Тексты для чтения для студентов спец. Эун тексты I семестра прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста
Скачать 179.67 Kb.
|
| III. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца.
ТЕКСТЫ ДЛЯ ЧТЕНИЯ. для студентов спец.ЭУН ТЕКСТЫ II СЕМЕСТРА PLAN STRUCTURE OF TOWN (1 000) The plan structure of a town is a harmonious system of interrelated parts and elements of an urban territory within the limits of the town. The territory of a town is divided into two basic parts — resi dential and non-residential. Territory beyond the limits of the town includes forest parks, rest and recreational areas, reserve territory for urban develop ment, farm lands, etc. Depending on natural conditions and the town's economic pro file the plan structure may be of an open or close layout. A close layout is characteristic of towns with a compact plan. It develops as one whole within the limits of clearly defined para meters. With the further town's development, the plan structure undergoes certain changes. An open layout is characterized by consistent and free develop ment in definite directions, remaining at every phase a part of the whole. In every concrete instance, the selection of the plan structure takes into account many diverse and interrelated factors. The plan structure of a town is reflected in the general plan. It takes into account industrial development, economic and transportation patterns, the topography of the loca lity, natural and climatic conditions and other factors. FORMATION OF NEW TOWNS (1 300) The conditions for the emergence, existence and further deve lopment of new towns arc manifold and connected with the emer gence of industrial enterprises and other places of employment serving as the basic factor in the formation of new towns. The components contributing to the formation of new towns are: enterprises of various sectors of the mining and processing industries, heavy, light and food industries, power and transportation, higher educational institutions, scientific research institutes, public service facilities, resort and tourist enterprises and others. People employed in basic industry constitute the basic po pulation group. As a rule, major industrial enterprises are located in non-re sidential areas. In the USSR, based on many years of practice, approximate sizes have been established for the territory of such enterprises, depending on their capacity and work force. An in crease in production capacity does not necessarily involve a pro portional increase in the basic population group but depends on the level of automation and other technological advances. Along with the basic population group, there emerges a service population group employed in the following; Municipal administrative and public institutions. Cultural and educational institutions (schools, libraries, clubs, etc.). Medical establishments (polyclinics, hospitals, etc.). A number of food and light industries servicing the needs of the town. Shopping centres and public service establishments. Local transport and public utilities facilities. TOWN CENTRE (1 300) Occupying an important place in the plan structure of a town is the system of public centres differing in their func tion and location. The town centre as a place of the greatest con centration of public life is of particular importance. As a rule town centres are built up with administrative and commercial buildings, public and cultural establishments, large shops, and places of entertainment in a unified architectural ensemble do minating the urban pattern and in harmony with its general plan structure. From the viewpoint of convenience for the public, it is advisable to set the town centre in the geometric centre of the town. But it may often be necessary to locate the town centre away from the geometric centre due to the particular conditions of the territory, location of highways and the existing building pattern. Thus, in large seaport towns the centres are often located near the water. An example of a regular plan structure is the new shopping centre in the city of Abidjan (Ivory Coast). The centre provides for a flexible composition ensuring steady development using modern engineering infrastructure and the construction of high-rise buildings with 11-14 or more stories. The western sites are used for administrative buildings, the eastern — for the shopping; located to the north of the centre are cultural and sports facilities. The separation of automotive and pedestrian traffic is well planned. The central axis highway connects the centre to all the districts of the city. The population of the central district located on the Banko plateau is more than 50,000. STRUCTURE OF RESIDENTIAL AREA (1 800) The residential area of a town is mainly used for the construc tion of housing complexes with cultural and service facilities. The residential area is divided into planning areas (for large cities), residential districts, residential neighbourhoods or communities and house groups . House group is the basic element of a housing complex. It consists of several residential buildings with a day nursery and kindergarten . As a rule, the site is landscaped for use by the people living there. Residential community is a complex of house groups. It includes residential buildings and/cultural and service facilities for day by day living located not more than 300-500 m from the residential buildings. The unifying clement of a community is the school and the public and shopping centre. The territory of a residential com munity is bounded by residential streets and is usually located outside transportation highways. Residential district is a larger housing complex . It includes several residential communities mutually linked by a system of service facilities that are used periodically and located within walking distance of 1,000-1,200 m. Local roads for serving the population may pass through the residential district. Depending on natural climatic conditions, national traditions and life styles, the types