобретение навыков самостоятельной работы, развитие творческого мышления.Зачет проводится в устной форме (собеседование по перечню вопросов к зачету см. ниже) по всему материалу (вопросы для собеседования выбираются по усмотрению преподавателя). Преподаватель имеет право выставить зачет по результатам работы студента на семинарах, выполнения им в качестве самостоятельной работы специальных учебных заданий, успешном написании итогового теста по дисциплине при условии набора студентом определенного количества баллов. Если студент набрал недостаточное количество баллов для получения зачета по результатам работы в семестре, ему могут быть предложены написание и защита реферата или устное собеседование по темам курса. Балльно-рейтинговая система оценки знаний студентов включает следующие аспекты:
Раздел 2. Методические указания по изучению дисциплины (или ее разделов) и контрольные задания для студентов заочной формы обучения. Не предусмотрено Раздел 3. Содержательный компонент теоретического материала. Lecture 1. Stylistics as a science. Problems of stylistic research. Plan: 1. Problems of stylistic research. 2. Stylistics of Language and speech. 3. Types of stylistic research. Branches of Stylistics. 4. Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines. 5. Stylistic neutrality and stylistic colouring. 6. Stylistic function notion. Basic notions: stylistic, style, stylistics of language, stylistics of speech, literary and linguistic stylistics, comparative stylistics, decoding stylistics, functional stylistics, stylistic lexicology, stylistic phonetics (phonostylistics), stylistic grammar, stylistic norm, stylistic neutrality, stylistic connotations (inherent/adherent); connotative meaning: 1) emotive; 2) evaluative; 3) expressive; 4) stylistic. 1. Problems of stylistic research. 1) the object and the material of studies; 2) the notion «style». 1) In 1955 the Academician V. V. Vinogradov defined style as “socially recognized and functionally conditioned internally united totality of the ways of using, selecting and combining the means of lingual intercourse in the sphere of one national language or another...” 2) In 1971 Prof. I. R.Galperin offered his definition of style «as a system of interrelated language means which serves a definite aim in communication.”. 3) According to Prof. Y. M. Skrebnev, «style is what differentiates a group of homogeneous texts (an individual text) from all other groups (other texts)... Style can be roughly defined as the peculiarity, the set of specific features of a text type or of a specific text.” Functional styles: Prof. I. R. Galperin suggests 5 styles for the English language. 1) belles-lettres style: poetry, emotive prose, and drama; 2) publicist style: oratory and speeches, essay, articles; 3) newspaper style: brief news items, headlines, advertisements, editorial; 4) scientific prose style; 5) official documents style. Prof. I.V.Arnold distinguishes 4 styles: 1) poetic style; 2) scientific style; 3) newspaper style; 4) colloquial style. Prof. Y. M. Skrebnev maintains that the number of sublanguages and styles is infinite (if we include individual styles, styles mentioned in linguistic literature such as telegraphic, oratorical, reference book, Shakespearean, short story, or the style of literature on electronics, computer language, etc.). Stylistics is that branch of linguistics, which studies the principles, and effect of choice and usage of different language elements in rendering thought and emotion under different conditions of communication. Therefore it is concerned with such issues as 1) the aesthetic function of language; 2) expressive means in language; 3) synonymous ways of rendering one and the same idea; 4) emotional colouring in language; 5) a system of special devices called stylistic devices; 6) the splitting of the literary language into separate systems called style; 7) the interrelation between language and thought; 8) the individual manner of an author in making use of the language 2. Stylistics of Language and speech. The stylistics of language analyses permanent or inherent stylistic properties of language elements. The stylistics of speech studies stylistic properties, which appear in a context, and they are called adherent. So stylistics of language describes and classifies the inherent stylistic colouring of language units. Stylistics of speech studies the composition of the utterance—the arrangement, selection and distribution of different words, and their adherent qualities. 3. Types of stylistic research and branches of stylistics Literary and linguistic stylistics They have some meeting points or links in that they have common objects of research. Both study the common ground of: 1) the literary language from the point of view of its variability; 2) the idiolect (individual speech) of a writer; 3) poetic speech that has its own specific laws. The points of difference proceed from the different points of analysis. While lingua-stylistics studies • Functional styles (in their development and current state). • The linguistic nature of the expressive means of the language, their systematic character and their functions. Literary stylistics is focused on • The composition of a work of art. • Various literary genres. • The writer’s outlook. Comparative stylistics Comparative stylistics is connected with the contrastive study of more than one language. Decoding stylistics (L. V. Shcherba, B. A. Larin, M. Riffaterre, R. Jackobson, I.V. Arnold). Each act of speech has the performer, or sender of speech and the recipient. The former does the act of encoding and the latter the act of decoding the information. If we analyse the text from the author’s (encoding) point of view we should consider the epoch, the historical situation, the personal