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10. Вставьте предлоги, где это необходимо. 1. ... a mixed economy the government may be a producer... private goods, for example, steel and motor cars. 2. An increase ... the price ... an input will lead to a reduction ... the demand ... that input. 3. The firm can sell as much as it wants ... the market price. 4. A consumer’s tastes and income as well as prices ... other goods influence ... his or her demand. 5. Consumers almost always respond to an increase ... a good’s price ... a reduction ... the quantity ... it consumed ... them. 6. A change ... the supply ... a good and ... its demand both influence ... its equilibrium price. 7. Rupert Murdoch, the media magnate, is planning to supply the services ... his network ... satellites ... Internet development. If Internet is operated ... satellites, there will be access ... it ... televisions and mobile phones, not only ... personal computers, ... the near future. 8. ... a command economy, plans are imposed ... producers ... government agencies. 9. Scientists and engineers have been developing substitutes ... natural building materials ... several past decades. 10. Supplying people ... food as well as industry ... raw materials, agriculture is ... utmost importance ... an economy. 11. а) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту Demand and Supply. 1. What is demand? 2. What is supply? 3. When are the demanded and supplied quantities of goods high? 4. How are prices and the supplied and demanded quantities regulated by the market? 5. Which factors influence demand? How do they work? 6. Which factors influence supply? 7. How can governments regulate demand and supply? б) Подумайте и скажите: 1. How can prices for other goods influence the demand for a good? Supply examples. 2. What inferior goods can you name? 3. What may be the result of imposing ceiling prices? 12. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на слова some и the same. 1. At some price, which we call the “equilibrium price”, the demanded quantity of a good equals the supplied quantity. 2. All markets have the same economic function: they form prices equalling the quantities of goods that people wish to buy or to sell. 3. There has been some rise of income in the past two decades (десятилетия) in developing countries. 4. A less developed country is the same as a country of the Third World. 5. An association is an organization formed by the people having the same interests and held together by a system of management. 6. For the next twenty years the supply of energy will be limited in some sectors of the US economy. 7. A consumer group is a small group of people living in the same place who study the prices and the quality of consumer goods sold in shops, and make the information known to the public. 8. An improvement in technology is something that makes it possible for firms to produce more goods with the same quantity of inputs as before. 13. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на слова и словосочетания из словарного минимума к тексту Demand and Supply. 1. If the price is higher than the equilibrium one, it will be falling till the equilibrium price is reached and there is no more surplus left. If a good is sold at a price below the equilibrium one, the price will grow and reach the equilibrium price till there is no more shortage of the good left. 2. Governments buy and produce many goods and services, such as defence, education, parks, and roads for firms and individuals. 3. Firms producing computers act as buyers in the markets for the services of computer programmers. 4. Governments, through their control of the quantity of money in the economy, can influence business activity. 5. With a reduction in input prices firms will supply more of a good at each price. 6. Inflation is a rise in the level of prices as demand is higher than supply because of an increase in the supply of money. 7. When there is a harvest failure, the producers' supply will decrease. 8. Supply restrictions imposed by cartels are as characteristic of industrialized economies as of developing economies. 9. Private sector in a mixed economy is that part of the economy that is controlled by private firms, not by government or corporations. 10. Excess supply is a situation in which, at a certain price, the quantity of a good demanded by buyers is less than the quantity supplied by producers. 14. а) Раскройте скобки и употребите глаголы в соответствующей форме. What (to happen) to the equilibrium price of a product when its quantity (to supply) by producers (to change)? For example, with an improvement in technology of wheat production wheat farmers (to wish) and (to be) able (to supply) more wheat at a given price than they (to do) before. How it (to influence) the equilibrium price? Clearly, it (to fall). But if the weather (to be) poor, the (to supply) quantity of wheat (to decrease). How it (to influence) the equilibrium price? It (to go) up. In 1984, police officers (to concern) with narcotics consumption in the United States (to show) what a change in (to supply) quantity (can) (to do). There (to be) a massive increase in the quantity of coca production in South America and the quantity of cocaine (to supply) to the United States (to raise) dramatically. The result (to be) a big fall in the price of cocaine. In some parts of the United States, cocaine (to self) in 1984 for one-half to one-third the price of a year before. One of federal officials (to say): “At no time in the modern history of international drug control the price of a drug (to drop) by half so quickly.” б) Напишите пять вопросов к тексту. 