Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» составлен в соответствии с требованиями Государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования,

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Название	Учебно-методический комплекс по дисциплине «Иностранный язык» составлен в соответствии с требованиями Государственного образовательного стандарта высшего профессионального образования,
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Дата публикации	10.11.2014
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Тип	Учебно-методический комплекс

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9. а) Вставьте предлоги, где это необходимо.

Goods can be moved directly ... the producer ... the consumer, but generally manufactured consumer goods are delivered ... consumers ... indirect and more complicated channels. Wholesaling is a part ... the marketing system standing ... the manufacturer and the retailer and providing channels ... goods distribution. Wholesalers buy goods ... large quantities and sell them ... small quantities ... retailers, thus they simplify the distribution process. Dealing directly ... diverse producers and trading ... a large assortment of items, wholesalers ... the same time trade ... numerous independent retailers, so wholesaling is ... great importance both ... manufacturers and retailers. Small businesses are known to participate ... the field of wholesaling, about one-fourth ... wholesaling units accounting ... one-third of total sales.

б) Напишите пять вопросов к тексту

в) Ответьте на вопрос:

What is the role of wholesalers in trade?

10. а) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту Foreign Trade.

What does foreign trade mean in economic terms?
What are the three main advantages of trade?
How did Adam Smith explain the role of foreign trade?
What is the main principle of Ricardo's theory of international trade?
What examples of comparative and competitive advantages of trade can you think of?
Why did trade based on competitive advantage appear as late as in the 19th century?
What is the role of international trade nowadays?
Are developing or developed nations more interested in foreign trade?

б) Подумайте и скажите:

1. What goods does Russia export and import?

2. What do you know about the European Economic Community and its role in world trade?

11. а) Обратите внимание на произношение некоторых слов, образующихся при конверсии:

Существительное Глагол

produce to produce

record to record

subject to subject

use to use

present to present

survey to survey

import to import

export to export

б) Вставьте в предложения пропущенные слова из задания (а) в соответствующей форме. Определите, какими частями речи являются эти слова, и переведите предложения на русский язык.

The goods bought or sold from abroad such as foodstuffs, machines, medicines, consumer goods are called visible ... or ... .
A developing nation tries ... more of its own capital and finished goods though the export of agricultural... and natural resources is still one of the important items in its foreign trade.
The goods produced by the members of the European Economic Community are not ... to high taxes and sometimes are free of duty (не облагаются пошлиной).
It is important ... the information about any transaction accurately and in due time.
Periodical ... of goods quality and their acceptance by customers is very useful for predicting main trends in the market.
Proper... of monetary policies and indexation often help to reduce the rate of inflation.
A fully developed industrial nation tends ... capital as foreign aid, private foreign investment and private bank lending.
Producers can... different methods of selling their goods either through retailing or wholesaling.
Economics is a complex... and it is difficult to give a simple definition to it.
It is easier to compare and analyze the production and the sales figures if they ... as graphs or in tables.
Nowadays it is more convenient to store ... about inputs and expenses using a computer.
It is necessary ... the situation in the market before starting your own business.

12. а) Раскройте скобки и употребите глагол в соответствующей форме.

First bilateral trade agreements (to coordinate) international trade policy (to sign) in the 1930s. After World War II the (to establish) international organizations helped to promote trade (to liberalize) tariffs and nontariff trade barriers (нетарифные торговые барьеры). (То sign) the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 23 non-communist nations removed barriers to free trade. GATT members held a number of specially (to organize) rounds of negotiations that reduced (to exist) tariffs and other restrictions on world trade. In 1994 (to finish) final negotiations, the 123 member nations of the GATT signed a new agreement in order (to establish) the World Trade Organization (WTO). (To ratify) by all of the 123 nations, the 1994 GATT agreement transferred all activities of GATT members to the WTO.

б) Ответьте на вопрос:

What role did the GATT play in developing foreign trade?

13. Вставьте предлоги, где это необходимо.

Thousands ... retailers are known to compete ... each other... consumers ... the market and their major purpose is “to have the right goods ... the right place ... the right time”. To be successful a retailer should distinguish itself ... others and carry ... a strategy ... meeting the demands .... a specific consumer group. This strategy includes ... careful consideration ... the following questions: 1) the quality ... the product to be sold; 2) the available quantity ... the product; 3) the location ... the selling place; 4) the time to make the product available; 5) the pricing ... the product; 6) product advertising (зд. рекламирование).

Many kinds ... retailers such as department stores (универмаг), specialty stores (специализированный магазин), discount stores (магазин, торгующий по сниженным ценам) and others compete ... providing consumers ... a convenient time and place to buy needed goods. As retailers are able to contact ... consumers directly, the former can study and influence ... the needs and preferences ... the latter.

