Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» составлен в соответствии с требованиями Государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования,
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Ваше мнение относительно прочитанного (Your opinion of the text) - I found the text (the article) interesting (important, dull, too hard to understand)… - По-моему, текст (статья) интересен (важен, скучен, слишком сложен для понимания) … Практические задания 1. Переведите следующий отрывок из статьи и ее заглавие письменно: Using XML and Frameworks to Develop Information Systems Toacy C. de Oliveira, Carlos J. P. de Lucena Departamento de Informatica, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio de Janeiro Rua Marques de Sao Vicente 225, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 22453900, Brazil Key words: reuse, framework, domain analysis, XML, object-oriented. Abstract: To accomplish the software development time and cost constraints this development should take place in an environment that helps the designer to deal with the large amount of concepts obtained during the domain analysis phase and the semantic gap between those concepts and the object oriented design model due to their different levels of abstraction. This paper describes the main features of an environment designed to support the development of IS software based on framework reuse and XML specifications. The cost and time-to-market constraints imposed on modern software development oblige application designers to leave the made from scratch approach and adopt a reuse enabled support to software development. As a consequence during the system development proven solutions such as Components [6] and Frameworks [7] must be composed with an application initial specification to obtain the final design/code. It is also important that the act of achieving this application initial specification be handled by a process that captures domain knowledge and guides the application designer to map/trace its translation to any design representation, such as Object-Oriented Design, from where the final specification can be extracted. In this paper we report the ongoing development of an environment that uses a Domain and Reuse Driven approach to the software and development problem. This work is an extension of the approach presented in [19] with the introduction of the XML/XMI standards [10] to represent the designs involved. Another change to the approach is the use of a framework design language to be able to deal with generic framework specifications. It is also important to mention that such an approach should be based upon some characteristics: 1. Compatibility. It must use market standards to provide compatibility/integration with other systems. 2. Code Legibility. During development the compilation/debugging is usually done with a market IDE such as Borland JBuilder and IBM VisualAge, so the user must understand the final code. 3. Focused on OO. The user must only know OOP techniques. 4. UML. Due to OMG standards. 5. Upgradable. Reuse actions such as inheritance, composition, patterns, frameworks and aspects can evolve. With these characteristics in mind our approach adopts market standards like UML and XMI that are used as the basis of the representation of the diagrams involved. The approach begins by making a thorough analysis to determine the common and different aspects of the domain with the FODA Method [4] and Use Cases [13] to reduce the so-called “Semantic Gap”. After that the application designer creates a class diagram based on the previous models that will be used as the application ICEIS 2001 - Information Systems Analysis and Specification. In the reuse phase we have a modification of the traditional software development approach where reuse should be handled. From this phase a XMI representation of the domain specification is obtained to facilitate the composition manipulation of this specification with the reuse specification (also expressed in XMI) that is stored in a reuse repository. After the choice of the reuse specification, which is done empirically, the environment user will be guided to execute reuse actions, stated as class redefinition clauses, pattern usage orcomposition that have been defined by the reusable artifact designer. Section 2 describes the approach overview and its adaptations to the current processes. In Section 3 we describe how domain information is collected. In Section 4 the reuse approach is depicted. Section 5reports on a Rental System development used as a case study. In the last section we present our conclusions. 2. Переведите заглавие статьи и составьте ее письменный реферат. Plain Talk About Computers Al Fasoldt The Syracuse Newspapers It’s time for some plain talk about computers, this week and next. If you find computers baffling, stick with me. We’ll start by getting the jargon out of the way. “PC” means personal computer, but it actually stands for the kind of personal computer IBM invented. So that’s why you hear people talk about “IBM-compatible” computers - PCs made by other companies that are like the ones made by IBM. More than 2,000 companies make PCs worldwide, and IBM is just one of a few dozen really big PC manufacturers these days. The only other kind of computer widely used in homes is the Macintosh. It’s not like IBM’s PC. Despite what anyone tells you, it doesn’t matter whether you use a PC or a Mac. But you need to know that they work differently. If you have a Mac, you need Mac software; if you have a PC, you need PC software. “Software” is jargon for instructions that tell computers what to do. Software is “soft” (unlike hardware) because you can’t touch it. It’s like a set of directions - turn left, go two miles, turn right at the light - written in a language a computer can understand. Usually, these “directions” are stored on a magnetic disk, either a small one that can fit in your pocket or a larger one you can’t see that’s inside the computer. The small one has a hard plastic cover, but the disk itself is bendable, so it’s called a “floppy” disk. The bigger one isn’t bendable, and it’s called a “hard” disk. Last week I explained some of the jargon that gets in the way when you’re trying to understand computers. This week I’ll unravel the mystery of using a computer for the most common task - writing. I’ll concentrate on how PCs work, since most of us use PCs. Everyone who uses a modern computer has a word processor. Even if you didn’t buy a