15. Вставьте в предложения следующие слова в соответствующей форме: to impose, the same, surplus, to buy, consumer, to rise, to increase, equilibrium price, as well as, to fall, shortage (2), inputs, normal 1. ... are the factors of production (land, labour, capital, materials) that are put into a business to produce goods and services. 2. When all goods are ... , lower consumer income reduces the demanded quantity for all goods. 3. When the Beatles and Rolling Stones first became popular, the demand for haircuts (стрижка) suddenly .... 4. When income ..., the demand for most goods increases. Typically, consumers ... more of everything. 5. At any time, the market price may not be the ... leading to excess supply (...) or excess demand (...). 6. If there is a national food ... , a government may ... a ceiling price on food so that poor people can buy enough food. 7. Workers in poor countries having no resources for health and education are often less productive than workers using... technology in rich countries. And without higher productivity it is hard... investment in people... in machinery. 8. Japanese ... pay as much as eight world prices for beef (говядина). 16. Вставьте в предложения слово as или сочетания с ним. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. The newly industrialized countries... Brazil, Mexico, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore, grew twice ... quickly ... the rich industrialized countries during the 1970s. ... a group, their share of world exports increased from 3 percent in 1960 to 7 percent in 1987. These countries now play a larger part in the world economy than ... countries ... Sweden and Australia. 2. Capitalism is an economic system in which capital belongs to (принадлежит) private persons who are free to carry on business ... they wish without any government intervention. 3. Alfred Marshall (1842-1924) is known ... an economist who played an important role in the construction of theories of consumer demand and contributed to many other areas of economics....... His Principles of Economics written in 1890 was a leading economics book for many years. 17. Прочитайте текст, не пользуясь словарем. Ответьте на вопрос, следующий за текстом. The Pope and the Price of Fish It is interesting for a student of economics to learn how demand and supply analysis works in practice. Until 1966 Roman Catholics were not allowed to eat meat on Fridays and ate fish instead. In 1966 the Pope (Папа Римский) said that Catholics could eat meat on Friday. What do you think happened to the average weekly price and average weekly quantity of consumed fish? The demand for fish fell as some Catholics who had to eat fish before started eating meat on Friday when they were allowed to do so. This is a simple example of the effect of a change in tastes (вкусы) on the demand. Economists said that lower demand would lead to lower equilibrium price and the quantity of demanded fish. Studying reports on fish prices and quantities of sold fish in the United States before and after 1966 we can see that this is what happened. Do you think tastes are as important for demand as prices of other goods in the markets? Supply examples. 18. Закончите данные ниже предложения, выбрав вариант, соответствующий содержанию прочитанного текста. 1. In 1966 the Pope said that Catholics... a) could eat fish on Friday; b) could eat meat every day of the week; c) could eat fish every day of the week. 2. In 1966, when Catholics were allowed to eat meat on Friday, ... a) the demand for fish increased; b) the demand for fish decreased; c) the demand for fish remained the same. 3. The demand is influenced not only by consumer incomes but also by... a) the price of other goods in the market; b) improvement in technology; c) consumers’ tastes. 4. As the demand for fish fell, ... a) the equilibrium price fell, too; b) the equilibrium price rose; c) the equilibrium price remained the same. 19. Измените предложения по образцам в соответствии с содержанием текста The Pope and the Price of Fish. ОБРАЗЕЦ 1: The demand for fish after 1966 was (high) before 1966. → The demand for fish after 1966 was not as high as before 1966. 1. The demand for meat before 1966 was (high) after 1966. 2. The quantity of sold fish after 1966 was (great) before 1966. 3. The quantity of sold meat before 1966 was (great) after 1966. 4. The price for fish before 1966 was (low) after 1966. ОБРАЗЕЦ 2: The demand for fish before 1966, after 1966 (high). → The demand for fish before 1966 was higher than the demand for fish after 1966. 1. The average weekly price for fish after 1966, before 1966 (low). 2. The average weekly quantity of consumed fish before 1966, after 1966 (big). 3. The demand for meat before 1966, after 1966 (low). 4. The quantity of meat consumed on Friday after 1966, before 1966 (big). 5. The quantity offish consumed on Friday after 1966, before 1966 (small). ОБРАЗЕЦ 3: Catholics ate (much) of fish before 1966, after 1966. → Catholics ate more offish before 1966 than after 1966. 1. People paid (little) for fish after 1966, before 1966. 2. People ate (little) offish after 1966, before 1966. 