14. Преобразуйте подчеркнутые части придаточных предложений в причастные обороты. Произведите в предложениях все необходимые изменения.

When the government had limited imports, it attempted to control the amount of currency which was leaving the country, thus it could increase reserves of its own currency and reduce amounts which foreigners held.
If LDCs are involved in production sharing, they are able to get a larger share of the world's income and wealth.
After the member nations of the GATT had signed a new major agreement, they removed many barriers in trade and formed the World Trade Organization.
Since quotas were imposed, they could correct a negative trend in the country’s balance of payment (платежный баланс).
The taxes that the governments impose on the goods which domestic producers import also increase revenues for the nations’ governments.
Retailers make their products available at times when consumers are willing and able to buy them; holidays, changing seasons, school graduations generate special opportunities (возможности) to sell goods.
If a retailer works hard at improving an image of his store and products, customers will be more attracted to his store.
As some retail businesses grew to a large size, they found it profitable to bypass (обходить) the wholesaler and deal directly with the manufacturers.
Only when countries had reached the stage of industrialization, they began to develop trade relations where the principle of competitive advantage was used as the basis.
As Switzerland is known for its fine watches, it maintains its reputation and promotes the selling of famous Swiss watches all over the world.

15. Заполните пропуски следующими словами в соответствующей форме:

to allow, to emphasize, to compete with, to compete in, to compete for, to participate, to enable, to promote, to gain, gain, to expand, major, relatively, diverse, competitive, innovations, throughout

1. In 1992 US exports totalled about $447 billion, ... US exports including chemicals, grain (зерно) or grain products, soybeans (соя) and coal (уголь).

2. The Industrial Revolution which began in the mid-18th century, ... a few economies to develop and ... ... similar (похожий) goods.

3. Adam Smith ... that businesses within each nation produced what was most suitable to their region, and individual producers as economic units ... from trading certain goods.

4. Nowadays some countries with ... similar free market economies … … customers in each other’s home markets.

5. World trade ... very rapidly since 1950, at an average rate of 8 percent per year.

6. In the 1960s the USA lost its dominant position in world trade as Japanese companies began successfully ... ... American ones.

7. It is known that an exchange based on ... advantage appeared late in the 19th century when several countries had reached the stage of industrialization.

8. Many countries depend especially on foreign trade of ... raw materials for their plants, factories and other industries.

9. Strong competition in the world market ... producers to look for ... in order to dominate in the world’s economy.

10. The membership in the European Economic Community ... member countries to import goods and services from others on favourable terms (на льготных условиях).

11. Exploiting international differences in opportunity costs, countries ... in foreign trade can get a net ... .

12. Various degrees of socialism exist... the world, such as those in Egypt, Burma, Sweden and Denmark.

16. Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте его.

Foreign trade being an essential part of a nation’s economy, governmental restrictions are sometimes necessary to protect national interests. Government actions may occur in response to the trade policies of other countries or in order to protect specific depressed industries. Since the beginnings of foreign trade, nations have tried to maintain a favourable balance of trade - that is, to export more than they import.

Products are known to be bought and sold in the international market with national currencies. Seeking to improve its balance of international payments, that is, to increase reserves of its own currency and reduce the amount held by foreigners, a country may attempt to limit imports. The aim of such policy is to control the amount of currency that leaves the country.

One method of limiting imports is simply to close the channels of entry into a country. Usually maximum allowable (разрешенный) import quantities known as quotas may be set for specific products. These may also be used to limit the amount of foreign or domestic currency that is allowed to cross national borders. Having been imposed, quotas serve as the quickest means of stopping or even reversing (зд. изменять) a negative trend in a country’s balance of payments as well as of protecting domestic industry from foreign competition.

Another common way of restricting imports is by imposing tariffs or taxes on imported goods. A tariff paid by the buyer of the imported product makes the price higher for that good in the importing country. The higher price reduces consumer demand, effectively restricting the import. The taxes collected on the imported goods also increase revenues for the nation’s government. Tariffs also serve as a subsidy to domestic producers of the goods taxed because the higher price resulting from a tariff is an incentive for the competing domestic industry to expand production.

In recent years the use of non-tariff barriers to trade has increased. It may result in some administrative regulations that discriminate against foreign goods and in favour of domestic ones. These regulations may include various measures such as adopting special domestic tax policies or strict standards on imported goods, delaying imports at the country’s boundaries, ordering government officers to use domestically produced goods. Direct government support of depressed domestic industries is considered as a non-tariff barrier to trade, as such support puts the aided industries at an unfair (несправедливый) advantage among trading nations. However, these barriers are not necessarily imposed by a government, for example an organized public campaigns “buy only American” or “don't buy beef of mad cows” may be effective as well.

