МАТЕРИАЛ ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ ЗАНЯТИЙ
по дисциплине «Иностранный язык»
080507.65 «Менеджмент организации»
080502.65 «Экономика и управление на предприятии (по отраслям)»
080109.65 «Бухгалтерский учет, анализ и аудит»
г. Дальнереченск
2012
UNIT 1. THE ECONOMIC PROBLEM
Ex 1. Прочтите следующие слова:
economics, sensible, essentially, true, equally, survival, conscious, however, continuity, prosperous, fortunate, extremely, sustain, peasant, inhabitant, observe, totally, directly.
Ex 2. Прочтите и переведите следующие группы слов:
a vast subject, precise definitions, the basic question, the material aspects, an underlying problem, advanced countries, struggle for existence, standard of living, a large percentage, self-sufficient communities, economic independence, industrialized societies.
Ex 3. Запомните следующие слова и словосочетания:
advanced countries - передовые страны
apply (v.) - применять, использовать
completely (adv.) - полностью
degree (и.) - степень
depend on (v.) - зависеть
directly (adv.) - прямо, непосредственно
effort (п.) - усилие
equally (adv.) - равным образом
essentially (adv.) - главным образом
examine (v.) - рассматривать, исследовать
extremely (adv.) - крайне
however (adv.) - однако
inhabitant (п.) - житель
means («.) - средство
opposite (adj.) - противоположный
percentage (я.) - процент, процентное отношение
pose a question - ставить вопрос
poverty (п.) - бедность
provide (v.) - обеспечивать, снабжать
remote (v.) - далекий, не имеющий прямого отношения
satisfy wants - удовлетворять потребности
self-sufficient (adj.) - независимый в экономическом отношении
solve a problem - решать проблему
skill (п.) - умение, мастерство, квалификация
standard of living - уровень жизни
struggle for survival - борьба за выживание
sustain life - поддерживать жизнь
totally (adv.) - полностью
vast (adj.) - обширный
way (п.) - путь, способ
Ex 4. Преобразуйте предложение в Past и Future Simple:
1. It is not a difficult matter to give a simple answer to the basic question.
2. People apply their knowledge and efforts to the gifts of nature in order to satisfy their material wants.
3. Even in the prosperous countries there is an aspect of survival.
4. This problem attracts little attention.
5. Such people have the abilities to sustain life without outside assistance.
6. They experience great poverty.
7. They depend on the efforts and cooperation of many thousands of specialist workers.
Text A. The Individual and Society
Most introductory textbooks on economics begin by posing the question, “What is economics about?” Although economics is a vast subject and precise definitions are usually very complex, it is not a difficult matter to give a simple and sensible answer to the basic question. Economics is essentially a study of the ways in which people apply their knowledge, skills, and efforts to the gifts of nature in order to satisfy their material wants.
Economics limits itself to the study of the material aspects of live, and while it is true that man cannot live by bread alone, it is equally true that he cannot live without it. An underlying problem in economics is that of survival and we must examine how people have solved or are trying to solve this problem. In the more advanced countries this may seem a very remote problem - few people, if any, are conscious of a life or death struggle for existence. In many other countries, however, the continuity of human existence is by no means assured - starvation is a very real prospect for millions of human beings.
Even in the prosperous, economically advanced countries there is an aspect of survival which attracts little or no attention from those of us fortunate enough to live in these areas. This is our relative helplessness as 'economic' individuals. The Indian peasants have an extremely low standard of living, yet, left completely to their own devices, they can survive. Such people have the abilities to sustain life without outside assistance. A large percentage of the human race still lives in very small self-sufficient peasant communities. These people experience great poverty, but they can provide on an individual basis, for their own survival. They have a degree of economic independence.
If we now turn to the inhabitants of New York, London, or any other great metropolitan area we must observe the opposite situation - a high standard of living together with an extreme economic dependence. The inhabitants of cities are totally incapable of providing for themselves, directly, the means of their survival. They could not feed themselves, or build their own houses. Such people depend, each and every day of their lives, on the efforts and cooperation of many thousands of specialist workers. In industrialized societies a high standard of living is possible only if the organized cooperation of large numbers of people can be guaranteed. In the economically developed countries we are rich, not as individuals, but only as members of a complex economic organization.