word-processing program separately, you still have the one your computer came with. You might know your word processor as Write or Works or something else – maybe WordPerfect or Microsoft Word. The idea of a word processor seems simple. You type something, and, when you’re through, you save what you wrote. You might also print what you wrote. But those steps aren’t simple at all unless you’ve done them hundreds of times. Here are the basics: Sometimes, before you can even start typing, you have to tell the word processor you want to write something. (This seems odd to me. What does the word processor think you want to do, make a ham sandwich? But that’s how computers are - dumb as a lamp post.) So you click your mouse on the word “File” at the top of the screen and then on the word “New”. Your word processor should then show you a fresh area where you can type. (Cranky work processors might ask you what kind of document - what kind of writing thing – you want to create. If so, click on whatever choice seems right. You’ll have time to worry about those different types some other time.) By now, you’ve got an area on the screen that has stuff at the top and maybe at the sides and even at the bottom. Ignore all that junk. It doesn’t do anything basic. Just type. If you make a mistake, you can hit the Backspace key and get rid of it, or you can work like the pros and double-click on the word that’s wrong. Doing that makes the word stand out. (It’s “selected”, in nerd talk.) Whatever you type automatically takes the place of the highlighted word. When you’ve finished writing, you have to tell the computer to save what you wrote. Someone might tell you that word processors automatically save what you write, but don’t believe what you hear. (They might, and they might not, and they especially might not when you really need to find that letter you wrote to the IRS.) So you need to click your mouse on the word “File” again and then click on the word “Save”. Then the fun starts. You’ll see a small window with a lot of gibberish nearby. Ignore everything that doesn’t make sense. Just type something that will remind you of what you just wrote. (If you have a new PC or one that was new within the last year, you can type something really long and strange. If you have an old PC, you’ll have to type something short. But the main thing is to type something that will jog your memory six months from now.) A quick tech note: Whatever you wrote is on your screen, right? But once you save it using the method I just told you about, it’s also on your computer somewhere. (Don’t worry about where it is - we’ll get to that next week.) So that means you can stop what you’re doing and get rid of the word processor without losing what you wrote. You get rid of the word processor by clicking on that old familiar word, “File”, and then clicking on “Exit”. Hotshot users will tell you there are fancier ways to get the word processor to go away, but don’t listen to them. They’ll just confuse things. Suppose you want to get the thing you wrote back up on your screen? That can be a chore. We’ll see why next week. These instructions won’t do any good if they’re just lying around loose. So they’re strung together into programs. Just like TV programs, software programs have a point where they stop and a point where they end, with anything imaginable in between. Programs need to be organized, too. They’re put in the computer’s version of a filing cabinet. They’re kept in computer files and computer folders. You’ve probably seen something on your computer screen that looks like a real folder. If you click your mouse button twice – called double clicking - when the pointer is on top of a computer folder, the folder opens up so you can see what’s inside it. (You might even see more folders inside the first folder. There’s no limit.) This idea of using a computer mouse to “open” something runs pretty deep in the computer world. Even programs can be opened - in fact, that’s the word all the software companies use. When you “open” a program, you get it going. You run it, in other words. Another thing you open on a computer is a window. These days, every program uses a window in one way or another. Sometimes the window is the full size of your screen and sometimes it’s very small. A window is a box. “Window” is a better term than “box” because real windows give you a view of things, and computer windows do, too. You can view a letter to Aunt Nellie or a page on the World Wide Web or just about anything else. A window usually has a bar along the top that works a little like a billboard (because it advertises the program) and a lot like a grab handle (because it lets you move the window). Move the window by putting the mouse pointer on top of that bar and holding the mouse button down while you move the mouse. The window travels right along with your pointer. The jargon for the part of the window that works like a grab handle is “title bar” or “menu bar”. This isn’t so hard, is it? Next week we’ll dig a little deeper. I promise it will be painless. Modern computers give you two ways to deal with documents. You can do something with the document - you can click on it, for example - or you can find the program that created the document and figure out how to deal with it. Guess which way is easier? Yet most computer users pick the harder way. That’s because most of us know that computers can’t do anything without software, and that means they need programs. And that must mean we need programs, too. It means we have to struggle around the menus on our computers to find the right programs in order to get something done. Wrong. This week, in the final installment in my miniseries on the basics of using computers, I’ll tell you why that’s wrong. I’ll also explain how to take advantage of the first technique. I promise you’ll save both time and effort. Here’s the idea: Documents - letters you write in your word processor, financial statements you fiddle with in your personal-finance program, images you capture off a Web page - are the real things in computing. Programs are just so much twaddle. What this means in simple terms is that the things you work with, the stuff you want to see in your folders and on your desktop, are documents. You want to see that e-mail letter you got from your daughter, as a clickable icon. You want to see an icon for last month’s budget statement. You want to be able to click on the icon of a picture and have it open on your screen. Right? Isn’t that the way you want to work with your computer? Then why do most of us do it the hard way? Why do we look through a jumble of icons for the right program and then perform the comedy routine of running it, going to a menu, choosing Open, searching through the list that comes up, backing out of that list to look somewhere else, and finally locating what we want? Because we are creatures of habit. Because that’s how most of us learned how to use a PC in the first few weeks of that new adventure. Here’s how to shed that habit. There are three simple steps, if you’re using Windows 95 or a Macintosh. 