of residential and public buildings, the 'form and kinds of public service facilities, the plan structure of residential complexes and services may achieve considerable di versity . It is common practice in Russia to plan the network of cul tural and service facilities in what is described as a stepped sy stem: Cafeterias, cafes, nurseries and kindergartens, schools, shops, service facilities, and cultural and educational institutions catering to the daily needs of the population are located in a residential community and are linked with the houses in the community by pedestrian streets. Cinemas, clubs, libraries, restaurants, sports facilities, etc. which are attended periodically by the population, are located in public centres of a residential district within walking distance from a housing zone. MODERN CITY PLANNING (1 900) Modern city planning is characterized by the rapid urban growth and the tendency for several towns to be knitted together into large agglomerations with a corresponding increase in popu lation and territory. This results in the best farm lands being used by the expanding urban territory and in the despoliation of the natural landscape and forests, the pollution of water areas and the atmosphere. The continued growth of cities with their solid masses of ma sonry structures and high building density results in insufficient insolation and greenery and hence a decline in the urban micro climate. Urban growth increases average travel time. and mobility of people, there is a sharp increase In the intensity of road haulage and the number of transportation facilities. On roads and streets, as is known, the number of vehicles increases several times faster -than the road network causing supersaturation by transportation of the street network and traffic congestion which is already to be observed in many large cities of the United States and other capitalist countries. The main problem facing large modern cities is to make the most effective use of urban land without further encroachment on adjacent land. Towns now in the planning stage or under construction should not only meet man's present day needs but also his diversified activities in the years to come. A part of the buildings including residential and service buildings will either be replaced by new ones or eliminated altogether by future generations, but the main skeleton of the city will remain much longer. It is difficult to ac curately predict development in such areas as atomic energy, new building materials and components, self-powered transportation, and other areas of scientific-technological progress affecting the development of city planning but it is precisely this that makes it necessary to predict the further development of cities, their plan' structure and architectural and spacial composition. In this connection, it is advisable to take a look, if only briefly, at some of the most widespread concepts in modern city planning and prospects for its development, in particular: New population distribution systems. Plan structure of new and rehabilitated old cities. New building materials and components. New types of transportation. |
Похожие:
 | Тексты для чтения для студентов специальности тмс (технология машиностроения) Текст 1 Прочитайте следующие слова и словосочетания. Они помогут Вам понять содержание текста |  | Тексты для работы на занятии ( I v семестр) специальности: бтп, изос... Дайте ответы на следующие вопросы в соответствии с содержанием текста. Полученные предложения переведите на русский язык |
| Российской федерации тюменская государственная архитектурно-строительная академия Коротаева Е. Б., методические указания «Тексты для чтения и перевода по специальности пгс, эун, гсх» для студентов дистанционного... | | Конспект занятия цель: Формировать коммуникативные навыки и умения... Прочитайте и переведите тексты о Берлине. Работайте в группах, затем обменяйтесь информацией |
| Урок в 8 классе. Раздел : „Eine Reise durch die brd Прочитайте и переведите тексты о Берлине. Работайте в группах, затем обменяйтесь информацией | | Чешскийязы к пособие по развитию речи минск Целью является презентация лексических знаний для активного выхода в речь на чешском языке. Тексты построены по принципу нарастания... |
| Методические указания Целью обучения немецкому языку в системе заочного... Ть самостоятельно читать тексты по специальности, понимать их содержание и отбирать все необходимое для работы, а также уметь переводить... | | 1. Прочитайте текст, устно переведите, письменно ответьте на вопросы... Прочитайте текст, устно переведите, письменно ответьте на вопросы и переведите полученные ответы на русский язык |
| Комплексная работа с текстом в старших классах Главное же – это задания речевого характера, направленные на формирование умения воспринимать текст. Особое внимание обращается на... | | Тематическое планирование уроков русского языка в 6 классе Воспроизведение текста. Подробно и выборочно (устно и письменно) пересказывать повествовательные тексты художественного стиля... |
| Программа дисциплины «Правила чтения: техники понимания и интерпретации... Программа предназначена для преподавателей, ведущих данную дисциплину, учебных ассистентов и студентов направления подготовки 032700.... | | В найдите ответы на вопросы, предложенные после текста В данном комплексе упражнений подобраны тренировочные тексты учебно-научного стиля для подготовки к единому государственному экзамену.... |
| Прочитайте текст, изучите комментарии и переведите текст. Поставьте... | | Фонетические упражнения Прочитайте текст по абзацам и озаглавьте их. Назовите основные проблемы, рассмотренные в каждом абзаце. Скажите, какие абзацы можно... |
| И. Б. Абрамова О. П. Кириченко Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов-заочников (1-2 курсов) высших учебных заведений (факультетов) неязыковых... | | Сайты для изучающих английский язык Образовательные ресурсы Интернета школьникам и студентам Английский язык Грамматика английского языка, правила чтения и произношения,... |