TASKS
Ex 1. Прочтите и переведите текст А.
Ex 2. Заполните пропуски, используя следующие слова:
inhabitants, precise, prospect, vast, standard, percentage, means, human
1. Economics is a ... subject and ... definitions are very complex.
2. Starvation is a very real... for millions of... beings.
3. The Indian peasants have an extremely low... of living.
4. A large ... of the human race still lives in small self-sufficient peasant communities.
5. The ... of cities are totally incapable of providing for themselves the ... of their survival.
Ex 3. Найдите синонимы среди следующих слов:
study, precise, complex, subject, essentially, use, exact, matter, basically, mainly, apply, developed, examine, advanced, completely, help, community, totally, assistance, society, build, gift, construct, present.
Ex 4. Найдите антонимы среди следующих слов:
begin, difficult, high, poor, inside, wealth, finish, easy, low, prosperous, outside, poverty, capable, dependence, incapable, directly, large, independence, indirectly, small.
Ex 5. Переведите следующие сочетания слов с русского языка на английский:
точное определение, простой ответ, основной вопрос, изучение материальных сторон жизни, развитые страны, борьба за существование, уровень жизни, относительная беспомощность, без посторонней помощи, испытывать крайнюю бедность, степень экономической независимости, наблюдать противоположную ситуацию, жители городов, члены сложной экономической организации.
Ex 6. Образуйте 3 формы от следующих глаголов:
to be, to have, to give, to apply, to satisfy, to live, to study, to examine, to solve, to leave, to survive, to experience, to provide, to turn, to observe, to feed, to build, to depend, to guarantee
Ex 7. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова:
1. limits, of, economics, to, study, the, of, aspects, the, material, itself, life.
2. problem, an, is, underlying, economics, in, that, survival, of.
3. seem, may, a problem, very, this, remote, very.
4. very, starvation, a, prospect, millions, for, real, human, beings, is, of.
5. peasants, an, Indian, have, living, of, the, low, extremely, standard.
6. people, great, experience, poverty, these.
7. degree, they, a, have, economic, of, independence.
Ex 8. Заполните пропуски предлогами:
1. Most textbooks …..economics begin …..posing the question, “What is economics?”
2. Economics is essentially a study….. the ways….. which people apply their knowledge….. the gifts…..nature…..order to satisfy their needs.
3. …..the more advanced countries few people are conscious….. a life or death struggle …..existence.
4. Even…..the economically advanced countries there is an aspect …..survival.
5. Such people have the abilities to sustain life…..outside assistance.
6. If we now turn…..the inhabitants of New York we must observe the opposite situation – a high standard ….. living together….. an extreme economic dependence.
7. The inhabitants….. cities are totally incapable…..providing….. themselves the means…..their survival.
8. Such people depend…..the efforts….. many thousands….. specialist workers.
9. …..industrialized societies a high standard…..living is possible only if the organized cooperation ….. large numbers…..people can be guaranteed.
10. ….. the economically developed countries we are rich, not as individuals, but only as members….. a complex economic organization.
Ex 9. Заполните пропуски, используя глаголы, данные в скобках:
1. Although Economics ….. a vast subject and precise definitions…..usually very complex, it …..not a difficult matter to give a simple answer to the basic question (to be).
2. Economics….. itself to the study of the material aspects of life (to limit).
3. We must examine how people have solved or….. to solve this problem (to try).
4. It ….. little attention from those of us fortunate enough to live in these areas (to attract).
5. A large percentage of human race still ….. in small self-sufficient communities (to live).
Ex 10. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1. What do most introductory books on economics begin with?
2. What does economics study?
3. What does it limit itself to?
4. What is an underlying problem of economics?
5. What categories of people can survive without outside assistance?
6. Why do they have a very low standard of living?
7. Why aren’t the inhabitants of big cities economically independent?
8. Why is a high standard of living impossible without a cooperation of large numbers of people?
Ex 11. Перескажите текст “The Individual and Society”.