1. Try to save documents in only a few locations. Microsoft, maker of Windows, uses a folder named My Documents for all documents created by any of its Office 95 and Office 97 programs. It’s a good idea, because documents are easy to find when they’re in one place. Carry that one step further by saving your other documents in the same kind of central folder whenever possible. 2. Create a shortcut (or an alias, if you use a Mac) to your central documents folder on your desktop. This puts your documents a click or two away. 3. Open that folder and double-click on the document you want to open. Simple, right? You save a lot of steps and a great deal of time because you let the computer do all the associating of programs and documents. By focusing on the documents, you’re paying attention to the important (and, sometimes, irreplaceable) items on your disk drive. And you’re letting the computer handle the rest. A few tips to guide newcomers before we leave this subject: 1. File associations aren’t always done automatically. You can create them yourself. You can create your own file associations in both Windows 3.x (the old version) and Windows 95. (And, of course, in the heavy-duty version, Windows NT.) This idea - that you can change the way the operating system responds when you click on an icon - is a very powerful feature of a modern PC. I’ll describe some ways to do this shortly. 2. File associations sometimes conflict with each other. File associations in Windows PCs are based not on some esoteric code within a file but on something almost absurdly simple - the characters at the end of the name of a file. These characters are called the filename extension. They always follow the last period in a filename. (In Windows 3.x, there can be only one period in a filename, but in Windows 95 and Windows NT there can be many.) MyFile.txt is an example, as are MYFILE.TXT and This is my note to Mom on Mother’s Day, 1997.doc and even What.Kind.Of.Fool.Am.I.README.TXT (a name that works fine in modern versions of Windows!). Because the operating system relies on filename extensions to know which program should open a file, and because some extensions (such as TXT and DOC) are quite common, you’ll find an occasional program that insists on opening a file that “belongs” to another program. Or you’ll want to fix a conflict when a new program you’ve installed changes the associations you’ve been using. A full explanation of how to deal with this awaits another article, but we’ll take a short tour of how to handle this problem below. First, how do you create your own file associations? Here’s how to do it in Windows 3.x (Windows 3.1 and 3.11). (There are two ways, but I’ll describe the easiest method.) Run File Manager. Click once on a file within one of File Manager’s windows that has the filename extension you want to associate with a program.(In other words, if you want all READ.ME files to be opened by a certain program - all files with a ME extension, in other words - click once on any file that has ME as its extension.) Then click on the File menu, then on Associate.... Choose one of the programs listed in the box that opens, or use Browse... to choose a program from any location on your system. That’s all there is to it. Here’s how to do it in Windows 95 and NT. (There are many ways, but, again, I’ll keep it simple.) Double-click on the icon for any file that does not have a file association. Windows will open a dialog (a window) that asks you to choose a program that can open the file. Click on the checkbox at the bottom of that dialog to tell Windows it should always use the program you choose. Find the program in the list, or browse to a program that’s not listed, then select it. That’s it. What if file associations conflict with each other? A common example for old-timers is the DOC filename extension. Old MS-DOS texts (and some modern ones) use DOC as the extension for documents that explain how a program works. These old-style DOC texts are nearly always ASCII texts - plain texts, without any word processor codes. With the ascendancy of Microsoft Word, DOC has become the standard filename extension for Word documents. If you double-click on a DOC file, and if you have Microsoft Word installed on your PC, Word will open the file. This is fine if the file is a Word document, but a waste of time if the file is a plain ASCII text. (Word takes a long time opening files anyway. And, although it will, all on its own, figure out that a file with a DOC extension is not a Word file at all but an ASCII text, it has the gall to stop and ask you if the file is really a standard text! This behavior can be changed, however; look in the configuration options.) So plain texts are better opened in Notepad (or in a replacement for Notepad, which I’ll discuss shortly). In Windows 3.x, you’re stuck with a couple of choices. You can run your text editor, then manually open the file from the File menu, or you can drag the icon for the file over to the text editor window and drop it there. In Windows 95 and NT, you can add an option to the context menu of the type of file you’re dealing with. I’ll deal with that another time in some detail. But if you want to try your hand at it now, just open an Explorer window (a folder window, in other words), choose View, then Options, then File Types, and navigate to the type of file you want to add an association to. Follow the prompts when you find it to create a new action (use Open with when you add an action, for example). A personal note: Ordinarily, I’d say at this point that you might want to associate Notepad with such files as READ.ME, but I don’t recommend Notepad to anyone. There are dozens of good replacements for Notepad for both old and new versions of Windows, so 93 take my advice and pick up a good Windows text editor and dump Notepad. |
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