3. Meat was bought (much) on Friday after 1966, before 1966. 4. Fish was demanded (little) on Friday after 1966, before 1966. UNIT 3 Words and terms to be remembered steady а - устойчивый; постояный; равномерный cause n - причина, основание inflationary spiral - инфляционная спираль cause v (smth) - быть причиной; (ситуация, когда темп инфляции постоянно вызывать; причинять (что-л) и быстро повышается) rather adv - довольно, несколько inflation rate - темп инфляции argue v - приводить доводы; утверждать; hyperinflation п - гиперинфляция (обычно доказывать; спорить связывается с месячными показателями роста argument n - довод, доказательство цен примерно на 50% за несколько месяцев speed v (smth) (sped, speeded) (up) - подряд и с социальными потрясениями) ускорять, увеличивать explain v (smth to smb) – объяснять; разъяснять anticipate v - ожидать, предвидеть (кому-л, что-л) extent п - степень, мера account v (for smth) - 1. объяснять (что-л.); to some extent - до некоторой степени 2. нести ответственность (за что-л.) adjustment n - регулирование, согласование accept v - принимать adjust v (smth to smth) - приспосабливать accept v – принимать (что-л. к чему-л.); регулировать; устанавливать occur v - случаться, происходить indexation n - индексация ensure v - обеспечивать, гарантировать соре v (with smth) – справиться (с чем-л.) incomes policy - политика доходов (ставит своей целью контроль над инфляцией путём сдерживания прироста зарплаты и цен) 1. В следующих предложениях найдите независимый причастный оборот. Переведите предложения на русский язык. a) 1. An increase in price of one percent resulting in an increase in supply of more than one percent, the supply is called elastic. 2. Ceiling prices being controlled by the government, goods may find their way to the black market. 3. In the next 25 years or so, the average age in the United States increasing, problems of the aged rather than young people will be of importance. 4. With a financial panic everyone wanting his money at the same time, the bank is unable to pay. 5. Cheques being accepted in payment of purchases, people feel that a bank account is as good as or even better than money in their pocket. b) 1. The two principal economic systems were considered to be capitalism and socialism, mixed economies lying in between those. 2. Natural resources are one of the three factors of production, the other two being labour and capital. 3. Auctions make buyers bid against each other, with the seller taking a passive role. 4. The world distribution of income is unjust, with poor countries having 61 percent of the world’s population, but receiving only 6 percent of the world income. 2. Переведите предложения с союзом whether на русский язык. 1. Profit depends on whether the amount received is greater than the amounts paid. 2. Whether a faster growth rate of production is desirable, depends on whether a society wants to spend more on its needs of today or it is prepared to invest in tomorrow. 3. It makes a lot of difference to the banker whether the loan is in cash or in the form of a deposit. 4. Research workers never know whether or not they will find anything useful. 5. Average costs of production are important to the decision of whether or not to stay in business. 3. Переведите текст Inflation. Найдите в тексте предложения, где употребляется независимый причастный оборот. Inflation Inflation is a steady rise in the average price and wage level. The rise in wages being high enough to raise costs of production, prices grow further resulting in a higher rate of inflation and, finally, in an inflationary spiral. Periods when inflation rates are very large are referred to as1 hyperinflation. The causes of inflation are rather complicated, and there is a number of theories explaining them. Monetarists, such as Milton Friedman, say that inflation is caused by too rapid increase in money supply and the corresponding excess demand for goods. Therefore, monetarists consider due government control of money supply to be able to restrict inflation rates. They also believe the high rate of unemployment to be likely to restrain claims for higher wages. People having jobs accept the wages they are being paid, the inflationary spiral being kept under control. This situation also accounts for rather slow increase in aggregate demand. On the other hand, Keynesians, that is, economists following the theory of John M. Keynes, suppose inflation to be due to processes occurring in money circulation. They say that low inflation and unemployment rates can be ensured by adopting a tight incomes policy. Incomes policies, though, monetarists argue, may temporarily speed up the transition to a lower inflation rate but they are unlikely to succeed in the long run2. The costs of inflation depend on whether it was anticipated and on the extent to which the economy’s institutions allow complete inflation adjustment. The longer inflation continues, the more the economy learns to live with it. Indexation is a means to reduce the costs of some inflation effects. Indexed wages or loans mean that the amount to be paid or repaid will rise with the price level. Indexation has already been introduced in countries that had to live with inflation rates of 30 or 40 percent for years. And the more countries adjust their economies to cope with inflation, the closer they come to hyperinflation. Indexation means that high rates of inflation are much more likely to continue and even to increase. Пояснения к тексту: 1. are referred to as - называются 2. in the long run - в долгосрочный период, т.е. достаточно длительный для того, чтобы фирма могла изменить все факторы производства Запомните!
4. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на значение существительного means и глагола to mean. 1. In Marxist theory, proletariat is the social class that consists of workers who, not themselves owning any means of production, must sell their ability to work, receiving a wage in return. 2. Some economists believe incomes policy to be a good temporary means of keeping inflation under control. 3. With loans, indexation means that the amount to be repaid will rise with the price level. 4. Profit maximization is achieved by means of minimization of costs. 5. To stay in business, firms have to reach the profit maximizing level of output by any means they find necessary. 6. Compensation at certain intervals means that real wages are changing during these intervals. 7. Between 1965 and 1995, the increase in interest rates meant that the increase in real money demand was smallerthan the increase in a real GNP. 8. Bank accounts are money because people can pay for purchases by means of cheques. 5. Переведите на русский язык предложения с союзом whether. 1. It is difficult for people to decide whether a decrease in their real wages was caused by risen prices or by inflation. 2. Whether incomes policy speeds decreasing inflation rate, remains an open question. 3. The costs of inflation depend on whether governments impose any regulations allowing people to adjust fully to inflation. 4. If profits are negative, the firm must see whether losses can be reduced by not producing at all. 6. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая внимание на независимый причастный оборот. 1. Monetary policy affects prices, the aggregate level of output and employment being independent of it. 2. Interest rate being the opportunity cost of holding money, higher inflation reduces the demand for real money. 3. Building societies now issuing cheque books to their depositors, it is difficult to decide which intermediaries (посредник) are banks. 4. The Central Bank acting as banker to commercial banks, the financial system works steadily. 5. Interest rates can affect aggregate demand, equilibrium level of output and employment adjusting correspondingly. 6. The Central Bank having imposed a cash reserve requirement on commercial banks, banks do lending business with domestic firms through foreign markets. 7. Замените данные в скобках русские слова и словосочетания их английскими эквивалентами. 1. The economists discussed several reasons why past (политика доходов) had been unsuccessful. 2. State planning and central control of the economy often (означает) that the state has monopoly of important goods and services. 3. Until prices and wages (приспосабливаются) to the new (жесткой монетаристской политике), real aggregate demand will fall. Economists (утверждают) that this situation can last for a period of years rather than months. 4. There are different policies aimed at (ускорение) the process of (регулирования) of prices and wages. 5. (Инфляционная спираль) is a situation when inflation gets worse and worse, because higher prices result in demands for higher wages, and higher wages increase costs and so (вызывают) higher prices. 6. Money is any generally accepted (средство) of payment. 7. Political figures and economists (высказываются) for restraining (poem денежной массы) and widely discuss the mechanisms through which this (происходит). 8. Prices of goods and resources are determined to (обеспечить) the production of the goods and services that society demands most. 9. Large industrialized countries (составляют) a large proportion of international trade. 8. Вставьте предлоги, где это необходимо. 1. Cost... production depends ... a great extent... the technology chosen and the price ... factors employed. 2. Reports of the European Union Statistical Commission show a number ... ways ... coping ... the problem ... scarce information resources. 3. Greater use ... women as labour force is sometimes argued to cause ... higher unemployment. 4. A group comprising ... the Persian Gulf oil countries, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman and the United Arab Emirates, accounts ... less than one percent ... the world’s population. 5. An important problem facing the governments ... most less developed countries is the extent ... which they want to maintain ... a balance ... the agricultural and industrial sectors ... the economy. 6. Most economists agree that the government has a very important role to play ... speeding up ... economic development. 7. The annual inflation rate has been found to be the percentage increase ... year ... the average price ... goods and services. 8. Economic statistics are ... interest ... non-European-Union countries ... addition ... economic policy decision-makers ... the European Union. 9. Typically, people who have just faced .. unemployment are unlikely to make immediate downward adjustments ... their standards ... living. They are more likely to reduce ... their savings ... some extent. 9. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на слова из словарного минимума к тексту Inflation. 1. With slow price and wage adjustment, an increase in money supply results in a temporary output rise, but eventually it only causes higher prices. 