political, social and aesthetic views of the author. But if we try to treat the same text from the reader’s angle of view we shall have to disregard this background knowledge and get the maximum information from the text itself (its vocabulary, composition, sentence arrangement, etc.). Decoding stylistics is an attempt to harmoniously combine the two methods of stylistic research and enable the scholar to interpret a work of art with a minimum loss of its purport and message. Functional stylistics Functional stylistics is a branch of lingua-stylistics that investigates functional styles, that is special sublanguages or varieties of the national language such as scientific, colloquial, business, publicist and so on. Any kind of stylistic research will be based on the level-forming branches that include: Stylistic lexicology Stylistic Lexicology studies the semantic structure of the word and the interrelation (or interplay) of the connotative and denotative meanings of the word, as well as the interrelation of the stylistic connotations of the word and the context. Stylistic Phonetics (or Phonostylistics) is engaged in the study of style-forming phonetic features of the text. It describes the prosodic features of prose and poetry and variants of pronunciation in different types of speech (colloquial or oratory or recital). Stylistic grammar: a) Stylistic Morphology is interested in the stylistic potentials of specific grammatical forms and categories, such as the number of the noun, or the peculiar use of tense forms of the verb, etc. b) Stylistic Syntax is one of the oldest branches of stylistic studies that grew out of classical rhetoric. Stylistic syntax has to do with the expressive order of words, types of syntactic links (asyndeton, polysyndeton), figures of speech (antithesis, chiasmus, etc.). It also deals with bigger units from paragraph onwards. 4. Stylistics and other linguistic disciplines. Semasiology: a branch of linguistics whose area of study is meaning. All stylistic effects are based on the interplay between different kinds of meaning on different levels (grammatical, lexical, logical, denotative, connotative, emotive, evaluative, expressive and stylistic). Onomasiology (or onomatology) is the theory of naming dealing with the choice of words when naming or assessing some object or phenomenon. In stylistic analysis we often have to do with a transfer of nominal meaning in a text (antonomasia, metaphor, metonymy, etc.) Literary Stylistics will inevitably overlap with areas of literary studies such as the theory of imagery, literary genres, the art of composition, etc. Decoding Stylistics in many ways borders culture studies in the broad sense of that word including the history of art, aesthetic trends and even information theory. 5. Stylistic neutrality and stylistic colouring Most scholars abroad and in this country giving definitions of style come to the conclusion that style may be defined as deviation from the lingual norm or a departure from the norm of a given national language. (G. Leech, M. Riffaterre, M. Halliday, R. Jacobson and others). What we often call “the norm” in terms of stylistics would be more appropriate to call “neutrality”. Thus we observe an opposition of stylistically coloured specific elements to stylistically neutral non-specific elements. Within the stylistically coloured words there is another opposition between formal vocabulary and informal vocabulary. Stylistically coloured words are limited to specific conditions of communication: you’re sure to recognise words like decease, attire, decline (a proposal) as bookish and distinguish die, clothes, refuse as neutral while such units as snuff it, rags (togs), turn down - as colloquial or informal. Stylistic connotations may be inherent or adherent. Stylistically coloured words possess inherent stylistic connotations. Stylistically neutral words will have only adherent (occasional) stylistic connotations acquired in a certain context: Eg.: A luxury hotel for dogs is to be opened at Lima, Peru a city of 30.000 dogs. The furry guests will have separate hygienic kennels, top medical care and high standard cuisine, including the best bones. (Mailer) 6. Stylistic function notion The semantic structure (or the meaning) of a word consists of its grammatical meaning (noun, verb, adjective) and its lexical meaning. Lexical meaning can further on be subdivided into denotative (linked to the logical or nominative meaning) and connotative meanings. Connotative meaning is only connected with extra-linguistic circumstances such as the situation of communication and the participants of communication. Connotative meaning consists of four components: 1) emotive: express various feelings or emotions; the emotive component of meaning may be occasional or usual (i.e. inherent and adherent); inherent: interjections: adherent: He is a BIG boy already! 2) evaluative: charges the word with negative, positive, ironic or other types of connotation conveying the speaker’s attitude in relation to the object of speech; eg: to sneak - “to move silently and secretly, usu. for a bad purpose”; 3) expressive: either increases or decreases the expressiveness of the message; eg.: “She was a small thin delicate thing with spectacles”; “intensifiers”, words like “absolutely, frightfully, really, quite”; 4) stylistic: a word possesses stylistic connotation if it belongs to a certain functional style or a specific layer of vocabulary (such as archaisms, barbarisms, slang, jargon, etc). Stylistic connotation is usually immediately recognizable; eg.: yonder, slumber, thence immediately connote poetic or elevated writing; price index or negotiate assets are indicative of business language. Литература:
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