17. Используя текст, закончите следующие предложения:

1. Governmental restrictions in foreign trade can be imposed ...

2. To increase the amount of national currency ...

3. Quotas are known to be ...

4. Both tariffs and taxes are used ...

5. It is important that non-tariff barriers ...
UNIT 5
1. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.
1. Accounting records are known to provide managers, creditors, banks and stockholders with very important data.

2. It is advisable to evaluate the current position of the company by preparing a trial balance.

3. The value of the share has been found to depend greatly on the success of the company’s activity.

4. Interest on borrowed capital is certainly to be paid out to the bank whether the business is profitable or not.

5. Bonds are issued to borrow the needed money.

6. To result in a company's profit the cash inflow should be higher than the outflow.

7. One of the aims of the market research is to find out the requirements of the customers.

8. There are seven steps to be followed in accounting cycle, the systematic recording of the data being the first step.

9. Unreasonably high prices and poor selling methods are likely to reduce the success of this new product at the market.

10. To solve the pricing problem properly the manager should regard the interests of both the company and its customers.

11. Capital investments in the production must be large enough to obtain the equity which stockholders will get in the form of dividends.

12. Businessmen are reported to consider trade union regulations to be an obstacle to job creation.

2. Образуйте антонимы следующих прилагательных и существительных, используя отрицательные приставки un-. in-. im-. ir-. dis-

desirable, responsible, proper, advantage, limited, expected, possible, adequate, agreement, real, sufficient, developed, easy, regular, able, efficient, profitable, successful, active, employed, dependent

3. Переведите текст. Найдите в тексте:

1) усилительные конструкции (второй и седьмой абзацы);

2) условные предложения (второй абзац);

3) независимые причастные обороты (первый и второй абзацы);

4) бессоюзные определительные придаточные предложения (третий, шестой, седьмой абзацы).
Forms of Business Ownership

Business is a commercial enterprise performing all those functions that govern the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for the benefit of the buyer and the profit of the seller. Since the beginning of the era of economic progress old ways of running business have been modified, and new forms of business organization have been introduced. This has enabled various branches of industry to adapt to changing conditions and to function more easily, efficiently and profitably, sole proprietorship, partnership, and corporation being the main three forms of business ownership.

A sole proprietorship is a business owned by one person, in which all the profits belong to the owner, the latter being fully responsible for the success and the failure of the business. Unless an activity is specifically prohibited by law, no field of business is closed to an owner. Although advantages for the small business exist in this form, certain drawbacks make it undesirable for larger concerns. In the first place, the single owner is seldom able to invest as much capital as can be obtained by a partnership or a corporation. If single owners are able to invest large amounts of capital, they run great risk of losing it all because they are personally liable for all the debts of their businesses. It is due to unlimited liability that all the personal assets of the owner, including his home and car, can be sold to settle the debts of the business. Unless the owner has much personal wealth, the business may have difficulty borrowing money in critical times. A sole proprietorship may also have difficulty hiring and keeping good employees, because the business will dissolve when the owner retires or dies.

A partnership is an association of two or more persons who have agreed to combine their financial assets, labour, property, and other resources as well as their abilities and who carry on a business jointly for the purpose of profit. The agreement the partners usually sign to form an association is known as a partnership contract and may include general policies, distribution of profits, responsibilities.

Like the sole proprietorship, the partnership is easy to establish, and its profits are not subjected to federal corporation taxes. Financing is generally easier to obtain because the personal assets of the group are usually larger and the chances of success are higher. The major disadvantage of the partnership is unlimited liability of each partner for the debts of the business, that is, complete financial responsibility for losses. Furthermore, partners who wish to retire may find it difficult to recover their investments without dissolving the partnership and ending the business.

A business corporation is an organization created by law that allows people to associate together for the purpose of making profit. Corporations are also known as joint-stock companies because they are jointly owned by different persons who receive shares of stock in exchange for an investment of money in the company. Shares represent fractions of the company's assets such as cash, equipment, real estate, manufactured goods, etc.

Though the corporation is more difficult and expensive to organize than other business forms, it has a number of advantages. First, investors can limit their personal liability to the amount of money they have invested, thus, if the corporation goes bankrupt, they can lose no more than they have put in. Second, money to operate the business is obtained by the sale of stocks to the general public and this enables the corporation to exist independently of its owners. The corporation also finds it easier to borrow money from banks and it is also a successful means for attracting large amounts of capital and investing the latter in plants, modern equipment and expensive research. Salaries large corporations can offer to managers and specialists are high and that allows corporations to hire professional and talented employees.

The great drawback of the corporate form of ownership is double taxation of profits which means that business corporations must pay taxes on their net income, and then the shareholders are to pay taxes on the income they receive as dividends on their stock. Different kinds of reports to be filed to federal and state regulatory agencies about the corporation activity can also be considered as another disadvantage of this business form. However, in terms of size and influence it is the corporation that has become the dominant business form existing in most countries with free market economy.

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