2. Although inflation may not have been anticipated at first, people learn to adjust to it. 3. It is frequently argued that reducing the average level of inflation means reducing risks of making decisions and plans. 4. Governments and political parties usually have to decide whether they like the redistribution of income caused by inflation. 5. Governments think that tight monetary policies aimed at coping with inflation are desirable. Though these policies may mean higher unemployment and lower output. 6. Industrial economies have to make severe adjustments to cope with the rising energy scarcity. 7. Indexation means that the wages agreement will remain correct for any anticipated inflation that occurred over the life of the contract. 8. The extent of demand, budget constraints and other factors have been found to account for the particular level of government protection for a certain commodity over time. 10. а) Раскройте скобки и употребите глаголы в соответствующей форме. With money supply (to grow) relatively slowly (much less than four or five percent per year), this (to interpret) as a result of a tight monetary policy. A relatively rapid growth in the money supply (to consider) (to be) a result of an easy policy. The difference between the real rate of interest and the nominal one is that the former (to adjust) for inflation whereas the latter (not to be). A great number of people (cannot) (to increase) their wages rapidly and largely enough (to compensate) for price increases because they (to work) under long-term contracts. Lenders (to be likely) (to hurt) by inflation. A two-percent increase in the rate of inflation (to find) (to cause) a reduction in the real income of elderly households by about 10 percent. In periods of inflation the value of money (to know) (to reduce). Good results (to know) (to achieve) in Soviet economy during the early 1960s due to (to decentralize) decision-making and emphasis on profit rather than carrying out plans. For the past fifty years, the price level in the United States (to move) only one way - up. In practically all years during this period, prices (to rise). Since 1955, there (not to be) any year when the price level (tofall). This (not to be) a hyperinflation, but it (to result) in a very large erosion in the value of the dollar. Like a beach slowly (to wear) away by the ocean, the dollar (to lose) gradually a considerable share of its value. Prices now (to be) over five times what they (to be) fifty years ago. Although a creeping (ползучая) inflation (to be) much less harmful than hyperinflation, it (to have) a number of social costs. б) Скажите, чтб вы узнали об уровне цен в США во второй половине XX века. 11. а) Ответьте на вопросы к тексту Inflation. 1. What situation is described as an inflationary spiral? By what means can it be kept under control? 2. Which two schools of thought are mentioned in the text? What is the difference between them? 3. What do monetarists think to be effective in restraining inflation rates? 4. Why is aggregate demand low? 5. Do Keynesians consider incomes policies to be a good means of coping with inflation in the long run? 6. What do the costs of inflation depend on? 7. By what means can the costs of inflation be reduced? 8. Does indexation help to cope with inflation? б) Подумайте и скажите: How do people adjust to living with inflation in the country? Supply examples. 12. Выберите подходящее по смыслу слово из предлагаемых в скобках вариантов. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. In the United Kingdom in the 1970s the Labour government tried to reduce the difference between high-wage jobs and low-wage jobs by (adopting/ arguing) an incomes policy that allowed an absolute rather than a percentage increase. £6 a week (causes/ means) much more to a worker earning £40 a week than to a worker earning £100 a week. 2. Pensions and other social payments are raised every year by the rate corresponding to the rate of (any / anticipated) inflation. 3. The 1973 rise of oil prices (caused / sped) only a little extra unemployment but a lot of extra inflation, and the 1979-80 price shock (occurred/ caused) much more extra unemployment but (whether/ rather) low increase in inflation. 4. Taxing the rich and transferring the funds to the poor, the government (adjusts / ensures) that the poor get more of what is produced. 5. Without (means/indexation), it is cos.tly (дорого) to live with high inflation rates. 6. The quantity theory of money (argues / means) that changes in prices (occur/are caused) mainly by equivalent changes in money supply. 7. In practice the distinction between land and capital is (though / rather)uncertain. 8. The output of new ideas depends to a large (extent/ number) on the resources allocated for them. 13. Заполните пропуски в предложениях, употребив следующие слова и словосочетания в соответствующей форме: temporary, tight, to account for, to mean, inflation rate, to adjust (2), adjustment, to anticipate, indexation, to speed up, hyperinflation, though, to cope with, to argue, money supply 1. The incomes policy is known to be a ... means of......the ... of wages to growing money supply. 2. ... regulation of the Central Bank, it is argued, will prevent (предотвращать) sudden increases in....... 3. The situation is referred to as ... , provided the......per month is about 4. 