«Теория и практика перевода»
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Тематика дипломных и курсовых работ
ВАРИАНТЫ КОНТРОЛЬНЫХ РАБОТ Контрольное задание 1 1.Переведите выделенный отрывок стать из газеты “USA TODAY” на русский язык. 2. Подчеркните 5 случаев использования переводческих приемов, укажите их названия. Tuition burden falls by a third By Dennis Cauchon, USA TODAY What students pay on average for tuition at public universities has fallen by nearly one-third since 1998, thanks to new federal tax breaks and a massive increase in state and federal grants to most students and their families. Contrary to the widespread perception that tuition is soaring out of control, a USA TODAY analysis found that what students actually pay in tuition and fees — rather than the published tuition price — has declined for a vast majority of students attending four-year public universities. In fact, today's students have enjoyed the greatest improvement in college affordability since the GI bill provided benefits for returning World War II veterans. What made the difference: a $22 billion annual increase in grants and tax breaks since 1998. That 80% jump in financial aid — targeting middle-class families earning $40,000 to $100,000 a year — has more than offset dramatic increases in tuition prices. "College still takes a big chunk out of most families' income. But the average student is much better off today than headlines would have you believe," says Sandy Baum, an economist who co-authors an annual report on college costs for the College Board, which oversees college entrance exams. USA TODAY analyzed what students paid for tuition and fees after grants, discounts, tax credits and deductions. Other studies focus on the listed price of tuition. But listed college tuition is like the sticker price on a new car: Few people actually pay it. In 2003, students paid an average of just 27% of the official tuition price at four-year public universities when grants and tax breaks are counted. Students at private universities paid an average of 57%. The USA TODAY analysis used figures from the College Board, the federal Office of Management and Budget and the Internal Revenue Service. All numbers were adjusted for inflation. The bottom line: • Average tuition paid at public universities fell 32% from $1,636 in the 1997-98 academic year to $1,115 in 2002-03. During that time, the published tuition price rose 18% to an average of $4,202. About three-fourths of the nation's 12 million college students attend public institutions. • Total costs for tuition and room and board were flat at $6,794 at public schools from 1998 to 2003. • Average tuition paid at private universities rose 7% over five years to an average of $10,684 in 2003, less than the 20% increase in published tuition prices. Congress has approved eight tax breaks for college education since 1997. Last year, these tax benefits saved families more than $7 billion. Key benefits: • 6.5 million families got tuition tax credits that reduced taxes an average of $1,350 per return. • 3.5 million received a tuition tax deduction that saved an average of $325 in income taxes. The most affluent taxpayers — 1.5% of returns are for incomes above $200,000 — do not qualify for tax breaks, but many benefited from big increases in grants that reward academic performance. Schools have increased merit aid to recruit the best students, who tend to be affluent. And since 1993, 14 states have started merit-based scholarships to reward students who achieve good grades in high school. The poor have benefited from increases in federal Pell grants from $6 billion to $12 billion since 1998. But the biggest beneficiaries have been middle-class families earning $40,000 to $100,000 a year. They get the most tax benefits and often qualify for financial aid based on both need and merit. Контрольное задание 2
from Lawrence Venuti’s, The Scandals of Translation: Towards an Ethics of Difference Translation patterns since the Second World War indicate the overwhelming domination of English-language cultures. English has become the most translated language worldwide, but despite the considerable size, technological sufficiency, and financial stability of the British and American publishing industries, it is one of the least translated into. UNESCO statistics, incomplete because countries fail to report data and inconsistent because they follow different definitions of what constitutes a book, can still be useful for indicating broad trends. In 1987, the last year for which the data seems comprehensive, the global translation output was approximately 65,000 volumes, more than 32,000 of which were from English. These figures have probably not changed much over the past decade because international publishing has not increased dramatically, despite the widespread use of computers to generate camera-ready composition. The number of translations from English towers over the number of translations made from European languages: around 6700 from French, 6500 from Russian, 5000 from German, 1700 from Italian. In the geopolitical economy of translation, the languages of developing countries rank extremely low: for 1987 UNESCO reports 479 translations from Arabic, 216 from Chinese, 89 from Bengali, 14 from Korean, 8 from Indonesian. English also prevails over the other languages translated within these countries. In Brazil, where 60 percent of new titles consists of translations (4800 out of 8000 books in 1994), as much as 75 percent is from English. British and American publishers, in sharp contrast, translate much less. In the United States, 1994 saw the publication of 51,863 books, 1418 (2.74 percent) of which were translations. This figure includes 55 translations from Chinese and 17 from Arabic, compared to 374 from French and 362 from German. Translation undoubtedly occupies a marginal position in Anglo-American cultures. Yet among the foreign texts that do enter English, writing in African, Asian, and South American languages attracts relatively little interest from publishers. These grossly unequal translation patterns point to a significant trade imbalance between the British and American publishing industries and their foreign counterparts. Quite simply, a lot of money is made from translating English, but little is invested in translating into it. Since the 1980s, sales of foreign rights for English-language books have become highly profitable, earning their publishers millions of dollars annually and in some cases earning more in foreign markets than at home. The foreign rights for an English-language "blockbuster" can fetch $500,000 in South America and from $10,000 to $200,000 in newly industrialized Asian countries like Taiwan, South Korea, and Malaysia. In Brazil, the rights to translate an English-language book start at $3000. According to UNESCO, 1987 saw Brazilian publishers bring out over 1500 such translations, including not only highbrow literary works still under copyright (Samuel Beckett, Margaret Atwood), but also multiple titles by bestselling novelists who command higher fees: 25 books by Agatha Christie, 13 by Barbara Cartland, 9 by Sidney Sheldon, 7 by Harold Robbins, 5 by Robert Ludlum, 2 by Stephen King. In the same year, British and American publishers together issued only 14 translations of Brazilian literature. The enormous earnings from foreign rights sales don't increase the number of translations into English because British and American publishers are keen on financing domestic bestsellers, a trend that has continued unabated since the 1970s. In the words of Alberto Vitale, the chief executive officer of Random House, "foreign rights are the necessary income to compensate for the high advances we often pay in the U.S." МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЕ РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПО ИЗУЧЕНИЮ ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ Содержание самостоятельной работы студентов по данному курсу включает:
Для получения положительной оценки на экзамене студент должен посещать лекционные и семинарские занятия, принимать активное участие в семинарах, выполняя все предлагаемые задания. По завершению изучения курса проводится итоговая контрольная работа: перевод отрывка (1800 печатных знаков) из публицистического текста. Экзамен проводится в виде собеседования, на котором обсуждаются теоретические вопросы курса, анализируется перевод отдельных языковых явлений с теоретическим комментарием. Процентный вклад в итоговый результат по отдельным видам работы следующий:
Отличная отметка выставляется за 95%-100%. Хорошая отметка соответствует 85-94%. На «удовлетворительно» оценивается результат в 75-84%. ГЛОССАРИЙ
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