Ex 12. Прочтите текст В и сформулируйте основную мысль каждого абзаца.
Text В. Scarcity and Choice
Economics, then, is about the satisfaction of material wants. It is necessary to be quite clear about this; it is people's wants rather than their needs which provide the motive for economic activity. We go to work in order to obtain income which will buy us the things we want rather the things we need. It is not possible to define 'need' in terms of any particular quantity of a commodity, because this would imply that a certain level of consumption is 'right' for an individual. Economists tend to avoid this kind of value judgement which tries to specify how much people ought to consume. It is assumed that individuals wish to enjoy as much well-being as possible, and if their consumption of food, clothing, entertainment, and other goods and services is less than the amount required to give them complete satisfaction they will want to have more of them.
If the resources available to people are insufficient to satisfy all their wants, we say that such resources are scarce. Scarcity is a relative concept; it relates the extent of people's wants to their ability to satisfy those wants. Neither people's wants nor their ability to produce goods and services are constant. Their productive potential is increasing all the time, but so is their appetite for material things. Whether this increase in the demands for more and better material satisfaction is in the nature of humankind or whether it is artificially stimulated by modern advertising is a subject much disputed at the present time.
Whatever the reason the fact is that we find ourselves in a situation of scarcity. We can not have all the things we want. The resources available to satisfy our wants, are, at any time, limited in supply. Our wants, however, appear to be unlimited. Thus, we all are in a position of having to make choices; we can only have more of X by having less of Y. Our incomes are insufficient for us to buy all the things we would like to have. The individual with a limited income and unlimited wants is forced to exercise choice when he or she spends that income. Society as a whole faces a similar problem.
There is a limit to a country’s productive capacity because the available supply of land, factories, machines, labour and other economic resources is limited.
These economic resources have alternative uses; they can be used to produce many different kinds of goods and services. If some of these resources are committed to the production of one thing society mast forego the outputs of the other things which it might have produced. For example, if we commit resources to the building of houses then the real cost of these houses is the potential output of schools, shops, office blocks or theatres which has been sacrified in order to produce houses.
Ex 13. Прочтите текст С и раскройте содержание каждой из трех рассматриваемых в нем проблем.
Text С. Three Basic Problems
People have limited means to satisfy unlimited wants so they are forced to choose. The problems of choice are essentially problems of a l l o c a t i o n. People must decide how to allocate resources to different uses and then how to allocate the goods and services produced to the individual members of society. There are three fundamental choices to be made.
1.Which goods shall be produced and in what quantities? This problem concerns the composition of total output. The community must decide which goods it is going to produce and hence which goods it is not going to produce. Having decided the range of goods to be produced, the community must then decide how much of each good should be produced. In reality the choices before a community are rarely of “all or nothing” variety. They usually take the form: more of one thing and less of another. The first and major function of any economic system is to determine in some way the actual quantities and varieties of goods and services which will best meet the wants of its citizens.
2. How should the various goods and services be produced? Most goods can be produced by a variety of methods. Wheat can be grown by making use of much labour and little capital, or by using vast amounts of capital and very little labour. Electrical appliances can be made by using large and complex machines operated by relatively few semi- or unskilled workers. Alternatively they might be produced in hosts of small workshops by highly skilled technicians using relatively little machinery. Different methods of production can be distinguished from one another by the differences in the quantities of resources used in producing them. Economists use the term capital- intensive to describe the alternative methods just outlined. The total output of the community depends not only on the total supply of resources available but on the ways in which these resources are combined together. A community must make decisions on the methods of production to be adopted.
3. How should the goods and services be distributed? This is the third function which an economic system has to perform. The total output has to be shared out among the members of the community. The economic system has to determine the relative sizes of the shares going to each household. Should everyone be given an equal share? Should the output be shared out in accordance with people's ability to pay the price, or should the shares be decided according to tradition and custom?
These basic problems are common to all societies no matter what level of economic development they have reached. The methods of solving them will be different from one society to another but the problems are common in all societies. |