50 percent for several months in succession (подряд). 5. Before 1971 banks rarely ... interest rates on deposits. This ... that a rise in inflation reduced the real interest rate on all deposits with fixed interest rate. 6. Even when inflation is perfectly ..., and the economy is fully ... to inflation, it is impossible to......all its costs. 7. ... cannot cope with all the costs of high inflation. 8. After the 1973 shock rise in oil prices firms tried to struggle with their existing factories for a time ... they were given a new blow by the second sharp rise in oil prices in 1980-81. 9. The rich industrial countries comprising the United States, Western Europe, Canada, and Japan...... 16 percent of world population. 10. The report... that many of the world's resources were in limited supply and would be used up within 100 years. 14. Раскройте скобки и употребите инфинитив в соответствующей форме. 1. Inflation is known (to become) stagflation when economic growth decreases but inflation continues to grow. 2. Inflation can (to account for), on the one hand, by the aggregate demand and supply relationship or, on the other hand, by the monetary situation in the economy. 3. Inflation is known (to characterize) by the increase in price level within a certain period of time. 4. The inflation rate is believed (to go down) soon as a result of measures taken by the government. 5. The processes occurring in money circulation and their effects on prices and profitability are likely (to influence) the extent of government intervention in Europe and the USA in recent years. 6. All previous attempts at incomes policy are likely (to be) a failure. 7. The inflation rate has been found (to go down) within the last three months. 8. An increase in a society's aggregate income is expected (to ensure) higher consumer spending. 15. а) Заполните пропуски следующими словами: therefore, eventually, as a result (2), in particular, on the one hand, on the other hand, as, actually, that is, both ... and ..., unlike, whereas Hyperinflation is a situation of high rates of inflation ... creeping (ползучая) inflation, … … small but steady increases in the level of prices, which usually has little bad effect on the economy as a whole, hyperinflation is bad ... for economic ... social situation. ...., hyperinflation makes people lose confidence in the value of money to such an extent that they start using barter. … … … , there is a serious danger of economic collapse and, ..., of social trouble. ..., the costs of hyperinflation are said to be very high. … … … , hyperinflation does not occur often, but when it does occur, its causes are as much political as economic. It occurs … … … of a great increase in money supply to finance government spending (during wars, … …). … … ... , hyperinflation can result from shortage of goods and services alongside great demand for them, ... in periods following the ending of a war. б) Напишите семь вопросов к прочитанному тексту. 16. Прочитайте текст, не пользуясь словарём, и озаглавьте его. In practice, many of people who have money in banks are the old. Having built up savings during their working life, they often put theor money into bonds to ensure income during old age. These people lose out when there is unexpected inflation and the real value of the bonds falls. They also lose out if they are keeping what they have in non-interest bearing accounts or under the bed. The young, and especially those just entering middle age, often take out a large mortagage (ссуда под недвижимость) to move into a larhe house and bring up family. Having borrowed a fixed sum to buy a house, they profit when unexpected inflation increases house prices and incomes without a corresponding increase in the sum they must repay to the bank or buiding society. Unexpected inflation redistributes (перераспределять) from the old to the young. With technical progress and productivity increases, each generation (поколение) is likely to have a higher living standard than the previous generation. Further redistribution from the old to the young increases this inequality between generations. 17. Укажите, какие утверждения соответствуют тексту.
18. Передайте содержание прочитанного текста одним предложением. UNIT 4 Words and terms to be remembered 1. В следующих предложениях определите, к каким частям речи относятся подчеркнутые слова. Переведите предложения на русский язык. 1. Microeconomics places the emphasis on a through understanding of particular markets. 2. Such places as a theatre, sauna, bath have an elastic demand. 3. Intermediate goods are partly finished goods which form inputs to another firm’s production process. 4. These companies process raw materials into manufactured goods. 5. In free market economies the private property is the main form of proprierty. 6. The term “final goods” means that ultimate users purchase these goods. 7. Trade unions let workers take part in many types of political activities and protect themselves by politial and economic means. 8. The main purpose of a purchase department is to supply the production cycle with all necessary materials. 9. The theory of supply and demand was developed by many famous economists. 10. Consimers usually demand high-quality goods at lower prices. 2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на причастия. Определите их форму и функцию в предложении.
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